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opennotspecifiedApr 2016View details →

Figure 1 in Bayesian Poisson tree processes and multispecies coalescent models shed new light on the diversification of Nawab butterflies in the Solomon Islands (Nymphalidae, Charaxinae, Polyura)

Figure 1. Map of the geographic range of Polyura epigenes in the Solomon Islands. Male habitus of the different subspecies are shown above the name of the taxon. The distribution of each taxa is indicated by a coloured dashed line. The colour of the line refers to the pastille on the side of the taxon name. All pictures were taken by Bernard Turlin. The map is from National Geographic's MapMaker Interactive.

opennotspecifiedApr 2016View details →

Figure 5 in Bayesian Poisson tree processes and multispecies coalescent models shed new light on the diversification of Nawab butterflies in the Solomon Islands (Nymphalidae, Charaxinae, Polyura)

Figure 5. Divergence time estimates derived from the *BEAST analysis. Chronogram derived from the posterior trees of dating analysis conducted in BEAST. The 95% credibility intervals are shown at each node of the phylogeny. A map of the Solomon Islands with bathymetry is shown at the top of the figure. The island of Malaita is highlighted in violet. A picture of a female Polyura epigenes bicolor f. cinereus (orange morph) is presented. Picture taken by Bernard Turlin. T in time bar stands for Tarantian.

Fig. 3 in Two New Species of Taygetina With a Possible Case of 'Juxta Loss' in Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Fig. 3. Taygetina genitalia: (a) Terminal abdominal segments of male T. brocki n. sp. in lateral view; (b) male genitalic capsule of T. brocki n. sp. in lateral view; (c) juxta in posterior view; (d) phallus of T. brocki n. sp. in lateral view (vesica everted to better visualize cornuti); (e)Terminal abdominal segments of female T. brocki n. sp. in lateral view; (f) papillae analis (hair-like setae omitted); (g) female abdomen and genitalia of T. brocki n. sp. in dorsal view (inter-segmental membrane folded); (h) female genitalia of T. brocki n. sp. in ventral view (inter-segmental membrane expanded); (i) signa; (j) male genitalic capsule of T. accacioi n. sp. in lateral view; (k) phallus of T. accacioi n. sp. in lateral view (cornuti emphasized in black square); (l) female genitalia of T. accacioi n. sp. in ventral view; (m) signa; (n) female genitalic capsule of T. brocki n. sp. in postero-ventral view. (a–d) based on SN-19–108; (e–f) based on SN-19–115; (g–i) based on SN-19-12; (j–k) based on ZUEC LEP 11039 (holotype); (l–n) based on ZUEC LEP 11040.

Fig. 2 in Two New Species of Taygetina With a Possible Case of 'Juxta Loss' in Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Fig. 2. Taygetina type specimens: (a) T. brocki n. sp., holotype male, dorsal on left, ventral on right (MUSM-LEP 105430); (b) T. brocki n. sp., paratype female, dorsal on left, ventral on right (MUSM-LEP 105433); (c) T. accacioi n. sp., holotype male, dorsal on left, ventral on right (ZUEC LEP 11039); (d) T. accacioi n. sp., paratype female, dorsal on left, ventral on right (ZUEC LEP 11040).

Fig. 1 in Two New Species of Taygetina With a Possible Case of 'Juxta Loss' in Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Fig. 1. (A) Maximum likelihood tree ofTaygetina (LnL = −2551.7396) based on DNA 'barcodes' data and inferred in IQ-TREE. Support values are represented by SH-aLRT/UFBoot; (B) Maximum likelihood tree of the Taygetis clade (LnL = −26,315.125) based on the 4-gene dataset and inferred in IQ-TREE. Support values are represented by SH-aLRT/UFBoot.

Fig. 4. Taygetina accacioi n in Two New Species of Taygetina With a Possible Case of 'Juxta Loss' in Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Fig. 4. Taygetina accacioi n. sp. male genitalia posterior view (left, based on ZUEC LEP 11040); ventral view (right, based on ZUEC LEP 11039), both showing absence of juxta.

Figure 5 in Upslope movements and large scale expansions: the taxonomy and biogeography of the Coenonympha arcania - C. darwiniana - C. gardetta butterfly species complex

Figure 5. Frequencies (%) (logarithmic scale) of relative probabilities for individuals to be classified to their specific cluster. The calculations are based on 262 individual data sets of Coenonympha arcania (N = 48), Coenonympha gardetta (N = 77), Coenonympha darwiniana darwiniana (N = 57), and Coenonympha darwiniana macromma (N = 80) using Markov-chain Monte-Carlo simulation.

Figure 4 in Upslope movements and large scale expansions: the taxonomy and biogeography of the Coenonympha arcania - C. darwiniana - C. gardetta butterfly species complex

Figure 4. Results of a model-based clustering (Markovchain Monte-Carlo simulation) of four different Coenonympha taxa (Coenonympha arcania, Coenonympha gardetta, Coenonympha darwiniana darwiniana, Coenonympha darwiniana macromma): Genetic data of 262 individuals from 16 populations in the Alps and adjoining regions were analysed. The individual probability sets are displayed within a four-dimensional probability space. Every single marker represents one individual.

Figure 3 in Upslope movements and large scale expansions: the taxonomy and biogeography of the Coenonympha arcania - C. darwiniana - C. gardetta butterfly species complex

Figure 3. Means (dots; A) and differences between subsequent means (triangles; A) and their standard deviations (B) of the estimated log probability of data [denoted as ln(P(X|K)] (Pritchard et al., 2000; Evanno et al., 2005) of STRUCTURE simulations (burn-in phase 105, simulation length 2·105; ten independent runs for each K = 1...10) of 262 individuals of four different Coenonympha taxa (Coenonympha gardetta, Coenonympha darwiniana darwiniana, Coenonympha darwiniana macromma, and C. arcania).

Figure 1 in Upslope movements and large scale expansions: the taxonomy and biogeography of the Coenonympha arcania - C. darwiniana - C. gardetta butterfly species complex

Figure 1. Sample sites (N = 45) of all five analysed Coenonympha taxa in central, eastern, and northern Europe (cf. Table 2). The first letter of each sample abbreviation indicates the respective taxon (A, Coenonympha arcania; D, Coenonympha darwiniana darwiniana; G, Coenonympha gardetta; M, Coenonympha darwiniana macromma; P, Coenonympha pamphilus). Dashed and dotted lines respectively highlight the putative distributions of C. gardetta and C. darwiniana in the Alps (Tolman & Lewington, 1998). Only one species of the C. arcania group was present at each sampling point.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

dryad32/100

Morphological and behavioural differences facilitate tropical butterfly persistence in variable environments

1. The thermal biology of ectotherms largely determines their abundance and distributions. In general, tropical species inhabiting warm and stable thermal environments tend to have low tolerance to cold and variable environments, which may restrict their expansion into temperate climates. However, the distribution of some tropical species does extend into cooler areas such as tropical borders and high elevation tropical mountains. Behavioural and morphological differences may therefore play important roles in facilitating tropical species to cope with cold and variable climates at tropical edges. 2. We used field-validated biophysical models to estimate body temperatures of butterflies across elevational gradients at three sites in southern China and assessed the contribution of behavioural and morphological differences in facilitating their persistence in tropical and temperate climates. We investigated the effects of temperature on the activity of 4,844 individuals of 144 butterfly species along thermal gradients and tested whether species of different climatic affinities -- tropical and widespread (distributed in both temperate and tropical regions) -- differed in their thermoregulatory strategies (i.e. basking). In addition, we tested whether thermally-related morphology, or the strength of solar radiation (when butterflies were recorded) were related to such differences. 3. We found that activities of tropical species were restricted (low abundance) at low air temperatures compared to widespread species. Active tropical species were also more likely to bask at cooler body temperatures than widespread species. Heat gain from behavioural thermoregulation was higher for tropical species (when accounting for species abundance), and heat gain correlated with larger thorax widths but not with measured solar radiation. 4. Our results indicate that physiological intolerance to cold temperatures in tropical species may be compensated through behavioural and morphological responses in thermoregulation in variable sub-tropical environments. Increasing climatic variability with climate change may render tropical species more vulnerable to cold weather extremes compared to widespread species that are more physiologically suited to variable environments.

FIGURE 15. Ypthima motschulskyi. A–B in New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea)

FIGURE 15. Ypthima motschulskyi. A–B—♂ upperside and underside: N. Vietnam, Ha Giang province; C—♂ genitalia: T— tegumen; U—uncus; ARC—apex of right clasp in lateral and dorsal view; LC—left clasp in lateral view; RC—right clasp in ventral view; Sc—saccus; T, U—tegumen and uncus in dorsal view.

FIGURE 13. A–B in New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea)

FIGURE 13. A–B—Faunis indistincta luctus Monastyrskii & Vu, subspec. nov., ♂HT; C–D—F. caelestis Monastyrskii & Lang, 2016, ♂HT

FIGURE 12. A–B in New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea)

FIGURE 12. A–B—Aemona gialaica Monastyrskii, K. Saito & Vu, subspec. nov., ♂HT—central Vietnam, Gia Lai province, Kon Ka Kinh N.P.; C–D—ditto, ♀PT—Gia Lai, Pleiku

FIGURE 14 in New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea)

FIGURE 14. The male genitalia of Faunis aerope-group: A, C–E—Faunis indistincta luctus Monastyrskii & Vu subspec. nov., ♂PT: A—general view of male genitalia in lateral aspect; C–E—ditto, apex of right claspers; B—general view of male genitalia of F. caelestis Monastyrskii & Lang, 2016; F—F. aerope aerope (Leech, 1890)—right clasper (after Monastyrskii & Lang, 2016); G—F. aerope yunnanensis Brooks, 1933 (after Monastyrskii & Lang, 2016).

FIGURE 9 in New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea)

FIGURE 9. Male genitalia of A—Ragadia latifasciata cristata Monastyrskii & Vu, subspec. nov. (northern Vietnam, Ha Giang province); B—R. l. crystallina Monastyrskii & Vu, subspec. nov. (central Vietnam, Thua Thien Hue province); C—R. l. critias Riley & Godfrey, (southern China, southern Yunnan)

FIGURE 10. A–B in New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea)

FIGURE 10. A–B—Ragadia latifasciata critias Riley & Godfrey, 1921 stat. rev., ♂—southern China; C–D—R. latifasciata crystallina Monastyrskii & Vu, subspec. nov., ♂HT—central Vietnam, Thua Thien Hue province, Bach Ma N.P.; E–F—Ditto, ♀PT—central Vietnam, Kon Tum province.

FIGURE 11. A–B in New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea)

FIGURE 11. A–B—Aemona infuscata Devyatkin & Monastyrskii, stat. rev.: A—phallus in lateral view; B—ditto in ventral view; C–E—Genitalia of the male and female Aemona gialaica Monastyrskii, K. Saito & Vu, spec. nov.,: E—general structure of the male genitalia in lateral view, ♂PT; D—phallus in dorsal view; C—phallus in lateral view; F—the female genitalia in ventral view, ♀PT; G–J—Genitalia of the male and female Aemona tonkinensis Rothschild, 1916: I—general structure of the male genitalia in lateral view; H—phallus in dorsal view; G—phallus in lateral view; J—the female genitalia in ventral view, spec. La—lamella antevaginalis; Db—ductus bursae; St—sterigma

FIGURE 8 in New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea)

FIGURE 8. Ragadia latifasciata cristata Monastyrskii & Vu, subspec. nov. A–B—♂HT, northern Vietnam, Ha Giang province, Dong Van district; C–D—PT ♀—ditto HT; E–F—R. latifasciata Leech, ♂Type; B.M. Type NoRh 2682, China, Moupin, Kricheldorf coll., July 1890; BMNH(E) #141965; G–H—R. latifasciata Leech, ♀Cotype; B.M. Type NoRh 2683, Moupin, Kricheldorf coll., July 1890; BMNH(E) #141963

FIGURE 2 in New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea)

FIGURE 2. Female genitalia of Delias sanaca bidoupa Monastyrskii & Vu subspec. nov.—PT♀: Ab—appendix bursae; Bc—bursa copulatrix; Db—ductus bursae; Ds—ductus seminalis; Si—signum; St—sterigma; Lp—lamella postvaginalis; Ap— apophysis posterior; Pa—papilla analis.