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Figure 8. A, B in Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data

Figure 8. A, B, Eratigena atrica; C-F, Eratigena agrestis; G-I, Eratigena fuesslini; J, K, P, Q, Eratigena feminea; L–O, R, S, Eratigena bucculenta s.l. Left male palp in ventral (A, C, G, J, L, N) and retrolateral views (B, D, H, I, K, M, O); epigyne in ventral view (E, P, R); vulva in dorsal view (F, Q, S).

Figure 10. A–G in Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data

Figure 10. A–G, Eratigena atrica; H–K, Eratigena fuesslini; L-O, Eratigena montigena. Female intraspecific morphological variation (A–F); the extremes correspond to the following taxa recognized by some authors: Eratigena atrica (A, D), Eratigena saeva (B, E), and Eratigena duellica (C, F). Epigyne in ventral view [A–C with 'pseudo teeth' (white arrows), J, M]; vulva, dorsal view (D–F, K, N); left male palp in ventral (H, L) and retrolateral views (I, O); male tibia in dorsal view (G) with short dorsal spike (white arrow). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figure 19. A–I in Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data

Figure 19. A–I, Tegenaria silvestris, variation in males and females (B, C, F–I); J, K, Tegenaria vankeerorum sp. nov.; L, M, Tegenaria pindosiensis sp. nov.; N, O, Tegenaria croatica sp. nov. Left male palp in ventral (A, K) and retrolateral views (B, C, J), with detailed drawing of variation of the terminal end of conductor (TEC); epigyne in ventral (D, L) and vulva in dorsal (E, F, H, M, O), ventral (N), and lateral views (G, I). Abbreviations: CD, copulatory duct; CO, copulatory opening; FD, fertilization duct; MA, median apophysis; RC, receptaculum.

Figure 7 in Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data

Figure 7. Combined DNA and morphological data (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 1, 28S, and morphological data) Bayesian tree. Posterior probabilities of clades are expressed in percentages and given above branches. Clade support (> 50) from the resampling method (jack-knife, 1000 replications) based on parsimony analysis with implied weighting (K = 10) is given below the branches. Bremer support (> 4) is given to the right of the corresponding node. Abbreviations: AT, Austria; CH, Switzerland; DE, Germany; ES, Spain; FR, France; GR, Greece; IT, Italy; PT, Portugal; SE, Sweden; US, United States.

Figure 25 in Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data

Figure 25. Collection sites of Tegenaria regispyrrhi s.l. Triangles, Tegenaria regispyrrhi Brignoli, 1976; square, Tegenaria aff. regispyrrhi (1); circle, Tegenaria aff. regispyrrhi (2); stars, Tegenaria aff. regispyrrhi (3). Digital map provided by http://histgeo.ac-aix-marseille.fr.

Figure 9 in Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data

Figure 9. Eratigena agrestis (A–H) and Eratigena atrica (I–O). Male intraspecific morphological variation (I–O); the extremes correspond to the following taxa recognized by some authors: Eratigena atrica (J, M), Eratigena saeva (K, N) and Eratigena duellica (L, O). Left male palp in ventral (A, J–L) and retrolateral views (B, M–O); epigyne in ventral view (D, white arrow pointing to an epigynal tooth) and vulva in dorsal view (E); variation of epigyne in ventral (G) and vulva in dorsal views (H); sternum in ventral view (C); spinnerets in ventral view (F, I). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figure 24. A–D in Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data

Figure 24. A–D, Tegenaria regispyrrhi; E, F, Tegenaria aff. regispyrrhi 1; G, H, Tegenaria aff. regispyrrhi 2; I, J, Tegenaria aff. regispyrrhi 3; K-P, Tegenaria vankeerorum sp. nov. Left male palp in ventral (C, K) and retrolateral views (D, L); retrolateral tibial apophysis of left male palp in dorsal view (M); female epigyne in ventral (A, E, G, I) and vulva in dorsal view (B, F, H, J); face in frontal view (N); sternum (O) and spinnerets (P) in ventral view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figure 16. A, B in Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data

Figure 16. A, B, Tegenaria montiszasensis sp. nov.; C, D, L-N, Tegenaria ariadnae; E-K, Tegenaria annae sp. nov.; O-R, Tegenaria carensis; S-V, Tegenaria ramblae; and W, X, Tegenaria domestica. Left male palp in ventral (I, L, O, S, W) and retrolateral views (J, M, P, T, X); RTA in retrolateral view (K); epigyne in ventral (A, C, E, Q, U) and vulva in dorsal view (B, D, F, R, V); carapace (H) and abdomen (G) in dorsal view; face of male in frontal view (N). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

opennotspecifiedJul 2011View details →

FIGURE 2. The tree represents a 50 in A molecular phylogeny of the Grunts (Perciformes: Haemulidae) inferred using mitochondrial and nuclear genes

FIGURE 2. The tree represents a 50% majority rule consensus of the Bayesian topology (numbers represent the posterior probability of the clades), with bootstrap values from MP and ML mapped onto the topology. MP, ML, and Bayesian analyses produced similar topologies (MP: TL = 12,869, consistency index CI = 0.2372, retention index RI = 0.4450; ML: Ln Likelihood = -54309.4503) with differences mostly on nodes with low bootstrap support. The numbers on branches are MP and ML bootstrap values and posterior probabilities from Bayesian analysis, respectively. Asterisks indicate a bootstrap value of 100% for MP and ML and 1.0 for Bayesian analysis. Nodes with less than 50% bootstrap value are marked with an X if the clade had less than 50% support in any of the MP, ML, or Bayesian analyses.

opennotspecifiedNov 2000View details →

FIG. 3 in Molecular phylogeny of the Aplodactylidae (Perciformes: Cirrhitoidea), a group of Southern Hemisphere marine ®shes

FIG. 3. Results from the phylogenetic analysis of aplodactylid and outgroup mitochondrial DNA partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and cytochrome b sequences when combined. Cirrhitus splendens was used to root all phylogenies, as the Cirrhitidae appears the most pleisiomorphic of the five cirrhitoid families (Greenwood, 1995). (A) Single most-parsimonious topology obtained from unweighted parsimony analysis. Tree length = 558 steps, CI = 0.685, RI = 0.413, based on all characters. The topology recovered from neighbour-joining analysis is identical to (A). The numbers above the branches at each node represent the bootstrap proportions for the taxa in each clade, as derived from 2000 replicate data sets (unweighted maximum parsimony/neighbourjoining). (B) Maximum likelihood topology. Optimum expected TI:TV was 3.0, ml = — 3691.3. All branches were significantly positive (P <0.01).

FIGURE 9 in Molecular phylogeny of pimoid spiders and the limits of Linyphiidae, with a reassessment of male palpal homologies (Araneae, Pimoidae)

FIGURE 9. Stemonyphantine male genitalic morphology: Stemonyphantes abantensis Wunderlich, 1978, paratype (A-C), Pecado impudicus (Denis, 1945) (D-G). A, Palp, ectal. B, C, Palp, embolic division partially expanded (schematic). D, Palp, ectal. E, Meso ventral (schematic view of cleared palp with embolus rendered only in its basal region). F, Palp, dorsoectal, embolic division and suprategulum, schematic view of cleared palp with embolus rendered only in its basal region; the column and inter-sclerite membranes are not rendered and the radix has been displaced to right for clarity. Modified in part from Hormiga & Scharff (2005). Scale bars: A, D, G, 0.2 mm. Abbreviations: C= conductor; CP = cymbial process; DSA = distal suprategular apophysis; E = embolus; EP = embolic process; LC = lamella characteristica; P = paracymbium; R = radix; SPT= suprategulum; ST = subtegulum; T = tegulum; TP = tegular processes.

FIGURE 8 in Molecular phylogeny of pimoid spiders and the limits of Linyphiidae, with a reassessment of male palpal homologies (Araneae, Pimoidae)

FIGURE 8. Stemonyphantes male genitalic morphology: Stemonyphantes lineatus Linnaeus, 1758 (A-E), S. agnatus Tanasevitch, 1990 (F). A, Palp, ectal. B, Palp, ventral (arrow points to median apophysis). C, Palp, mesoventral (embolic division removed; arrow up points to median apophysis, arrow down points to suprategular ring). D, Embolic division (arrow points to the membranous area connecting to the column). E, Palp, dorsoectal (schematic; the paracymbium is partially connected to the cymbium by a membrane). F, Palp, dorsoectal (schematic; the paracymbium is integral, an extension of the cymbium lacking a membranous attachment). Scale bars: A-D, 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: C= conductor;; CP = cymbial process; DSA = distal suprategular apophysis; E = embolus; P = paracymbium; R1 = radix (proximal region); R2 = radix (distal region); SPT= suprategulum; ST = subtegulum; T = tegulum; TP = tegular processes.

FIGURE 11 in Molecular phylogeny of pimoid spiders and the limits of Linyphiidae, with a reassessment of male palpal homologies (Araneae, Pimoidae)

FIGURE 11. Optimization of 38 male palpal characters (matrix M3) on the optimal tree resulting from the maximum likelihood analysis of the molecular dataset M1. Ambiguous character changes are resolved under "Farris optimization" (ACCTRAN or Fast Optimization). Closed circles represent non-homoplasious character changes. The tree is 125 steps long and the consistency and retention indices are 0.38 and 0.72, respectively.

FIGURE 10 in Molecular phylogeny of pimoid spiders and the limits of Linyphiidae, with a reassessment of male palpal homologies (Araneae, Pimoidae)

FIGURE 10. Graphic representation of some of the hypotheses of homology of the male palpal sclerites (indicated by circles) in pimoids (Pimoa, Nanoa) and stemonyphantines (Weintrauboa, Putaoa, Pecado, Stemonyphantes); homologous structures are connected by lines of the same color and blurred connecting lines denote that alternative primary hypotheses of homology are considered in the discussion. A, Embolic process (EP, in blue) homologous across all taxa (absent in S. lineatus); radix (R, red) present only in Pecado and Stemonyphantes. The cymbial process with cuspules (CDP, green) and the pimoid cymbial sclerite (PCS, purple) are unique to pimoids although a homologous cymbial process (without cuspules) is found in stemonyphantines and other linyphiids. B, Embolic process (EP, in blue) homologous across all taxa, including S. lineatus (the distal area of the embolic division, while the proximal is a homolog of the radix, in red). The Embolic process of S. abantensis (SEP, orange) is autapomorphic. See text for details.

opennotspecifiedDec 2012View details →

Figure 1 in Molecular phylogeny of the bee genus Hoplitis (Megachilidae: Osmiini) - how does nesting biology affect biogeography?

Figure 1. Phylogeny of the bee genus Hoplitis. Majority rule consensus tree of the 42 500 post burn-in trees from the Bayesian analysis. Bayesian posterior probabilities (above branches) and maximum likelihood bootstrap values (below branches) are shown for all nodes.

Figure 5. Parsimony network obtained with TCS for the 18S rRNA information from Echiniscus species. A in Congruence between molecular phylogeny and cuticular design in Echiniscoidea (Tardigrada, Heterotardigrada)

Figure 5. Parsimony network obtained with TCS for the 18S rRNA information from Echiniscus species. A photo with the cuticular design for each species is provided. E. merokensis SP, Spanish Echiniscus merokensis merokensis. E. merokensis Tar759 SUE, subspecies Echiniscus merokensis suecicus. The three supported groups found among the Echiniscus species, based on cuticle design, are identified with dotted squares, and named as I, II, and III.

Figure 6 in Congruence between molecular phylogeny and cuticular design in Echiniscoidea (Tardigrada, Heterotardigrada)

Figure 6. Summary of phylogenetic relationships of heterotardigrade genera obtained in the present study. Values above branches indicate posterior probabilities obtained with Bayesian analysis. Bootstrap support from ML analysis is provided below branches. Tardigrade classes (Heterotardigrada, Eutardigrada), heterotardigrade orders (Arthrotardigrada, Echiniscoidea), and the polyphyletic genus Pseudechiniscus are indicated.

Figure 3. Bayesian phylogram obtained with combined 18S and 28S in Congruence between molecular phylogeny and cuticular design in Echiniscoidea (Tardigrada, Heterotardigrada)

Figure 3. Bayesian phylogram obtained with combined 18S and 28S rRNA, aligned with MUSCLE and trimmed with GBlocks, using all taxa considered in the present study (i.e. outgroups and eutardigrades from Table 3, heterotardigrades from Table 2, and Echiniscus species from Table 1). Above branches are posterior probabilities obtained in the Bayesian analysis are provided. Below branches are bootstrap support values from the ML analysis.

Figure 2. Bayesian phylogram obtained with 18S and 28S in Congruence between molecular phylogeny and cuticular design in Echiniscoidea (Tardigrada, Heterotardigrada)

Figure 2. Bayesian phylogram obtained with 18S and 28S rRNA information combined, using all taxa considered in the present study (i.e. outgroups and eutardigrades from Table 3, heterotardigrades from Table 2, and Echiniscus species from Table 1). Above branches are posterior probabilities obtained in the Bayesian analysis. Below branches two values are provided: bootstrap support values from the ML analysis, and bootstrap support values from the parsimony analysis. A dash indicates absence of data for a given branch and analysis that had support in other analyses. Tardigrade classes (Heterotardigrada, Eutardigrada), orders (Apochela, Parachela, Arthrotardigrada, Echiniscoidea), and the family Echiniscidae are indicated.

Figure 4 in Congruence between molecular phylogeny and cuticular design in Echiniscoidea (Tardigrada, Heterotardigrada)

Figure 4. Bayesian phylogram obtained from the analysis of 18S rRNA (A) and 28S rRNA (B) information for Echiniscus species and Diploechiniscus oihonnae, using Testechiniscus spitzbergensis as outgroup. Values above branches indicate posterior probabilities obtained with the Bayesian analysis. Bootstrap support values from ML analysis are provided below