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Text-fig. 5. Fossil remains of a leafy Lepidodendron ophiurus BRONGN. shoot bearing a Flemingites strobilus produced by a tree similar to that shown in Text-fig. 2a; Middle Coal Measures Formation (Duckmantian – upper Bashkirian), Brymbo, near Wrexham, UK (see Thomas et al. 2020: fig. 16b); National Museum Wales specimen 2013.43G.120. in Naming Of Parts: The Use Of Fossil-Taxa In Palaeobotany
Text-fig. 5. Fossil remains of a leafy Lepidodendron ophiurus BRONGN. shoot bearing a Flemingites strobilus produced by a tree similar to that shown in Text-fig. 2a; Middle Coal Measures Formation (Duckmantian – upper Bashkirian), Brymbo, near Wrexham, UK (see Thomas et al. 2020: fig. 16b); National Museum Wales specimen 2013.43G.120.
Text-fig. 2. The distinction between fossil plants (a) and plant fossils (b). a: Reconstruction of a late Carboniferous arborescent lycopsid, often referred to as the Lepidodendron-tree; artwork by A. Townsend (formerly of National Museum Wales, Cardiff, UK; see Townsend et al. 1998); b: Lepidodendron aculeatum STERNB.; Middle Coal Measures Formation (Duckmantian – upper Bashkirian), Brymbo, near Wrexham, UK (see Thomas et al. 2020: fig. 16b); National Museum Wales specimen 2013.43G.88. in Naming Of Parts: The Use Of Fossil-Taxa In Palaeobotany
Text-fig. 2. The distinction between fossil plants (a) and plant fossils (b). a: Reconstruction of a late Carboniferous arborescent lycopsid, often referred to as the Lepidodendron-tree; artwork by A. Townsend (formerly of National Museum Wales, Cardiff, UK; see Townsend et al. 1998); b: Lepidodendron aculeatum STERNB.; Middle Coal Measures Formation (Duckmantian – upper Bashkirian), Brymbo, near Wrexham, UK (see Thomas et al. 2020: fig. 16b); National Museum Wales specimen 2013.43G.88.
Current meter measurements on the southern rim slope of the Yamato Basin in the Japan Sea
<p>This dataset contains measurements from moored current meters and hydrographic observations in the southern Japan Sea. </p> <p>These are for the publication of the manuscript entitled "Local topographic Rossby modes observed in the abyssal Japan Sea" by Senjyu, T., which will be submitted to Journal of Physical Oceanography. </p>
Replication data for measurement report: Evolution and distribution of NH3 over Mexico City from ground-based and satellite infrared spectroscopic measurements
<p>This dataset of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) has been generated from solar absorption spectra measured in central Mexico using ground-based Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. The FTIR experiments have been operated by the “Spectroscopy and Remote Sensing” Research Group of the ICAyCC-UNAM (Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, http://www.epr.atmosfera.unam.mx/)</p> <p>Related Publication:<br> Herrera, B., Bezanilla, A., Blumenstock, T., Dammers, E., Hase, F., Clarisse, L., Magaldi, A., Rivera, C., Stremme, W., Strong, K., Viatte, C., Van Damme, M., and Grutter, M.: Measurement report: Evolution and distribution of NH3 over Mexico City from ground-based and satellite infrared spectroscopic measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-217, Accepted, 2022.</p> <p>Abstract:<br> Ammonia (NH3) is the most abundant alkaline compound in the atmosphere, with consequences for the environment, human health, and radiative forcing. In urban environments, it is known to play a key role in the formation of secondary aerosols through its reactions with nitric and sulphuric acids. However, there are only a few studies about NH3 in Mexico City. In this work, atmospheric NH3 was measured over Mexico City between 2012 and 2020 by means of ground-based solar absorption spectroscopy using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers at two sites (urban and remote). Total columns of NH3 were retrieved from the FTIR spectra and compared with data obtained from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) satellite instrument. The diurnal variability of NH3 differs between the two FTIR stations and is strongly influenced by the urban sources. Most of the NH3 measured at the urban station is from local sources, while the NH3 observed at the remote site is most likely transported from the city and surrounding areas. The evolution of the boundary layer and the temperature play a significant role in the recorded seasonal and diurnal patterns of NH3. Although the vertical columns of NH3 are much larger at the urban station, the observed annual cycles are similar for both stations, with the largest values in the warm months, such as April and May. The IASI measurements underestimate the FTIR NH3 total columns by an average of 32.2 ± 27.5 % but exhibit similar temporal variability. The NH3 spatial distribution from IASI shows the largest columns in the northeast part of the city. In general, NH3 total columns over Mexico City exhibited an average annual increase of 92 ± 3.9 x 1013 molecules/cm2 yr (urban) and 8.4 ± 1.4 x 1013 molecules/cm2 yr (remote) was observed in Mexico City at both FTIR stations and a decadal increase of 62 % with IASI data.</p> <p>Description UNAM_FTIRdata.csv:<br> Atmospheric composition measurements made at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico Observatory on the rooftop of the Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático (UNAM, 19.33°N, 99.18°W, 2280 m.a.s.l.) located at the south of Mexico City. <br> These are retrieved from Fourier Transfor InfraRed (FTIR) solar absorption spectra recorded with a Vertex 80 spectrometer from April 2012 to October 2019. <br> The dataset contains the local time (YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss AM/PM), the total columns (molecules/cm2), total error (molecules/cm2), systematic error (molecules/cm2), random error (molecules/cm2), and Degrees of Freddom (DOF).</p>
Storm drain water level measurements from Beaufort, North Carolina
<p>This dataset contains water level measurements from within a storm drain in Beaufort, North Carolina, USA. Water level measurements were collected using a Sunny Day Flooding Project (https://tarheels.live/sunnydayflood/) sensor system. The data span from June 22, 2021 to November 30, 2021. Drift-corrected water level measurements relative to the road are in column "road_water_level_adj", and drift-corrected water level measurements relative to NAVD88 are in column "sensor_water_level_adj".</p>
Measuring protected-area effectiveness using vertebrate distributions from leech iDNA
<p>Protected areas are key to meeting biodiversity conservation goals, but direct measures of effectiveness have proven difficult to obtain. We address this challenge by using environmental DNA from leech-ingested bloodmeals to estimate spatially-resolved vertebrate occupancies across the 677 km<sup>2</sup> Ailaoshan reserve in Yunnan, China. From 30,468 leeches collected by 163 park rangers across 172 patrol areas, we identify 86 vertebrate species, including amphibians, mammals, birds and squamates. Multi-species occupancy modelling shows that species richness increases with elevation and distance to reserve edge. Most large mammals (e.g. sambar, black bear, serow, tufted deer) follow this pattern; the exceptions are the three domestic mammal species (cows, sheep, goats) and muntjak deer, which are more common at lower elevations. Vertebrate occupancies are a direct measure of conservation outcomes that can help guide protected-area management and improve the contributions that protected areas make towards global biodiversity goals. Here, we show the feasibility of using invertebrate-derived DNA to estimate spatially-resolved vertebrate occupancies across entire protected areas.</p>
Open source measurement data of the ground water physio-chemical parameters in the Peshawar District, Pakistan
<p>This excel file provides the measurement data of the physio-chemical parameters in the Peshawar district, Pakistan. The physio-chemical parameters include pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, Ca hardness, Mg hardness, Total hardness, Turbidity, Nitrate and Chloride. The data also include the latitude and longitude and location and depth to groundwater level (water table). The data was collected and sample were analyzed in June-August 2012.</p> <p>The full data collection and case studies are described in Adnan and Iqbal 2014, Adnan et al. 2018 and Adnan et al. 2019.</p>
Eddy Duck Data: Measured Three-Dimensional Structure of Surfzone Velocities
<p>This archive contains data from the 2011 EddyDuck experiment. Three-dimensional structure of surfzone velocity fields was measured using 12 horizontally-spaced Nortek Aquadopp current meters, each instrument measuring vertical profiles of water velocity. The experiment was conducted by folks from Washington State University and Oregon State University, with help from staff of the USACE's Duck Field Research Facility.</p> <p>Funding from the US National Sciences Foundation, Award OCE-1061692</p> <p>An in-review JGR-Oceans manuscript “Depth-Dependence of Nearshore Currents and Eddies” discusses the observations.</p> <p> </p> <p>Data are contained in two zip files.</p> <p>File summary.zip unzips to give a folder containing summary data in matlab 2015b format, and a pdf readme file explaining details.</p> <p>Folder full.zip unzips to give a folder containing full time-resolution data in ASCII format, and a readme file explaining details.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p>Questions to steve_henderson@wsu.edu</p>
Speedtest-like Measurements in 3G/4G Networks: the MONROE Experience
<p>The goal of this research is to collect a wide range speedtest-like traces for the mobile broadband (MBB) networks, as seen from actual users. In our experiment, the MONROE node contains the core components, with containers that run active experiments. Traffic generated by the applications passes through the selected MiFi modem where a NAT is in place, then goes through the ISP network, and the Internet, toward the selected server. Each node runs also Tstat, a specialized passive sniffer. Tstat captures traffic on each MBB interface and extracts statistics by passively observing packets exchanged with the network. Another instance of Tstat runs on the server side, thus capturing and processing traffic at the other end of the path.<br> <br> Each MONROE node regularly runs a basic set of experiments. Among these, the HTTP download experiment uses single thread curl to download a 40 MB file for a maximum of 10 seconds from dedicated and not-congested servers in Sweden. we collected measurements during September and October 2016 in four countries and different sites. We consider only stationary nodes. The experiment ran every 3 hours in synchronized fashion. The active application and passive flow-level traces on the client and server sides cannot give us information about the technology and signal strength at the MBB channel during the experiment. Therefore, we use the metadata collected by the MONROE platform to augment the information about the access link status. The MONROE metadata are event-based data collected by passively monitoring the statistics exposed directly from the MiFi modems through their management interface. This data is transmitted and stored in the project database for analysis, and can be easily correlated to each node and interface.</p>
Supplementary material 4 from: Dawson W, Keser L, Winter M, Pyšek P, Kartesz J, Nishino M, Fuentes N, Chytrý M, Celesti-Grapow L, van Kleunen M (2013) Correlations between global and regional measures of invasiveness vary with region size. NeoBiota 16: 59-80. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.16.4351
Spearman's ρ correlation coefficients (and bootstrapped, bias-corrected 95% confidence intervals) of relationships between GCW-derived invasiveness measures with 'weed-only' non-target region references included, and regional measures of species abundance and distribution from vegetation plot data in the Czech Republic and Montana.
Supplementary material 1 from: Dawson W, Keser L, Winter M, Pyšek P, Kartesz J, Nishino M, Fuentes N, Chytrý M, Celesti-Grapow L, van Kleunen M (2013) Correlations between global and regional measures of invasiveness vary with region size. NeoBiota 16: 59-80. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.16.4351
Description of GCW areas used as as measure of invasiveness, based on references in the Global Compendium of Weeds recording a species in a particular global area. The number of references in the Global Compendium of Weeds referring to each global area is listed, along with the countries (or regions) covered.
Measurement verification data for AutoMorph vs. hand measurements
<p>These data include comparisons between 2D and 3D measurements automatically extracted by the AutoMorph software (https://github.com/HullLab/AutoMorph) and those collected manually (<em>i.e</em><em>.,</em> using calipers, ImageJ, or VGSStudio Max for the 2D measurements, or using CT scans for the 3D measurements). These measurements are intended to demonstrate the breadth of AutoMorph's applicability, and help users determine whether the accuracy of AutoMorph is suitable for their needs. 2D measurements (specifically major and minor axis length and/or squared area) have been collected and presented here for fossil patellogastropods (limpets), extant bivalves, and ichthyoliths (<em>i.e.</em>, fish teeth). 3D volume and surface area data have been collected for a sample of planktonic foraminifera.</p> <p>More information about how these data were collected, and discussion about the measurement comparisons, can be found in the manuscript describing AutoMorph (Hsiang et al. 2018).</p> <p><strong>References</strong></p> <p>Hsiang AY, Nelson K, Elder LE, Sibert EC, Kahanamoku SS, Burke JE, Kelly A, Liu Y, and Hull PM (2018) <em>AutoMorph</em>: Accelerating morphometrics with automated 2D and 3D image processing and shape extraction. <em>Methods in Ecology and Evolution. </em>9(3):605-612 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12915">https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12915).</a></p>
Data used for the Walther et al (2017) Lya forest power spectrum measurement
<p>The Files "PS_dataset_*.hdf5" contain the masked datasets used in the Walther et al (2017) power spectrum analysis with or without metal masking.</p> <p>They also contain MCMC chains for performing the masking corrections.</p> <p>The README file gives basic usage instructions.</p>
The Cloud that Runs the Mobile Internet: A Measurement Study of Mobile Cloud Services
<p>In order to assess the performance of domains hosted in Cloud Service Providers (CSP), we run a dedicated measurements campaign on the MONROE measurements platform.</p> <p>For this study we use nodes in 4 countries and the Mobile Network Operators (MNO) over which we measure are:</p> <ul> <li>Norway: Telenor, Telia, <strong>Telia (SE)</strong></li> <li>Italy: Vodafone, Wind, TIM</li> <li>Spain: Yoigo, Orange, <strong>Vodafone (IT)</strong></li> <li>Sweden: Telia, Telenor, 3</li> </ul> <p>* MNOs written in bold letters are SIM cards that are roaming internationally (home country code in brackets).</p> <p>We benefit from MONROE’s openness and capabilities to run long-lived active measurements in realistic but controlled scenarios in commercial MNOs.</p> <p>Namely:</p> <ul> <li><strong>DNS test:</strong> We run DNS lookups for each target mobile domain towards: 1) the default MNO DNS resolver, 2) Google's public resolver and 3) OpenDNS's public resolver. This will allow us to compare the quality of the responses and identify possible DNS-level inefficiencies during the replica selection. All our DNS queries include the EDNS edns-client-subnet flag as it may be used by CSPs like EdgeCast and Amazon services to locate the end user and improve the quality of replica selection. If we do not receive a reply, as it occurs for Vodafone (IT) possibly due to the presence of an in-path DNS proxy filtering those requests, we repeat the request without the flag.</li> <li><strong>Traffic performance test:</strong> We measure the TCP connection and TLS session establishment time, if applicable, towards the resolved IP addresses. We repeat the same experiment over TCP ports 80 and 443, in case the MNO performs traffic shaping or deploys TCP-splitting proxies. The TCP connection, as well as the TLS session establishment are triggered by an HTTP GET request for the favicon.ico object. The presence of the object in the server is not relevant as the handshakes are triggered regardless of its existence.</li> <li><strong>Network topology test: </strong>For each resolved IP address, we run UDP traceroutes to study CSP-MNO peering and topological relationships. We also run pings towards the same IP address.</li> </ul> <p>We also log all the related metadata that are provided by the platform.</p> <p>The schema of the database can be found at:</p> <p>https://github.com/FoivosMichelinakis/cloudmap/blob/master/supportingFiles/parsers/cloudmap.sql</p> <p>The container code used on the MONROE nodes to generate this dataset can be found at:</p> <p>https://github.com/FoivosMichelinakis/cloudmap/</p> <p> </p> <p>We run the aforementioned experiments in isolation from other experiments continuously over 4 weeks, from April 5, 2017 until May 6, 2017.</p> <p>The combined results of the three tests for a given FQDN produce a "sample". The measurements are continuously run and the periodicity of the same sample varies between 4 and 24 hours. Thus, each sample has several instances across time of day and various radio conditions.</p>
Table 2: Reliability Indexes of the Measures Used in Grade Three
<p>The procedures of lexical instruction and vocabulary testing continued up to the end of the<br> course when the book content was exhausted. Lastly, near to the end of the academic year, the<br> students took the End of the Course Achievement (ECA) exams (See Appendix 3) the major<br> objectives of which were to make a holistic assessment concerning the achievement of the prespecified<br> course objectives. These tests are usually designed, standardized, and administered either<br> directly by the central offices of the Ministry of Education, or indirectly by the teachers at the local<br> schools. However, no matter who develops them, they follow a uniform scheme or format which is<br> mandated by the officials of the Ministry of Education.<br> The reliability indexes obtained from the batteries utilized in the study are presented in<br> Tables 2</p>
Figure 4: The estimated impedance within the measured frequency range for the symmetric (*) and the asymmetric (o) case against averaged data from healthy subjects-THE RESPIRATORY IMPEDANCE IN AN ASYMMETRIC MODEL OF THE LUNG STRUCTURE
<p>It is significant to observe that in the frequency interval of clinical interest,<br> ! 2 [25; 300] rad/s, the two impedances tend to behave similarly. For the<br> asymmetric case, we have a decrease of about -10dB/dec and a phase of ap-<br> proximately ¡50o, resulting in a fractional order of n »=</p> <p>This observation suggests that a combined efect of more than one fractal order is present in the<br> lungs and that it leads naturally to values closer to measured data in the low<br> frequency range. In other words, the symmetric tree representation does not<br> suffice to obtain a good fit between the model and the measured impedance<br> data. Another observation is that the constant-phase behavior is emphasized<br> at frequencies below those evaluated standardly in clinical practice, i.e. below<br> 5Hz. However, in the standard clinical range of frequencies for the forced oscil-<br> lation technique, namely 4-48Hz, both symmetric and asymmetric tree models<br> give similar results, as depicted in ¯gure 4</p>
Figure 4: The estimated impedance within the measured frequency range for the symmetric (*) and the asymmetric (o) case against averaged data from healthy subjects
<p>Another observation is that the constant-phase behavior is emphasized<br> at frequencies below those evaluated standardly in clinical practice, i.e. below<br> 5Hz. However, in the standard clinical range of frequencies for the forced oscil-<br> lation technique, namely 4-48Hz, both symmetric and asymmetric tree models<br> give similar results, as depicted in ¯gure 4 and ¯gure 5.</p>
Figure 5: The estimated impedance within the measured frequency range for the symmetric (*) and the asymmetric (o) case, polar plot representation.
<p>In other words, the symmetric tree representation does not<br> su±ce to obtain a good ¯t between the model and the measured impedance<br> data. Another observation is that the constant-phase behavior is emphasized<br> at frequencies below those evaluated standardly in clinical practice, i.e. below<br> 5Hz. However, in the standard clinical range of frequencies for the forced oscil-<br> lation technique, namely 4-48Hz, both symmetric and asymmetric tree models<br> give similar results, as depicted in ¯gure 4 and ¯gure 5.</p>
Measurement Data: Latencies and Traffic Traces in Global Mobile Roaming with Regional Breakouts
<h1>A Shortcut through the IPX: Measuring Latencies in Global Mobile Roaming with Regional Breakouts</h1> <p>This repository contains a description and sample data for the Paper<em> A Shortcut through the IPX: Measuring Latencies in Global Mobile Roaming with Regional Breakouts</em> published at the Network Traffic Measurement and Analysis (TMA) Conference 2024.<br>In the provided README.md file, we present example snippets of the datasets, including an explanation of all contained fields.</p> <p>We cover the three main datasets covered in the related paper:<br>- DT1: User plane traces captured at multiple GGSN/PGW instances of a globaly operating MVNO<br>- DT2: GTP echo round trip times between visited network SGSN/SGWs and home network GGSN/PGWs<br>- DT3: IPX routing information, as extracted from BGP routing tables</p> <p>For legal reasons, we are not able to publish the secondary datasets (DT4, DT5) covered in the manuscript.</p> <p>Finally, for privacy, security, and political reasons, certain fields in each of the datasets have been anonymized. These are indicated by the `_anonymized` prefix.<br>In case of IP addresses, the anonymization ist consistent across datasets, meaning that similar IPs have been anonymized such that their values are still identical after anonymization.</p> <h3>Contact</h3> <p>For questions regarding the dataset, contact Viktoria Vomhoff (viktoria.vomhoff@uni-wuerzburg.de)</p> <p> </p>
Dataset of measurements of BT-11BS ceramics
<p>Data files for the manuscript "Optical and electrical performance of translucent BaTiO3-BaSnO3 ceramics" </p> <p>Measured data for manuscript figures and tables - more detailed information in README.txt file in the core folder.</p>
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.