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429 results for “Bacterial infection”
Data from: Immunosenescence and the ability to survive bacterial infection in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum
1. In most animals, ageing is associated with a decline in immune function (immune senescence). However, different components of the immune system seem to age differentially, and many studies do not measure the ultimate fitness consequences of immune function after infection. Previous work shows that immune function may be traded off with other fitness components such as reproduction. It is possible that age alters the nature of these trade-offs, particularly in conjunction with factors such as gender and mating that can also affect investment in immune function. 2. We tested the impact of age, sex and mating on post-infection survivorship in Tribolium castaneum flour beetles, as well as the components of baseline constitutive innate immunity and external (secreted) immune function in uninfected individuals. We also tested whether the reproductive ability of uninfected females is traded off with immune function (baseline innate and external immunity) and post-infection survivorship across age groups. 3. We found that age, sex and mating significantly affected immune components and infection outcome, although the magnitude and nature of the impact varied in each case. We found that older beetles were more susceptible to infection by the pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis even though major components of the constitutive innate immune defence (antibacterial and phenoloxidase activity) remained unchanged or improved with age. Thus, these aspects of innate immunity cannot explain the observed decline in post-infection survival of older beetles. We did not find trade-offs between the reproductive ability of uninfected females and their immune function. In contrast to innate immunity, external immunity showed an overall decline with age but was also affected by sex and mating. Finally, we show that bacterial infection alters external immunity via complex interactions between age, sex and mating status. 4. Our work uncovers novel interactions between age, sex and mating that can determine the evolution and outcome of immunosenescence by affecting the time course of relative investment in different immune and fitness components.
Data from: Interactions among bacterial strains and fluke genotypes shape virulence of co-infection
Most studies of virulence of infection focus on pairwise host-parasite interactions. However, hosts are almost universally co-infected by several parasite strains and/or genotypes of the same or different species. While theory predicts that co infection favours more virulent parasite genotypes through intensified competition for host resources, knowledge of effects of genotype by genotype (G×G) interactions between unrelated parasite species on virulence of co infection is limited. Here we tested such relationship by challenging rainbow trout with replicated bacterial strains and fluke genotypes both singly and in all possible pairwise combinations. We found that virulence (host mortality) was higher in co infections compared to single-infections. Importantly, we also found that the overall virulence was dependent on the genetic identity of the co-infecting partners so that the outcome of co infection could not be predicted from the respective virulence of single infections. Our results imply that G×G interactions among co infecting parasites may significantly affect host health, add to variance in parasite fitness and thus influence evolutionary dynamics and ecology of disease in unexpected ways.
Bacterial exposure mediates developmental plasticity and resistance to lethal Vibrio lentus Infection in purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) larvae
<p>Exposure to and colonization by bacteria during development have wide-ranging beneficial effects on animal biology but can also inhibit growth or cause disease. The immune system is the prime mediator of these microbial interactions and is itself shaped by them. Studies using diverse animal taxa have begun to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the acquisition and transmission of bacterial symbionts and their interactions with developing immune systems. Moreover, the contexts of these associations are often confounded by stark differences between 'wild type' microbiota and the bacterial communities associated with animals raised in conventional or germ-free laboratories. In this study, we investigate the spatio-temporal kinetics of bacterial colonization and associated effects on growth and immune function in larvae of the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) as a model for host-microbe interactions and immune system development. We also compare the host-associated microbiota of developing embryos and larvae raised in natural seawater or exposed to adult-associated bacteria in the laboratory. Bacteria associated with zygotes, embryos, and early larvae are detectable with 16S amplicon sequencing, but 16S-FISH indicates that the vast majority of larval bacterial load is acquired after feeding begins and is localized to the gut lumen. The bacterial communities of laboratory-cultured embryos are significantly less diverse than the natural microbiota but recapitulate its major components (Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes), suggesting that biologically relevant host-microbe interactions can be studied in the laboratory. We also demonstrate that bacterial exposure in early development induces changes in morphology and in the immune system. In the absence of bacteria, larvae grow larger at the 4-arm stage. Additionally, bacteria-exposed larvae are significantly more resistant to lethal infection with the larva-associated pathogen Vibrio lentus suggesting that early exposure to high levels of microbes, as would be expected in natural conditions, affects the immune state in later larvae. These results expand our knowledge of microbial influences on early sea urchin development and establish a model in which to study the interactions between the developing larval immune system and the acquisition of larval microbiota.</p>
Data from: The genetic architecture of defence as resistance to and tolerance of bacterial infection in Drosophila melanogaster
Defence against pathogenic infection can take two forms: resistance and tolerance. Resistance is the ability of the host to limit a pathogen burden, whereas tolerance is the ability to limit the negative consequences of infection at a given level of infection intensity. Evolutionarily, a tolerance strategy that is independent of resistance could allow the host to avoid mounting a costly immune response and, theoretically, to avoid a co-evolutionary arms race between pathogen virulence and host resistance. Biomedically, understanding the mechanisms of tolerance and how they relate to resistance could potentially yield treatment strategies that focus on health improvement instead of pathogen elimination. To understand the impact of tolerance on host defence and identify genetic variants that determine host tolerance, we defined genetic variation in tolerance as the residual deviation from a binomial regression of fitness under infection against infection intensity. We then performed a genomewide association study to map the genetic basis of variation in resistance to and tolerance of infection by the bacterium Providencia rettgeri. We found a positive genetic correlation between resistance and tolerance, and we demonstrated that the level of resistance is highly predictive of tolerance. We identified 30 loci that predict tolerance, many of which are in genes involved in the regulation of immunity and metabolism. We used RNAi to confirm that a subset of mapped genes have a role in defence, including putative wound repair genes grainy head and debris buster. Our results indicate that tolerance is not an independent strategy from resistance, but that defence arises from a collection of physiological processes intertwined with canonical immunity and resistance.
Data from: Influence of oxidative homeostasis on bacterial density and cost of infection in Drosophila–Wolbachia symbioses
The evolution of symbioses along the continuum between parasitism and mutualism can be influenced by the oxidative homeostasis, i.e. the balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant molecules. Indeed, ROS can contribute to the host immune defence to regulate symbiont populations, but are also toxic. This interplay between ROS and symbiosis is notably exemplified by recent results in arthropod-Wolbachia interactions. Wolbachia are symbiotic bacteria involved in a wide range of interactions with their arthropods hosts, from facultative, parasitic associations to obligatory, mutualistic ones. In the present study, we used Drosophila-Wolbachia associations to determine whether the oxidative homeostasis plays a role in explaining the differences between phenotypically distinct arthropod-Wolbachia symbioses. We used Drosophila lines with different Wolbachia infections and measured the effects of pro-oxidant (paraquat) and antioxidant (glutathione) treatments on the Wolbachia density and the host survival. We show that experimental manipulations of the oxidative homeostasis can reduce the cost of the infection through its effect on Wolbachia density. We discuss the implication of this result from an evolutionary perspective and argue that the oxidative homeostasis could underlie the evolution of tolerance and dependence on Wolbachia.
Data from: Population-level dynamics in experimental mixed infections: evidence for competitive exclusion among bacterial parasites of Paramecium caudatum
Parasites frequently share their host populations with other parasites. However, little is known about how different parasites respond to competition with diverse competitor species in the within-host and between-host environments. We explored the repeatability of competition by simultaneously exposing microcosm populations of the ciliate Paramecium caudatum to pairs of parasites from the Holospora species complex (H. undulata, H. caryophila and H. obtusa) affected the persistence and prevalence of each compared to single infections, across three host genotypes. Three weeks post-inoculation we identified the presence of each parasite using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). Competitive exclusion (62/72) was more common than co-existence (10/72) in populations inoculated with 2 parasites. There was a clear pattern of competitive superiority, with H. caryophila persisting in all doubly inoculated populations (with either H. undulata or H. obtusa), and H. undulata tending to exclude H. obtusa. This mirrored infection success in single infections, with H. caryophila having a higher infection prevalence in single inoculations, followed by H. undulata then H. obtusa. The probability of persistence in co-inoculations did not change across the different host genotypes, and prevalence was the same as in single infections. Our results are consistent with superinfection models, which assume the competitive exclusion of parasites upon contact within the same host. Furthermore, such non-random competitive epidemiological dynamics, where one parasites always wins, may be of interest for public health management, especially if the winning parasite is avirulent, as is seemingly the case here.
Data from: Minor environmental concentrations of antibiotics can modify bacterial virulence in co-infection with a non-targeted parasite
Leakage of medical residues into the environment can significantly impact natural communities. For example, antibiotic contamination from agriculture and aquaculture can directly influence targeted pathogens, but also other non-targeted taxa of commensals and parasites that regularly co-occur and co-infect the same host. Consequently, antibiotics could significantly alter interspecific interactions and epidemiology of the co-infecting parasite community. We studied how minor environmental concentration of antibiotic affects the coinfection of two parasites, the bacterium Flavobacterium columnare and the fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum, in their fish host. We found that antibiotic in feed, and particularly the minute concentration in water, significantly decreased bacterial virulence and changed the infection success of the flukes. These effects depended on the level of antibiotic resistance of the bacterial strains. Antibiotic, however, did not compensate for the higher virulence of co-infections. Our results demonstrate that even very low environmental concentration of antibiotic can influence ecology and epidemiology of diseases in co-infection with non-targeted parasites. Leakage of antibiotics into the environment may thus have more complex effects on disease ecology than previously anticipated.
DIFFERENTIATED APPROACHES TO THE TREATMENT OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS COMPLICATED BY BACTERIAL, FUNGAL AND VIRAL INFECTION
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Effect of nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton on cervical bacterial flora with persistent human papillomavirus infection
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Raw data and SPSS analysis for the article Bacterial and fungal co-infections among ICU COVID-19 hospitalized patients in a Palestinian hospital: Incidence and antimicrobial stewardship
<p>The attached data is related to a study with proposes to investigate the burden of bacterial and fungal co-infections outcomes on COVID-19 patients. It is a single-center cross-sectional study of hospitalized COVID-19 patients at Beit-Jala hospital in Palestine. The study included 321 hospitalized patients admitted to the ICU between June 2020 and March 2021 aged ≥20 years,</p> <p><b>Background:</b> Diagnosis of co-infections with multiple pathogens among hospitalized COVID-19 patients can be jointly challenging and very essential for appropriate treatment, shortening hospital stay and preventing antimicrobial resistance. This study proposes to investigate the burden of bacterial and fungal co-infections outcomes on COVID-19 patients. It is a single center cross-sectional study of hospitalized COVID-19 patients at Beit-Jala hospital in Palestine.</p> <p><b>Methods: </b>The study included 321 hospitalized patients admitted to the ICU between June 2020 and March 2021 aged ≥20 years, with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 via RT-PCR conducted on a nasopharyngeal swab. The patient's information was gathered using graded data forms from electronic medical reports.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> The diagnosis of bacterial and fungal infection was proved through the patient`s clinical presentation and positive blood or sputum culture results. All cases had received empirical antimicrobial therapy before the ICU admission, and different regimens during the ICU stay. The rate of bacterial co-infection was 51.1%, mainly from gram-negative isolates (Enterobacter species and K.pneumoniae). The rate of fungal co-infection caused by A.fumigatus was 48.9%, and the mortality rate was 8.1%. However, it is unclear if it had been attributed to SARS-CoV-2 or coincidental.</p>
Orthopaedic surgical site infections: Prevalence, bacterial etiology, and antimicrobial resistance
<p><strong>Background:</strong> Surgical site infections (SSIs), the second most dreaded post-operative hospital-acquired infection, play an important role in the emergence of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria owing to the practice of prophylactic antibiotic use. Even in the most advanced hospitals, SSIs are becoming more common, yet limited literature exists on the bacteriological profile and antimicrobial resistance. This cross-sectional study assessed the prevalence of orthopaedic SSIs in traumatically operated patients' one-month post-operation in correlation to antibiotic resistance in bacteria-causing SSIs.</p> <p><strong>Method: </strong>The demographic and surgical records of orthopaedic patients suffering post-operative SSI (clean or clean-contaminated wound) and examined in the Department of Microbiology, National Trauma Center, for aerobic bacteriological culture and susceptibility testing during three years (2020-2022) were analyzed with SPSS version 17.0.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Among the total patients (n=1,438), 448 (median age: 35 years; males: 341) developed SSIs, with knee/joint infections (141/448) being predominant. SSIs occurred every seven days on average. <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (216/448) was the predominant bacteria. Overall, 61.88% (250/404) of isolates were penicillin-resistant, whereas 51.31% (450/877) were cephalosporin-resistant. <em>Streptococcus </em>spp. and <em>Enterobacter </em>spp. were equally predominant MDR (50%) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) isolates (25%), while <em>S. aureus</em> was the predominant pan-drug-resistant isolate (0.46%). Fluoroquinolone resistance rates in non-MDR (n=272), MDR (n=153), and XDR (n=22) were 15.88%, 60.59%, and 22.94%, respectively, while aminoglycoside resistance rates were 13.27%, 59.29%, and 24.49%. <em>Acinetobacter calcoaceticus baumanii</em> complex exhibited the highest multiple antibiotic resistance index (0.58).</p> <p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> SSIs following orthopaedic procedures were highly prevalent, particularly due to <em>S. aureus</em> and MDR strains. Antibiotic resistance was more pronounced in MDR strains, encompassing XDR strains, than in non-MDR strains.</p>
Figure 3 in New host detection of the parasitic mite, Erythraeus pistacicus (Trombidiformes: Erythraeidae) from Iran and indication of possible infection with bacterial symbionts
Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree based on wsp sequences of Wolbachia, constructed by a neighbor-joining procedure. Wolbachia strains are depicted by the host name. The accession numbers are shown after the host name. Numbers on the nodes indicate bootstrap percent confidence values.
Host genotype and genetic diversity shape the evolution of a novel bacterial infection
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Pathogens continue to emerge from increased contact with novel host species. Whilst these hosts can represent distinct environments for pathogens, the impacts of host genetic background on how a pathogen evolves post-emergence are unclear. In a novel interaction, we experimentally evolved a pathogen (<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>) in populations of wild nematodes (<i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>) to test whether <span><span>host genotype and genetic diversity affect pathogen evolution</span></span>. After 10 rounds of selection, we found that pathogen virulence evolved to vary across host genotypes, with differences in host metal ion acquisition detected as a possible driver of increased host exploitation. Diverse host populations selected for the highest levels of pathogen virulence, but infectivity was constrained, unlike in host monocultures. We hypothesize that population heterogeneity might pool together individuals that contribute disproportionately to the spread of infection or to enhanced virulence. The genomes of evolved populations were sequenced, and it was revealed that pathogens selected in distantly-related host genotypes diverged more than those in closely-related host genotypes. <i>S. aureus </i>nevertheless maintained a broad host range. Our study provides unique empirical insight into the evolutionary dynamics that could occur in other novel infections of wildlife and humans.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
TNP-2092 to Treat Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infection
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03964493. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Effect of a Infection Control Program on the Reduction of Bacterial Contamination on NG Tube Feeding in RCHEs
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04075344. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 0. Publications: 4.
Effects of Viral and Bacterial Co-infections in Otherwise Healthy Children Hospitalized in Pediatric Department
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02325102. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 0. Publications: 5.
Dalbavancin for the Treatment of Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections in Children, Known or Suspected to be Caused by Susceptible Gram-positive Organisms, Including MRSA
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02814916. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 20. Publications: 0.
Trulimax (Azithromycin ) Non-Interventional Study In Acute Bacterial Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00827502. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Bacterial Phenotype of Staphylococcus Aureus Has no Effect on Patients' Clinical Outcome in Orthopedic Device Related Bone Infections
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02971657. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 0. Publications: 2.
Safety of Either a Single or Two Intravenous Doses of Orbactiv in Participants With Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infection
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02925416. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
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OpenNeuro
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