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Fig. 10 in New taxa, records, and data for vesicomyid bivalves from Cenozoic strata of the North Pacific region

Fig. 10. The vesicomyid bivalve Pleurophopsis chinookensis (Squires and Goedert, 1991), from the upper Eocene Bear River seep deposit in western Washington State, USA. A. NRM Mo 204815, semi-articulated specimen with preserved shell material; view on LV (A1); dorsal view showing short ligament (A2). B. NRM Mo 204816, largely an internal mold, view on LV showing anterior adductor muscle scar. C. NRM Mo 204817, closely articulated specimen in dorsal view, showing true width. D. NRM Mo 204818, view on RV of internal mold showing internal posterior ridge. E. NRM Mo 204819, anterior part of RV with preserved shell, showing lack of lunular incision (E1, E2) and hinge dentition (E3). Abbreviations: aprs, anterior pedal retractor scar; sub. pit., subumbonal pit.

Fig. 9 in New taxa, records, and data for vesicomyid bivalves from Cenozoic strata of the North Pacific region

Fig. 9. The vesicomyid bivalve Squiresica yooni sp. nov., from the Middle Miocene Duho Formation, loc. 18 of Yoon (1976b), South Korea. A. Holotype, NRM Mo 204829, an articulated specimen with preserved cast of RV hinge area; close-up on hinge area (A1), view on right valve and exposed hinge of left valve (A2), and view on left valve (A3). B. Paratype, NRM Mo 204832, articulated specimen, mostly an internal mold; dorsal view showing inflation (B1); view on exterior of RV (B2); close-up on anterior part of LV showing the lack of a lunular incision (B3). C. Paratype, NRM Mo 204831, articulated specimen with some shell preserved; dorsal view showing inflation (C1); lateral view on RV showing fine growth increments (C2).

Fig. 7 in New taxa, records, and data for vesicomyid bivalves from Cenozoic strata of the North Pacific region

Fig. 7. The vesicomyid bivalve Squiresica cf. knapptonensis (Amano and Kiel, 2007) from upper Eocene seep deposits of the Siltstone Unit B along the West Fork of Grays River in western Washington State, USA. A. NRM Mo 204773, internal mold of RV showing adductor muscle scars and pallial line. B. NRM Mo 204808, internal mold of semi-articulated specimen; view on RV (B1); close-up on lunular incision (B2). C. NRM Mo 204776, internal mold of LV showing anterior adductor muscle scar, onset of pallial line, and the short ligament. D. NRM Mo 204775, internal mold of RV showing adductor muscle scars and pallial line. E. NRM Mo 204809, anterior half of RV showing external shell sculpture. F. NRM Mo 204805, view on internal mold of posterior adductor muscle scar. G. NRM Mo 204807I, internal mold of semi-articulated specimen, view on LV. H. NRM Mo 204806, close-up on lunular incision of LV.

Fig. 6 in New taxa, records, and data for vesicomyid bivalves from Cenozoic strata of the North Pacific region

Fig. 6. The vesicomyid bivalve Pliocardia? guthrieorum sp. nov., from the Oligocene seep deposits at UWMB loc. B7452, Lincoln Creek Formation, western Washington State, USA. A. Paratype, NRM Mo 204779, large specimen showing outline, inflation, and ligament; left valve (A1) and dorsal (A2) views. B. Paratype, NRM Mo 204784, showing outline, inflation, and anterior adductor muscle scar; left valve (B1) and dorsal (B2) views. C. Paratype, NRM Mo 204780, small, elongate specimen; right valve (C1) and dorsal (C2) views; digital sections through the hinge area, with our interpretation of the hinge teeth indicated (C3, C4). D. Paratype, NRM Mo 204782, showing ligament. E. Holotype, NRM Mo 204785, showing inflation (E1) and both adductor muscle scars and the pallial line in the RV (E2). F. Paratype, NRM Mo 204781, large specimen with particularly large and blunt umbo. G. Paratype, NRM Mo 204814, small specimen in dorsal view, showing inflation and lunular incision (G1) and the lack of an escutcheon (G2). H. Paratype, NRM Mo 204786, showing lunular incision. I. Paratype, NRM Mo 204813, showing lunular incision. Abbreviation: pams, posterior adductor muscle scar.

Fig. 8 in New taxa, records, and data for vesicomyid bivalves from Cenozoic strata of the North Pacific region

Fig. 8. The vesicomyid bivalve Squiresica plana sp. nov., from Oligocene seep deposits in the Lincoln Creek Formation in western Washington State, USA. Specimens from UWBM loc. B7452 (A–C) and LACMIP loc. 17426 (= SR4) (D–F). A. Paratype, NRM Mo 204772, exterior of LV showing fine growth increments. B. Paratype, NRM Mo 204771, exterior of LV showing shell outline and fine growth increments. C. Paratype, NRM Mo 204770, close-up on anterior part of RV showing near absence of a lunular incision. D. Holotype, NRM Mo 204704, articulated specimen with preserved shell; lateral view on RV (D1) and dorsal view, showing inflation and ligament (D2). E. Paratype, NRM Mo 204705, specimen with partially preserved shell, showing anterior adductor muscle scar and onset of pallial line. F. Paratype, NRM Mo 204706, semi-articulated specimen; F1, close-up on LV hinge area; F2, lateral view on LV.

Fig. 5 in New taxa, records, and data for vesicomyid bivalves from Cenozoic strata of the North Pacific region

Fig. 5. The vesicomyid bivalve Pliocardia kawadai (Aoki, 1954), from Middle Miocene seep deposit at Frankfort of the Astoria Formation in western Washington State, USA. NRM Mo 204713, polished sections of the hinge area in the RV (A) and LV (B). Photographs (A1, B1) and their interpretation (A2, B2).

Fig. 4 in New taxa, records, and data for vesicomyid bivalves from Cenozoic strata of the North Pacific region

Fig. 4. The vesicomyid bivalve Pliocardia kawadai (Aoki, 1954), from Middle Miocene seep deposits of the Astoria Formation in western Washington State, USA. A. NRM Mo 204714, Rocky Point, internal mold showing muscle scars and pallial line. B. NRM Mo 204719, Frankfort, specimen with partially preserved shell (LV) showing the fine, irregular growth lines and the anterior adductor muscle scar. C. NRM Mo 204709, Frankfort, mostly an internal mold, showing the anterior adductor muscle scar and the posterior ridge. D. NRM Mo 204720, Frankfort, mostly an internal mold, note naticid drill hole on posterodorsal margin. E. LACMIP 6132.2, LACMIP loc. 6132, specimen with partially preserved shell; view of RV showing muscle scars E1); anterodorsal view showing elongate lunular incision (E2); posterodorsal view showing ligament (E3). F. NRM Mo 204711, Frankfort, internal mold of left valve, showing pallial line and posterior adductor muscle scar. G. NRM Mo 204712, Frankfort, specimen with partially preserved shell (RV) showing the fine, irregular growth lines and the anterior adductor muscle scar.

Fig. 1 in New taxa, records, and data for vesicomyid bivalves from Cenozoic strata of the North Pacific region

Fig. 1. Map showing localities in western Washington State, USA. 1, coastal sites between Rasmussen Creek and Jansen Creek (Makah Formation); 2, Whiskey Creek site (Pysht Formation); 3–5, sites LACMIP loc. 12385, CSUN loc. 1583, "East Fork Bridge site" (Humptulips Formation); 6, UWBM loc. B7452 in the Canyon River (Lincoln Creek Formation); 7, SR2 and SR4, Satsop River (Lincoln Creek Formation); 8, Bear River seep deposit; 9, West Fork of Grays River (Siltstone of Unit B); 10, Frankfort (Astoria Formation); 11, sites around Rocky Point (Astoria Formation).

Fig. 3 in New taxa, records, and data for vesicomyid bivalves from Cenozoic strata of the North Pacific region

Fig. 3. The vesicomyid bivalve Isorropodon humptulipsense sp. nov., from middle to upper Eocene strata in western Washington State, USA. A. Rubber cast of the paratype, NRM Mo 204722, Humptulips Formation, CSUN loc. 1583, hinge area, RV (A1), LV (A2). B. Holotype, NRM Mo 204723, Humptulips Formation, CSUN loc. 1583, internal mold, view on LV. C. NRM Mo 204724, Humptulips Formation, LACMIP loc. 12385, articulated specimen, view on anterodorsal margin showing lunular incision. D. Paratype, NRM Mo 204733, Humptulips Formation, near East Fork Bridge site, view on anterodorsal margin and anterior adductor muscle scars. E. Paratype, NRM Mo 204744, Siltstone Unit B along Grays River, specimen with partially preserved shell. F. Paratype, NRM Mo 204743, Siltstone Unit B along Grays River, internal mold showing pallial line with slight indentation on RV. G. Internal mold, USNM 534952, Humptulips Formation, CSUN loc. 1583, view on RV with pallial line curving evenly into posterior adductor muscle scar (re-illustrated from Amano and Kiel 2007).

Fig. 2 in New taxa, records, and data for vesicomyid bivalves from Cenozoic strata of the North Pacific region

Fig. 2. The small vesicomyid bivalves Vesicomya? sp. 1 and sp. 2, from Oligocene seep deposits in the Lincoln Creek Formation, western Washington State, USA. A. Vesicomya? sp. 1 from the early Oligocene SR2 site, Satsop River. NRM Mo 204811, left side view (A1) and dorsal view on LV and dorsal side of actual specimen (A2); A3, A4, X-ray section through the hinge area, with our interpretations; A5–A7, 3D renderings of the specimen. B, C. Vesicomya? sp. 2 from the late Oligocene SR4 site, Satsop River. B. NRM Mo 204701, disarticulated specimen, view on RV with naticid drill hole on the umbo (B1) and on the LV showing the truncate posterior margin (B2). C. NRM Mo 204702, RV in anterior view, showing inflation and lunular incision (C1) and dorsal view, showing lunular incision (C2).

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Fig. 27. Bivalve mollusc Fordilla sibirica Krasilova, 1977 in Early-middle Cambrian stratigraphy and faunas from northern Siberia

Fig. 27. Bivalve mollusc Fordilla sibirica Krasilova, 1977 from the lower Cambrian Tyuser (A, B) and Erkeket (C, D) formations and Pojetaia dentifera Kouchinsky, Bengtson, Clausen, Gubanov, Malinky, and Peel, 2011, from Sekten Formation (E–G), lower reaches of the Lena River (A, B, E–G) and Khorbusuonka River (C, D), Siberia, Russia; samples 21/54 (A, B), 20/1B (C), 19/40 (D), and 22/50 (E–G). A–G. Internal moulds, SMNH Mo194721– 194727, respectively. A1, Scanning electron microscope image showing muscle scars on the surface of internal mould, left valve. A2, A3, light-microscope micrographs showing muscle scars (arrowed), left and right sides of internal mould corresponding, respectively, to inner surfaces of left and right valves; G1, dorsal; C2, oblique dorsal; and C1, G2, lateral views. Scale bar: 500 µm (A1, B–G) and 830 µm (A2, A3).

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Fig. 26. Bivalve mollusc Fordilla sibirica Krasilova, 1977 in Early-middle Cambrian stratigraphy and faunas from northern Siberia

Fig. 26. Bivalve mollusc Fordilla sibirica Krasilova, 1977, from the lower Cambrian Erkeket Formation, Khorbusuonka River, Siberia, Russia; sample 19/12.75. A–C. Internal moulds, SMNH Mo194719, 167596, and 194720, respectively. A1, B1, C, lateral view; A2, dorsal view, A3–A5, B2–B4, close-ups showing surface textures. Scale bar: 830 µm (C), 500 µm (A1, A2, B1), 100 µm (A3–A5, B2–B4).

Fig. 4 in A new genus of chemosymbiotic vesicomyid bivalves from the Oligocene of western North America

Fig. 4. The vesicomyid bivalve Squiresica marincovichi (Kiel and Amano, 2010), from the Oligocene Kulthieth Formation, Alaska, USA. A. Rubber peel of holotype UCMP 555221 showing internal features including hinge dentition of the right valve. B. Paratype UCMP 555223, internal mold of a left valve, showing adductor muscle scars and small pallial sinus. C. Paratype UCMP 555224, an articulated specimen showing inflation, lunular incision, and escutcheon (C1) and external sculpture of right valve (C2). All images from Kiel and Amano (2010).

Fig. 3 in A new genus of chemosymbiotic vesicomyid bivalves from the Oligocene of western North America

Fig. 3. The vesicomyid bivalve Squiresica knapptonensis (Amano and Kiel, 2007) from the upper Oligocene part of the Lincoln Creek Formation at Knappton, along the Columbia River, western Washington, USA. A. Holotype USNM 534954, left valve showing external surface (A1) and hinge (A2). B. Paratype USNM 534956, left valve showing external surface (B1) and hinge (B2). C. USNM 534955, posterior part of a left valve showing external surface (C1) and the posterior end of the nymphal ridge (C2). All images (except C2) from Amano and Kiel (2007).

Fig. 2 in A new genus of chemosymbiotic vesicomyid bivalves from the Oligocene of western North America

Fig. 2. The vesicomyid bivalve Squiresica knapptonensis (Amano and Kiel, 2007) from the West Fork Satsop seep deposit, lower Oligocene, Lincoln Creek Formation, western Washington, USA. A. NRM PAL Mo 195149, articulated specimen with partially preserved shell, in lateral (A1, A3) and dorsal (A2) views. B. NRM PAL Mo 195150, left valve embedded in matrix, with partially preserved shell; B2, close-up showing pallial line and anterior adductor muscle scar (dotted line). C. NRM PAL Mo 195151, left valve embedded in matrix, with partially preserved shell (C2) and with posterior adductor muscle scar barely visible (dotted line in C1). D. NRM PAL Mo 195153, articulated specimen showing inflation and ligament. E. NRM PAL Mo 195152, small specimen with fully preserved shell, view on outer shell surface. F. NRM PAL Mo 195154, right valve embedded in matrix, with partially preserved shell, showing pallial line and anterior adductor muscle scar. G. NRM PAL Mo 195155, left valve with mostly preserved shell.

Fig. 1 in A new genus of chemosymbiotic vesicomyid bivalves from the Oligocene of western North America

Fig. 1. Map showing location of the studied localities in North America (inset) and western Washington State, USA. 1, the new West Fork Satsop seep deposit; 2, Knappton, the type locality of Squiresica knapptonensis.

Fig. 7 in Morphology and taxonomic position of the bizarre Permian pachydomid bivalve Leinzia from Western Gondwana

Fig. 7. Pachydomid bivalves from the Guadalupian (Permian), Teresina and Serra Alta formations, respectively, Paraná Basin, Brazil. A. Holdhausiella elongata (Holdhaus, 1918), DZP-20441, silicified shell, left valve, note the pointed anterior margin of the shell. B. Anhembia gigantea (Mendes, 1949), DGP/7-91, composite mold, left valve; B1, detail of a well-developed rostrum, B2, general view. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 6 in Morphology and taxonomic position of the bizarre Permian pachydomid bivalve Leinzia from Western Gondwana

Fig. 6. Drawing of the pachydomid bivalve Leinzia similis (Holdhaus, 1918) (sensu stricto) showing the general morphology. The hinge area and anterior muscles scars are highlighted. Abbreviations: aa, anterior adductor muscle scar; app, anterior pedal protractor muscle scar; apr, anterior pedal retractor muscle scar; sck, socket; th, tooth.

Fig. 8 in Morphology and taxonomic position of the bizarre Permian pachydomid bivalve Leinzia from Western Gondwana

Fig. 8. Ontogenetic series of the pachydomid bivalve Leinzia sp. (sensu lato) from the Serrinha Member, Rio do Rasto Formation after Runnegar and Newell (1971: fig. 24). Sketches based on external comarginal ornamentation (rugae and growth lines) of individual shells. A, B, based on Runnegar and Newell 1971: fig. 24j, f, respectively. Note the differences in the shell shape of both specimens and those illustrated in Fig. 9; also, note the ubiquitous rostrum in the specimen in Fig. 9B.

Fig. 5 in Morphology and taxonomic position of the bizarre Permian pachydomid bivalve Leinzia from Western Gondwana

Fig. 5. Pachydomid bivalve Leinzia similis (Holdhaus, 1918) (sensu stricto), Rio do Rasto Formation, Guadalupian (Permian), Paraná Basin, Brazil. A. DGP/7-88, right valve, detail of the cardinal margin showing a strongly deformed rostrum (arrowed). B. DGP/7-85, external mold, left valve; B1, the comarginal rugae on the anterior rostrum (arrow); B2, general view of the shell with well-preserved anterior rostrum. Scale bars A, B1, 1 mm; B2, 5 mm.