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Data from: Manipulation of light spectral quality disrupts host location and attachment by parasitic plants in the genus Cuscuta
Parasitic plants in the genus Cuscuta (dodders) make their living by extracting resources from other plants. While relatively few dodder species are agricultural pests, those that are can be challenging to control, in part due to their intimate physical and physiological association with host plants. Consequently, dodders remain pervasive and economically damaging pests in a variety of crop systems. The development of improved management strategies would be facilitated by greater understanding of the ecological and environmental factors that influence the establishment and perpetuation of dodder infestations. Light cues play an important role in dodder host location and attachment. To better understand the influence of light conditions on parasite ecology, and potential implications for management, we examined how manipulating the ratio of red to far-red wavelengths (R:FR), via both passive filtering of natural sunlight and active spectral manipulation using LEDs, affects host location and host attachment by two dodder species (C. campestris on tomato hosts and C. gronovii on jewelweed). For both host-parasite combinations, host location and subsequent attachment by dodder parasites was dramatically reduced in high R:FR environments compared to control conditions (with R:FR characteristic of sunlight) and low R:FR conditions. Circumnutation by dodder seedlings was also significantly faster under high R:FR. We observed short-term effects of high R:FR on the height and dry mass of tomato host plants (immediately following 7-day exposure), as well as changes in tomato volatile emissions. However, preliminary investigation of long-term effects on host plants suggests that short-term exposure to high R:FR (i.e. during the critical period when dodder seedlings emerge and attach to hosts) has little or no effect on host plant size or fruit yield at the time of harvest. Synthesis and applications. Our findings suggest that spectral manipulation during the early stages of crop plant growth (e.g. via light-filtering row covers), may have significant potential to augment existing methods for managing or preventing dodder infestations in agricultural crops. We discuss potential obstacles to the realization of its potential, as well as next steps toward the development and optimization of spectral manipulation methods for use in agroecosystems.
FIGURE 1. Sysinas centralis Distant, 1883 in Redescription, new records and host plant for Sysinas centralis Distant, (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae)
FIGURE 1. Sysinas centralis Distant, 1883. Dorsal habitus.
Figure 3 in Parallelism in secondary loss of sex from a heterogonic life cycle on different host plants in the Andricus mukaigawae complex (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), with taxonomic notes
Figure 3. The life cycles, gall shape of unisexual generation, and suggested changes in the Andricus mukaigawae complex.
Reduced host-plant specialization is associated with the rapid range expansion of a Mediterranean butterfly
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Aim: </b>Species ranges are highly dynamic, shifting in space and time as a result of complex ecological and evolutionary processes. Disentangling the relative contribution of both processes is challenging but of primary importance for forecasting species distributions under climate change. Here, we use the spectacular range expansion (ca. 1,000 km poleward shift within 10 years) of the butterfly <i>Pieris mannii </i>to unravel the factors underlying range dynamics, specifically the role of (i) niche evolution (changes in host-plant preference and acceptance) and (ii) ecological processes (climate change). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Location: </b>Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France; North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse, Germany.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Taxon: </b>Insect and angiosperms. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Methods: </b>We employed a combination of (i) common garden experiments, based on replicated populations from the species' historical and newly established range and host plant species representative for each distribution range, co-occurrence analyses and (ii) grid-based correlative species distribution modeling (SDM) using Maxent. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Results:</b> We observed changes in oviposition preference, with females from the newly established populations showing reduced host-plant specialization and also an overall increased fecundity. These changes in behavior and life history may have enabled using a broader range of habitats and thus facilitated the recent range expansion. In contrast, our results indicate that the range expansion is unlikely to be directly caused by anthropogenic climate change, as the range was not constrained by climate in the first place.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Main conclusions: </b>We conclude that evolution of a broader dietary niche rather than climate change is associated with the rapid range expansion and discuss potential indirect consequences of climate change as trigger for the genetic differences found. Our study thus illustrates the importance of species interactions in shaping species distributions and range shifts, and draws attention to indirect effects of climate change. Embracing this complexity is likely key to a better understanding of range dynamics. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
FIGURES 6–7 in <strong>The Eurasian species of <em>Xyela</em> (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution</strong>
FIGURES 6–7. Habitus of Xyela. 6, X. curva, female. 7, X. meridionalis, male.
FIG. 37 in The jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) associated with Schinus (Anacardiaceae): systematics, biogeography and host plant relationships
FIG. 37. Distribution of the species of the Calophya rubra group.
FIG. 27 in The jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) associated with Schinus (Anacardiaceae): systematics, biogeography and host plant relationships
FIG. 27. Tainarys acuticauda, last instar larva; left dorsal, right ventral face.
FIG. 28 in The jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) associated with Schinus (Anacardiaceae): systematics, biogeography and host plant relationships
FIG. 28. Tainarys maculipectus, last instar larva; left dorsal, right ventral face.
FIG. 29 in The jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) associated with Schinus (Anacardiaceae): systematics, biogeography and host plant relationships
FIG. 29. Tainarys sordida, last instar larva; left dorsal, right ventral face.
FIG. 30 in The jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) associated with Schinus (Anacardiaceae): systematics, biogeography and host plant relationships
FIG. 30. Tainarys venata, last instar larva; left dorsal, right ventral face.
FIG. 22 in The jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) associated with Schinus (Anacardiaceae): systematics, biogeography and host plant relationships
FIG. 22. Calophya terebinthifolii, last instar larva; left dorsal, right ventral face.
FIG. 24. L in The jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) associated with Schinus (Anacardiaceae): systematics, biogeography and host plant relationships
FIG. 24. L eurolophus oriformae, last instar larva; left dorsal, right ventral face.
FIG. 21 in The jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) associated with Schinus (Anacardiaceae): systematics, biogeography and host plant relationships
FIG. 21. Calophya scrobicola, last instar larva; left dorsal, right ventral face.
FIG. 19 in The jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) associated with Schinus (Anacardiaceae): systematics, biogeography and host plant relationships
FIG. 19. Calophya rubra, last instar larva: A, outline of body; B, antenna, C, apex of tarsus.
FIG. 18 in The jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) associated with Schinus (Anacardiaceae): systematics, biogeography and host plant relationships
FIG. 18. Calophya patagonica, last instar larva; left dorsal, right ventral face.
FIG. 16 in The jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) associated with Schinus (Anacardiaceae): systematics, biogeography and host plant relationships
FIG. 16. Calophya mammifex, last instar larva; left dorsal, right ventral face.
FIG. 13 in The jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) associated with Schinus (Anacardiaceae): systematics, biogeography and host plant relationships
FIG. 13. Calophya clavuligera, last instar larva; left dorsal, right ventral face.
FIG. 15 in The jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) associated with Schinus (Anacardiaceae): systematics, biogeography and host plant relationships
FIG. 15. Calophya hermicitae, last instar larva; left dorsal, right ventral face.
FIG. 12 in The jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) associated with Schinus (Anacardiaceae): systematics, biogeography and host plant relationships
FIG. 12. Calophya clausa, last instar larva; left dorsal, right ventral face.
FIG. 11 in The jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) associated with Schinus (Anacardiaceae): systematics, biogeography and host plant relationships
FIG. 11. Calophya andina, last instar larva; left dorsal, right ventral face.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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