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Figure 6 in Notes on the breeding biology of birds in riverine floodplains of western Amazonia

Figure 6. Nest and eggs of Euler's Flycatcher Lathrotriccus euleri in a dried cocoa Theobroma cacao fruit (Malvaceae), Rondônia, Brazil, September 2017 (Tomaz Nascimento de Melo)

Figure 5 in Notes on the breeding biology of birds in riverine floodplains of western Amazonia

Figure 5. Nest of Spotted Tody-Flycatcher Todirostrum maculatum constructed on the root of a Capsiandra sp. (Fabaceae) near the Madeira River, Rondônia, Brazil, July 2018 (Tomaz Nascimento de Melo)

Figure 4 in Notes on the breeding biology of birds in riverine floodplains of western Amazonia

Figure 4. Nest of Specked Spinetail Cranioleuca gutturata in floodplain várzea forest, Rondônia, Brazil, June 2018 (Tomaz Nascimento de Melo)

Figure 1 in Notes on the breeding biology of birds in riverine floodplains of western Amazonia

Figure 1. White-bearded Hermit Phaethornis hispidus nest with two nestlings, Rondônia, Brazil, June 2018 (Tomaz Nascimento de Melo)

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

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Resource availability alters breeding strategies in a small mammal community

Following a resource pulse, animals may finance reproduction by consuming concurrently available resources (income breeding) or by storing resources for future reproduction (capital breeding). Understanding how these reproductive strategies are used is important for determining the ecological mechanisms that structure the timing of reproduction and that drive interannual population fluctuations in animals. We gathered a reproductive dataset for five small mammal species over a 12-year period in Northeastern USA during which six masting events of American beech (Fagus grandifolia) and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) occurred. Masting created alternate years where seeds were either available late (masting year) or early (cached from the previous year) in the breeding season. The small mammal species differed in reliance on seeds and overwintering strategies. We quantified the diet using stable isotopes and recorded reproduction timing, proportion breeding, and litter size in females and testes size in males. Timing of seed availability minimally affected litter size but strongly affected proportion breeding and timing of reproduction. During masting years (late seed availability), a higher proportion of females reproduced, with breeding taking place later in the season (lactation timed with peak seed availability), although the delay was restricted in Napaeozapus insignis, an obligate hibernator. After a fall mast, cached seeds were used as capital in the following spring (early seed availability) to support a litter that, depending on the species, occurred 24 to 79 days sooner than a mast year. No late-season reproduction occurred in years with early seed availability except for Myodes gapperi which produced a second litter, likely financed by fungal consumption. Males also showed strong responses to seed availability, mirroring female reproduction with testes size staying constant in years with late seed availability and sharply decreasing over the breeding season in years with early seed availability. Our results highlight that although photoperiod and temperature broadly set the bounds of the breeding season in temperate environments, resource availability influences the reproductive strategies that species use, which in turn alters reproductive timing and can drive large inter-annual population fluctuations. Differences in overwintering strategies and diet may further modulate reproductive timing and output relative to resource pulses.

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Data from: Coordination of care reduces conflict and predation risk in a cooperatively breeding bird

When two or more individuals cooperate to provision a shared brood, each carer may be able to maximize their payoffs by coordinating provisioning in relation to what others are doing. This investment 'game' is not simply a matter of how much to invest, but also of the relative timing of investment. Recent studies propose that temporal coordination of care in the forms of alternation (i.e. turn-taking) and synchrony (i.e. provisioning together) function to mitigate conflict between carers and reduce brood predation risk, respectively. Such coordination is widespread in biparental and cooperatively breeding birds, yet the fitness consequences have rarely been empirically tested. Here, we use a long-term study of long-tailed tits Aegithalos caudatus, a facultative cooperatively breeding bird with active coordination of care, to assess the support for these hypothesized functions for coordination of provisioning visits. First, we found evidence that turn-taking mitigates conflict between carers because, in cooperative groups, provisioning rates and offspring recruitment increased with the level of active alternation exhibited by carers, and with the associated increase in provisioning rate parity between carers. In contrast, offspring recruitment did not increase with alternation in biparental nests, although it was positively correlated with parity of provisioning between carers, which is predicted to result from conflict mitigation. Secondly, synchronous nest visits were associated with a reduced probability of nest predation and thus increased brood survival, especially when provisioning rates were high. We attribute this effect to synchrony reducing carer activity near the nest. We conclude that temporal coordination of provisioning visits in the forms of alternation and synchrony both confer fitness benefits on carers, and despite being intrinsically linked, these different kinds of coordination appear to serve different functions.

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

Fig. 3 in A new possible breeding site of Alosa fallax (Lacépède 1803) (Actinopterygii: Clupeiformes: Alosidae) on the Tyrrhenian coast of Central Italy

Fig. 3 - Box-plot based on the results of the Mann-Whitney U test for comparison of Weight (Z=0.344, p<0.001), of individuals of Alosa fallax caught: Wm = males weight; Wf = females weight. / Box-plot basato sui risultati del test U di Mann-Whitney per il confronto del Peso (Z=0,344, p<0,001), degli individui di Alosa fallax catturati: Wm = peso dei maschi; Wf = peso delle femmine.

Fig. 2 in A new possible breeding site of Alosa fallax (Lacépède 1803) (Actinopterygii: Clupeiformes: Alosidae) on the Tyrrhenian coast of Central Italy

Fig. 2 - Morphological characters of Alosa fallax considered in the study: total length (TL), standard length (SL), head height and length (HH, HL), eye diameter (ED), the distance between mouth and eye or periorbital distance (POD), pre- and post- dorsal distance of dorsal fin (PDDF, PDAF), maximum and minimum body height (BHa, BHb), distance between dorsal and caudal fin (BAF), dorsal fin height and length (HDF, DFL), pectoral fin height and length (HPF, PFL), ventral fin height and length (HVF, VFL), anal fin height and length (HAF, AFL). / Caratteri morfologici di Alosa fallax considerati nello studio: lunghezza totale (TL), lunghezza standard (SL), altezza e lunghezza della testa (HH, HL), diametro dell'occhio (ED), distanza tra bocca e occhio o distanza periorbitale (POD), distanza pre- e post-dorsale della pinna dorsale (PDDF, PDAF), altezza massima e minima del corpo (BHa, BHb), distanza tra pinna dorsale e caudale (BAF), altezza e lunghezza della pinna dorsale (HDF, DFL), altezza e lunghezza della pinna pettorale (HPF, PFL), altezza e lunghezza della pinna ventrale (HVF, VFL), altezza e lunghezza della pinna anale (HAF, AFL).

Fig. 1 in A new possible breeding site of Alosa fallax (Lacépède 1803) (Actinopterygii: Clupeiformes: Alosidae) on the Tyrrhenian coast of Central Italy

Fig. 1 - One of the caught individuals of Alosa fallax along Mignone river (North Latium). It was retained within seconds only for photographic documentation and was immediately released on site. / Uno degli individui di Alosa fallax catturati lungo il fiume Mignone (Lazio settentrionale). È stato trattenuto pochi secondi solo per documentazione fotografica ed è stato immediatamente rilasciato sul posto.

Fig. 1 in First description of the breeding biology and behaviour of the near threatened northern sooty woodpecker Mulleripicus funebris (Valenciennes 1826) (Piciformes: Picidae) in Luzon Island, Philippines

Fig. 1 - Cavity nest excavated by the northern sooty woodpecker: a) nest entrance; b) nest contents. / Nido scavato dal picchio fuligginoso: a) ingresso del nido; b) contenuto del nido. (Photo: / Foto: Erwin S. Quijano, 29 May 2022).

Fig. 5 in A new possible breeding site of Alosa fallax (Lacépède 1803) (Actinopterygii: Clupeiformes: Alosidae) on the Tyrrhenian coast of Central Italy

Fig. 5 - Box-plots based on the results of the Mann-Whitney U test for comparison between males and females of Alosa fallax biometric measurements. The differences in measurements were significant in: HH, BAF, BHa, BHb, DFL, HVF and HAF. / Box-plot basati sui risultati del test U di Mann-Whitney per il confronto tra maschi e femmine delle misurazioni biometriche di Alosa fallax. Le differenze nelle misurazioni erano significative in: HH, BAF, BHa, BHb, DFL, HVF e HAF.

Fig. 2 in First description of the breeding biology and behaviour of the near threatened northern sooty woodpecker Mulleripicus funebris (Valenciennes 1826) (Piciformes: Picidae) in Luzon Island, Philippines

Fig. 2 - Contribution of male and female northern sooty woodpecker to different breeding activities in one full daylight observation period (06:00-18:00). Nest building and brooding efforts were expressed as proportions of time spent (%) from total observation hours whereas feeding and faecal sac removal as proportions of counts (%) from total number of incidences. / Contributo del maschio e della femmina di picchio fuligginoso alle diverse attività riproduttive durante un intero periodo di osservazione diurna (06:00-18:00). Lo sforzo per la costruzione del nido e la cova è stato espresso come proporzione del tempo trascorso (%) rispetto al totale delle ore di osservazione, mentre l'alimentazione e la rimozione delle sacche fecali come proporzione dei conteggi (%) rispetto al numero totale di incidenze.

Fig. 4 in A new possible breeding site of Alosa fallax (Lacépède 1803) (Actinopterygii: Clupeiformes: Alosidae) on the Tyrrhenian coast of Central Italy

Fig. 4 - Box-plot based on the results of the Mann-Whitney U test for comparison of total and standard length (TL: p = 0.086; SL: p = 0.17), of Alosa fallax individuals caught in the Mignone River; TLm and SLm=males; TLf and SLf=females. / Box-plot basato sui risultati del test U di Mann-Whitney per il confronto tra la lunghezza totale e quella standard (TL: p = 0,086; SL: p = 0,17), degli individui di Alosa fallax catturati nel fiume Mignone; TLm e SLm=maschi; TLf e SLf=femmine.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2021View details →

Figure 2 in Non-breeding season records of the Alpine Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus occisinensis

Figure 2. Alpine Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus occisinensis, before release, Hang Dong District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, 24 January 2020 (Sontaya Manawattana)

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Data from: Stay or go? Changing breeding conditions affect sexual difference in colony attendance strategies of Atlantic puffins Fratercula arctica

Male and female birds have different interests in reproductive investment, which in turn may increase negative effects of poorer breeding conditions caused by e.g., climate change or ecosystem regime shifts. Using a 33-year time series with resightings of Atlantic puffins Fratercula arctica individually colour-ringed as breeders in previous years, we show that the difference in colony attendance of male and female birds depends on the environmental conditions for raising young, proxied by the average duration of the chick period and size of the herring Clupea harengus fed to the chicks in the colony each year. The longer the chick period, and thus the birds' overall investment in reproduction, the more was the sex ratio of adults sitting out on the colony surface biased in favour of males. An increase in herring size, indicating better feeding conditions for raising chicks, led to more observations of both sexes, and the increase was slightly more prominent for females than males. We discuss the results in relation to general life-history theory on sexual differences in trade-offs between individual investment in breeding and own survival. Our results suggest that females are increasingly more willing than males to invest in provisioning for the chick the longer the chick needs such care. This difference may also prove valuable as an indication of breeding conditions from only a short visit to a colony with colour-ringed birds of known sex.

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

Fig. 3 in Breeding, growth and exploitation of Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii Castelnau, 1855 in the Caqueta River, Colombia

Fig. 3. Standard length (LS) frequency histograms and the corresponding von Bertalanffy growth function for a) females, b) males and c) females, males and unsexed individuals combined of Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii in the Caqueta River during the period 1995-1997.

Fig. 4 in Breeding, growth and exploitation of Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii Castelnau, 1855 in the Caqueta River, Colombia

Fig. 4. Standard length at first sexual maturity of Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii males (black dots) and females (white triangles) in the Caqueta River, Colombia.

Fig. 1 in Breeding, growth and exploitation of Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii Castelnau, 1855 in the Caqueta River, Colombia

Fig. 1. Map of the Colombian Amazon, its constitutive departments and the principal fishing zones for Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii (based on Agudelo et al., 2000; Murcia et al., 2007).

Fig. 2 in Breeding, growth and exploitation of Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii Castelnau, 1855 in the Caqueta River, Colombia

Fig. 2. Monthly percentages of breeding (stages 3 and 4) Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii females (white circles) in the Caqueta River, Colombian Amazon, between 1995 and 1997, in relation to the water level (black line).