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opennotspecifiedOct 2021View details →

Fig. 2 in Determination of phenolic profiles of Herniaria polygama and Herniaria incana fractions and their in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects

Fig. 2. UHPLC – diode array detector (DAD) and charged aerosol detector (CAD) profiles of the Herniaria polygama phenolic fraction.

opennotspecifiedOct 2021View details →

Fig. 6 in Determination of phenolic profiles of Herniaria polygama and Herniaria incana fractions and their in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects

Fig. 6. Evaluation of protective effects of fractions isolated from Herniaria incana (HIhfr) and Herniaria polygama (HPfr) on the oxidative stress-induced modification of human fibrinogen structure. The figure contains an electrophoretic pattern of fibrinogen samples separated on gradient SDS-PAGE gel (4–20%) under the reducing conditions. Exposure of fibrinogen to ONOO resulted in the formation of high molecular weight protein aggregates (HMW), mainly derived from its Aα-chain and detectable over the fibrinogen pattern. The Herniaria fractions partly reduced these oxidative modifications to fibrinogen molecule; n = 3.

opennotspecifiedOct 2021View details →

Fig. 7 in Determination of phenolic profiles of Herniaria polygama and Herniaria incana fractions and their in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects

Fig. 7. Anti-inflammatory actions of the examined fractions isolated from Herniaria incana (HIhfr) and Herniaria polygama (HPfr) in the concanavalin A-stimulated PBMCs. Effects of the examined plant fractions were evaluated based on measurements of IL-2 (panel A) and TNF-α (panel B) secretion into the cell culture medium. The samples were assayed using the ELISA kits; *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001; n = 4.

opennotspecifiedOct 2020View details →

Fig. 5 in Role of C-H bond in the antioxidant activities of rooperol and its derivatives: A DFT study

Fig. 5. The calculated PAs and ETEs for ROP and its derivatives. The differences having as a reference the lowest value have also include in parenthesis.

opennotspecifiedOct 2020View details →

Fig. 3 in Role of C-H bond in the antioxidant activities of rooperol and its derivatives: A DFT study

Fig. 3. The calculated BDEs for ROP and its derivatives. The differences having as a reference the lowest value have include in parenthesis.

opennotspecifiedOct 2020View details →

Fig. 4 in Role of C-H bond in the antioxidant activities of rooperol and its derivatives: A DFT study

Fig. 4. The calculated IPs and PDEs for ROP and its derivatives. The differences having as a reference the lowest value have also include in parenthesis.

Fig. 8 in Antioxidative potential of ferulic acid phenoxyl radical

Fig. 8. Double HAT mechanism of FA. BDE1 and BDE2 values are predicted using the M06-2X/6–311++G(d,p) level of theory.

Fig. 4 in Antioxidative potential of ferulic acid phenoxyl radical

Fig. 4. The Gibbs free energy change for reaction of FAPR with 10 selected free radicals. C-1, C-3, C-5, C-8 and O-4 atoms of FAPR are considered as reactive sites.

Fig. 2 in Antioxidative potential of ferulic acid phenoxyl radical

Fig. 2. Delocalization of the unpaired electron in FAPR quantified by (a) spin density and (b) Fukui function for radical attack.

Fig. 2. A in The antioxidant system in Olea europaea to enhanced UV-B radiation also depends on flavonoids and secoiridoids

Fig. 2. A - Variation in reduced (AsA) and oxidized ascorbate (DHA), B - AsA redox state (AsA/DHA), C - reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and D - and glutathione redox potential (GSH/GSSG) in leaves of O. europaea plants under control conditions and exposed to UV-B treatments (UV–B1 and UV-B2). Values are mean ± s.d. (n = 6–8). For each parameter, different letters indicate statistical differences between treatments (P <0.05) base on Holms Sidak Comparison Test.

Fig. 2 in The antioxidant system in Olea europaea to enhanced UV-B radiation also depends on flavonoids and secoiridoids

Fig. 2 presents the changes of AsA, DHA, GSH and GSSG, AsA/DHA and GSH/GSSG in O. europaea leaves after UV-B exposure. Compared with controls, plants exposed to UV-B1 had decreased levels of both AsA and DHA, which led to a maintenance of the AsA/DHA ratio (P> 0.05, Fig. 2A and B). Contrarily, GSH levels decreased while the GSSG increased significantly, decreasing the GSH/GSSG ratio (P <0.05, Fig. 2C and D). Plants exposed to UV-B2 showed an increase of DHA and, mostly, of AsA pools, which led to an increase of the AsA/DHA ratio (P <0.05, Fig. 2A and B). On other hand GSH levels also increased but GSSG was not influenced, which supported the increase of GSH/GSSG (P <0.05, Fig. 2C and D).

Fig. 3. A in The antioxidant system in Olea europaea to enhanced UV-B radiation also depends on flavonoids and secoiridoids

Fig. 3. A - secoiridoids, B - flavonoids, and C - hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives in leaves of O. europaea plants under control conditions and exposed to UV-B treatments (UV–B1 and UV-B2). Values are mean ± s.d. (n = 3). For each compound, different letters indicate statistical differences between treatments (P <0.05) base on Holms Sidak Comparison Test.

Fig. 4 in The antioxidant system in Olea europaea to enhanced UV-B radiation also depends on flavonoids and secoiridoids

Fig. 4. General overview of the metabolites and antioxidant enzymes changes in O. europaea plants under UV-B doses: moderate (UV–B1) and high (UV–B2). Relative levels [expressed as log2 (UV–B/control)] are given besides (two colored rectangles) each identified metabolite/compound or enzyme activity as a heat-map, and the upper colored rectangle refers to UV-B1 treatment while the lower one refer to the UV-B2 treatment. Protective responses in O. europaea involve the activation of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant mechanisms to control ROS (namely H2O2) homeostasis, but the enzymatic and AsA/GSH pools are more required by higher UV doses, while polyphenols pathways are similarly solicited by both treatments. UV-B1 treatment increases SOD, CAT and GPox activities and GSSG content, reducing Gr and APX activities and the contents of AsA, DHA and GSH. UV-B2 treatment, besides SOD, CAT and GPox activation, also increases Gr activity and the contents of AsA, DHA and GSH. Flavonoids (4ʹ or 3ʹ-methoxy luteolin glucoside and 4ʹ-methoxy luteolin decrease), secoiridoids (oleuropein decrease and 2ʹʹ- methoxyoleuropein increase) and HCAds (β-hydroxyverbascoside increase) respond similarly to both UV-B doses, putatively acting as UV-B shields and/or ROS scavengers.

Fig. 5 in Anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of ellagitannin isolated from Melaleuca styphelioides

Fig. 5. Molecular docking binding model of human neutrophil elastase (HNE) with 1, its stereoisomer, related derivative and elastase inhibitors, (A) 1R; (B) 1S; (C) rhoipteleanin H; (D) HNE inhibitor GW475151 and (E) HNE inhibitor sivelestat. (Left panel) The ligand (sticks) is positioned according to the best binding interaction with HNE. Green dash lines are representing the hydrogen bonds between ligands and corresponding amino acids of the HNE active site. (Right panel) The main residues contributing to the binding are indicated by the respective amino acids three-letter abbreviations and number. Residues and dash lines in green, classical hydrogen bonding; yellow, carbon-hydrogen bonding; purple, hydrophobic bonding. Blue cloud represents solvent accessibility. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 4 in Anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of ellagitannin isolated from Melaleuca styphelioides

Fig. 4. Styphelioidin (1) inhibits the enzymatic activity of human neutrophil elastase in the cell-free system. Human neutrophil elastase (HNE) was incubated with 1 or DMSO (control) for 15 min. Elastase activity was measured spectrophotometrically at 405 nm. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 3). ***p <0.001 compared with the control (HNE only).

Fig. 2 in Anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of ellagitannin isolated from Melaleuca styphelioides

Fig. 2. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of 1. Effect of the pretreatment with 1 (25, 50, and 100 μM) and silymarin (25, 50, and 100 μg/ml) on the ALT, AST GSH, SOD, and MDA levels in HepG2 cells challenged with CCl4. Data were expressed as the means ± SEM (n = 3). The experiment was done in triplicate. ***P <0.001; significantly different compared to the CCl -treated group. ##P <0.01 and ###P <0.001; significantly different compared to the normal control 4 group. $$$P <0.001; significantly different compared to the silymarin-treated groups.

Fig. 3 in Anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of ellagitannin isolated from Melaleuca styphelioides

Fig. 3. The effects of 1 on degranulation and viability in human neutrophils. (A) 1 inhibits elastase release in fMLF/CB-induced human neutrophils. Human neutrophils were incubated with 1 or DMSO (control) 5 min and stimulated by fMLF in the presence of CB for another 10 min. Elastase release was measured spectrophotometrically at 405 nm. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 3). *p <0.05; **p <0.01 compared with the control (fMLF/CB only). (B) Human neutrophils were incubated with DMSO or 1 for 15 min. LDH release was expressed as the percentage of enzyme released by treatment compared with control (DMSO). The analysis was performed by using enzyme-associated immunosorbent assay and read at 490 nm. All data are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 3).

opennotspecifiedApr 2020View details →

Fig. 5 in Vitamin E in legume nodules: Occurrence and antioxidant function

Fig. 5. Correlation analyses between α-tocopherol contents, lipid peroxidation and nodule performance in soybean, alfalfa and pea plants. (A) Pearson's correlation analysis between α-tocopherol and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) contents in leaves, roots and nodules. (B) Pearson's correlation analysis between α-tocopherol and nodule performance, as estimated by 15 N isotope labeling (δ15N) in nodules. P values and correlation coefficients (r) are shown.

opennotspecifiedApr 2020View details →

Fig. 2 in Vitamin E in legume nodules: Occurrence and antioxidant function

Fig. 2. Water deficit stress effects on the relative water content of leaves, roots and nodules and 15N isotope labeling in nodules of soybean, alfalfa and pea plants. (A) Relative water content (RWC) of leaves, roots and nodules of soybean, alfalfa and pea plants (from top to bottom). Data correspond to the mean ± SE of n = 5 individuals. Results of statistics are shown (two-way ANOVA, P <0.05). (B) 15N isotope labeling (δ15N) in nodules of irrigated and water-stressed plants in soybean, alfalfa and pea. Data correspond to the mean ± SE of n = 4. Results of statistics are shown (two-way ANOVA, P <0.05). An asterisk indicates significant differences between water-stressed and irrigated plants. Letters indicate significant differences over time in water-stressed plants (Tukey posthoc test P <0.05). NS, not significant. DAW, days after water withdrawal in water-stressed plants.