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660 results for “Biomechanics”
Data from: Quantifying the effect of gape and morphology on bite force: biomechanical modeling and in vivo measurements in bats
Maximum bite force is an important metric of feeding performance that defines the dietary ecology of many vertebrates. In mammals, theoretical analyses and empirical studies suggest a trade-off between maximum bite force and gape at behavioural and evolutionary scales; in vivo bite force is expected to decrease at wide gapes, and cranial morphologies that enable high mechanical advantage are thought to have a lower ability to generate high bite forces at wide gapes, and vice versa. However, very few studies have confirmed these relationships in free-ranging mammals. This study uses an ecologically diverse sample of bats to document the variation in bite force with respect to gape angle, and applies three-dimensional models of the feeding apparatus to identify the major morphological and biomechanical predictors of the gape-bite force relationship. In vivo and model data corroborated that bite force decreases significantly at wide gapes across species, but there is substantial intraspecific variation in the data obtained from live bats. Results from biomechanical models, analysed within a phylogenetic framework, revealed that species with larger temporalis muscles, higher temporalis stretch factors and high mechanical advantages experience a steeper reduction in bite force with increasing gape. These trends are illustrated by short-faced durophagous frugivores. The results from this study suggest that gape-mediated changes in bite force can be explained both by behavioural effects and cranial morphology, and that these links are relevant for functional analyses of mammal dietary ecology.
Data from: Laetoli footprints reveal bipedal gait biomechanics different from those of modern humans and chimpanzees
Bipedalism is a key adaptation that shaped human evolution, yet the timing and nature of its evolution remain unclear. Here we use new experimentally based approaches to investigate the locomotor mechanics preserved by the famous Pliocene hominin footprints from Laetoli, Tanzania. We conducted footprint formation experiments with habitually barefoot humans and with chimpanzees to quantitatively compare their footprints to those preserved at Laetoli. Our results show that the Laetoli footprints are morphologically distinct from those of both chimpanzees and habitually barefoot modern humans. By analysing biomechanical data that were collected during the human experiments we, for the first time, directly link differences between the Laetoli and modern human footprints to specific biomechanical variables. We find that the Laetoli hominin probably used a more flexed limb posture at foot strike than modern humans when walking bipedally. The Laetoli footprints provide a clear snapshot of an early hominin bipedal gait that probably involved a limb posture that was slightly but significantly different from our own, and these data support the hypothesis that important evolutionary changes to hominin bipedalism occurred within the past 3.66 Myr.
Data from: Elevated evolutionary rates of biting biomechanics reveal patterns of extraordinary cranio-dental adaptations in some herbivorous dinosaurs
<p>Adaptation to specialist ecologies is a key innovation that has contributed to the evolutionary success of many vertebrate clades, underpinning the acquisition of diverse skull morphologies. Dinosaurs, which dominated Mesozoic terrestrial faunas, acquired herbivory multiple times, including in clades historically regarded as predominantly carnivorous. The evolution of herbivory in theropod dinosaurs is linked to drastic changes in dental and craniomandibular functional morphology, yet whether such changes occurred more rapidly in herbivorous lineages compared to in carnivorous lineages remains untested in a phylogenetic framework. Here, we infer rates of phenotypic evolution in relative biting edge lengths to test the hypothesis that the acquisition of herbivory is associated with rapid changes in jaw biomechanics. We find elevated rates of biomechanical evolution in theropods with foreshortened and beaked skulls (Oviraptorosauria, <em>Limusaurus</em>), as well as in ceratopsians and <em>Diplodocus</em>. A reduced biting edge length and increased jaw efficiency unites these high-rate lineages, indicating selection for greater efficiency in biting biomechanics. Additionally, we hypothesise that extreme ontogenetic changes within species' lifetimes may be behind some instances of branch-wise elevated rates. Thus, we show how exceptional rates of biomechanical evolution can reveal signatures of adaptations within dinosaur lineages and potentially along ontogenetic sequences.</p>
Data from: Numerical biomechanics modelling of indirect mitral annuloplasty treatments for functional mitral regurgitation
<p>Mitral valve regurgitation (MR) is a common valvular heart disease where an improper closure leads to leakage from the left ventricle into the left atrium. There is a need for less-invasive treatments such as percutaneous repairs for a large inoperable patient population. The aim of this study is to compare several indirect mitral annuloplasty (IMA) percutaneous repair techniques by finite element analyses. Two types of generic IMA devices were considered, based on coronary sinus vein shortening (IMA-CS) to reduce the annulus perimeter and based on shortening of the anterior-posterior diameter (IMA-AP). The disease, its treatments, and the heart function post-repair were modelled by modifying the living heart human model (Dassault Systèmes). A functional MR pathology that represents ischemic MR was generated and the IMA treatments were simulated in it, followed by heart function simulations with the devices and leakage quantification from blood flow simulations. All treatments were able to reduce leakage and the IMA-AP device achieved better sealing and there was a correlation between the IMA-CS device length and the reduction in leakage. The results of this study can help in bringing IMA-AP to market, expand the use of IMA devices, and help optimize future designs of such devices.</p>
Fig. 5 in Palatal Biomechanics and its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 5. Heat maps depicting Von Mises strains in Gekko gecko (A–C), Psittacus erithacus (D–F), and Tyrannosaurus rex (G–I) in Left, Neutral; Middle, FAM; and Right, MLM postures of each taxon. Models are shown in left oblique (top), left lateral (middle), and ventral (bottom) views. Heat maps show strains in postural models with all muscles fired simultaneously. Areas of high strain appear in warmer colors; white areas are beyond the scales presented with the models. Cooler colors depict areas of low strain concentration. Bones of the left lateral dermatocranium (i.e., portions of the maxilla, jugal, lacrimal, postorbital, and quadratojugal bones) have been removed on heat maps of T. rex to show details of the palate, although all bones were in place for the analysis.
Fig. 3 in Palatal Biomechanics and its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 3. Mapped attachments of jaw muscles used to load finite element models of (A) Gekko gecko; (B) Psittacus erithacus, and (C) Tyrannosaurus rex in Top: left oblique; Middle: left lateral; and Bottom: ventral views for each taxon. Muscle map colors follow same palate and hypotheses of homology as Holliday (2009).
Fig. 2 in Palatal Biomechanics and its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 2. Comparisons of postures using overlays of each of the three models: Left, Gekko gecko; Middle, Tyrannosaurus rex; Right, Psittacus erithacus showing postural change in left lateral (A) and ventral (B) views and in rostral (C), lateral, (D), and ventral (E) views showing overlaid postural configurations used to model kinetic competency. Postures are overlaid using the jaw joint as the origin of the axes. Neutral models are represented in gray, FAM models in orange, and MLM models in blue. Angles of rotation/translation at the otic joint are shown using color-coded angle measurements in (A) and (B).
Fig. 1 in Palatal Biomechanics and its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 1. Postural Kinetic Competency modeling workflow followed in this study. Microcomputed Tomography data (A) are segmented to build 3D models by segmenting individual bones (or bony segments; e.g., beak, braincase) as separate elements (B). 3D models are reconstructed in kinetic postures with individual elements realistically articulated (C). The resulting models are imported into Strand7 as stereolithographical files and are meshed using 4-node tetrahedra (D). Meshed models are prepared for finite element analysis (FEA) by mapping muscles on the surface and eliminating tetrahedra in joint areas (E1). Beams are attached to the facing sides of joint surfaces and are given material properties reflecting capsular or sutural ligaments (E2). The resulting finite element model is loaded using distributed muscle forces via the BoneLoad MATLAB program and Strand7 FEA software (F).
Fig. 10 in Palatal Biomechanics and its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 10. Illustration of Tyrannosaurus skull in left lateral (top) and ventral (bottom) views with key functional characteristics of the feeding apparatus. Numerous features of the skull of Tyrannosaurus suggest it was not capable of substantial cranial kinesis.
Fig. 9 in Palatal Biomechanics and its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 9. Comparison of neutral postures of Tyrannosaurus rex and Psittacus erithacus in left rostrolateral view showing effects of protractor muscle activation, constraints, and sutural materials on the behavior of models. Jaw joint constraints with activated (A) and deactivated (B) protractor muscles reveal few differences in strains in the model. Occipital constraints with activated (C) and deactivated (D) protractor muscles reveal significant differences in strain distribution in the palate. Regions of models with hatching represent areas that have been cut away to allow for better visualizations of internal structures. Psittacus erithacus is presented to show differences between using rodent sutural properties (E) and canine sutural properties (F). Rodent sutural properties were used in Psittacus and Gekko and canine sutural properties were used in Tyrannosaurus. Sutural properties were considered based on taxon size.
Fig. 8 in Palatal Biomechanics and its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 8. Strains of regions of interest in the palatal elements of Tyrannosaurus rex. Regions of interest and scatter plots showing individual sample points as well as median strains (color-coded by sampling region) are represented. Otic, middle, and ventral regions correspond to sampling of the quadrate whereas Rostral, middle, and caudal regions correspond to sampling areas of the palatine and pterygoid. Each sampling region consists of 50 tetrahedra sampled randomly from the surface of the skeletal element. Horizontal lines representing the median value of the neutral posture are shown in red in each region of the palatal bones to facilitate comparison across postures.
Fig. 7 in Palatal Biomechanics and its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 7. Strains of regions of interest in the palatal elements of Psittacus erithacus. Regions of interest and scatter plots showing individual sample points as well as median strains (color-coded by sampling region) are represented. Otic, middle, and ventral regions correspond to sampling of the quadrate whereas Rostral, middle, and caudal regions correspond to sampling areas of the palatine and pterygoid. Each sampling region consists of 50 tetrahedra sampled randomly from the surface of the skeletal element. Horizontal lines representing the median value of the neutral posture are shown in red in each region of the palatal bones to facilitate comparison across postures.
Fig. 4 in Palatal Biomechanics and its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 4. The relationship between fiber length, pennation angle, and force in muscle physiology and its application to reconstructing function in fossil taxa using recent case studies. PCSA is a function of pennation angle and fiber length and is mapped as a heatmap with contour lines. We replotted the regression line from Bates and Falkingham, 2018 (labeled "B&F 2018") showing the classic prediction that increasing pennation in order to accommodate shorter muscle fibers increases PCSA. PCSA values from recent studies, Gignac and Erickson, 2017 (labeled "G&E 2017") and Bates and Falkingham, 2018, of Tyrannosaurus cranial biomechanics are also plotted to show similarities in approaches.
Fig. 6 in Palatal Biomechanics and its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 6. Strains of regions of interest in the palatal elements of Gekko gecko. Regions of interest and scatter plots showing individual sample points as well as median strains (color-coded by sampling region) are represented. Otic, middle, and ventral regions correspond to sampling of the quadrate whereas rostral, middle, and caudal regions correspond to sampling areas of the palatine and pterygoid. Each sampling region consists of 50 tetrahedra sampled randomly from the surface of the skeletal element. Horizontal lines representing the median value of the neutral posture are shown in red in each region of the palatal bones to facilitate comparison across postures.
Biomechanical effects of adding an articulating toe joint to a passive foot prosthesis for incline and decline walking
<p>Dataset from Teater et al. (2024) "Biomechanical effects of adding an articulating toe joint to a passive foot prosthesis for incline and decline walking," <em>PLOS ONE</em></p> <p>See ReadMe.txt for more information.</p>
Biomechanical Analysis of Limits of Stability Using Computerized Posturography: Correlations with Functional Mobility in Elderly Individuals with Hip Osteoarthritis – A Cross-Sectional Study
<p>The study titled "Biomechanical Analysis of Limits of Stability Using Computerized Posturography: Correlations with Functional Mobility in Elderly Individuals with Hip Osteoarthritis – A Cross-Sectional Study" delves into the intricate relationship between postural stability and functional mobility in elderly patients suffering from hip osteoarthritis (OA). Utilizing advanced computerized posturography, the research quantitatively assesses the limits of stability (LOS) in various directional planes, providing a comprehensive biomechanical profile of the participants. The findings reveal significant discrepancies in LOS between hip OA patients and age-matched asymptomatic controls, underscoring the profound impact of hip OA on balance and stability. Additionally, the study examines the correlation between LOS measurements and functional mobility, as assessed by the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. The results indicate a strong association, suggesting that diminished postural stability in hip OA patients contributes to impaired functional mobility. This cross-sectional analysis highlights the importance of targeted interventions to enhance stability and mobility in this population, aiming to mitigate the risk of falls and improve overall quality of life.</p>
RealBiomFall: A Fine-grained Realistic Fall Dataset from the Perspective of Biomechanics
<p>This repository holds the video clips and annotations of "RealBiomFall: A Fine-grained Realistic Fall Dataset from the Perspective of Biomechanics".</p> <p>Currently, we include 100 video clips ("video_clips-trimmed_cropped_padded_resized-100.zip") and their corresponding temporal and semantical annotations ("label-100.zip"). We will release all the data after our paper is accepted.</p> <p>In "label-100.zip", there are five "*.pkl" files indicating the annotations of provided 100 video clips:</p> <ol> <li>labels_temporal_coarse.pkl: including coarse temporal annotations.</li> <li>labels_temporal_finegrained.pkl: including fine-grained temporal annotations.</li> <li>labels_smc_coarse.pkl: including coarse semantical annotations.</li> <li>labels_smc_midlevel.pkl: including mid-level semantical annotations.</li> <li>labels_smc_finegrained.pkl: including fine-grained semantical annotations.</li> </ol> <p>For more information about our label formatting, please check the "README.md".</p> <p>Besides video clips and annotations, we also provide two demo videos ("demo_1.mp4" and "demo_2.mp4") to help to quickly understand our data pattern.</p>
BIBLIOMETRIC DATA_SOCCER BIOMECHANICS
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
FIGURE 1 in Biomechanical Comments About Triassic Dinosaurs From Brazil
FIGURE 1: Ilium in lateral view of Triassic dinosaurs showing the angles of enlargement of the supracetabular crest. In A, Saturnalia with 25°; B, Staurikosaurus with 26°; C, Chromogisaurus with 23° (modified from Ezcurra (2010)); D, Efraasia, with 23° (modified from Langer et al. (2011)); E, Guaibasaurus with 17° (modified from Langer et al. (2011)) and F, Herrerasaurus with 33°.
FIGURE 2 in Biomechanical Comments About Triassic Dinosaurs From Brazil
FIGURE 2: Unaysaurus Pectoral girdle articulated using Clavicular Ring. The black arrow shows the ring that contacts the ventral surface of the first dorsal vertebra to the acromion process. The angle is approximately 60°. Scale bar = 50 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.