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227 results for “Carotenoids”
Data from: Consumption of carotenoids not increased by bacterial infection in brown trout embryos (Salmo trutta)
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Mutual mate choice and assortative mating in relation to a carotenoid-based color trait in blue tits
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Avian color expression and perception: Is there a carotenoid link?
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Data from: Testosterone regulates CYP2J19-linked carotenoid signal expression in male red-backed fairywrens (Malurus melanocephalus)
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Data from: Convergent evolution of cytochrome P450s underlies independent origins of keto-carotenoid pigmentation in animals
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Data from: Does egg carotenoid improve larval quality in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus)?
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Data from: Carotenoid coloration is related to fat digestion efficiency in a wild bird
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Data from: Maternal allocation of carotenoids increases tolerance to bacterial infection in brown trout
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Data from: Oxidative stress is related to both melanin- and carotenoid-based ornaments in the common yellowthroat
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Natural variation for carotenoids in fresh kernels is controlled by uncommon variants in sweet corn
<p>Sweet corn (<em>Zea mays</em> L.) is highly consumed in the United States, but does not make major contributions to the daily intake of carotenoids (provitamin A carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin) that would help in the prevention of health complications. A genome-wide association study of seven kernel carotenoids and twelve derivative traits was conducted in a sweet corn inbred line association panel ranging from light to dark yellow in endosperm color to elucidate the genetic basis of carotenoid levels in fresh kernels. In agreement with earlier studies of maize kernels at maturity, we detected an association of <em>ß-carotene hydroxylase</em> (<em>crtRB1</em>) with ß-carotene concentration and <em>lycopene epsilon cyclase</em> (<em>lcyE</em>) with the ratio of flux between the α- and ß-carotene branches in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. Additionally, we found that 5% or less of the evaluated inbred lines possessing the <em>shrunken2</em> (<em>sh2</em>) endosperm mutation had the most favorable <em>lycE</em> allele or <em>crtRB1</em> haplotype for elevating ß-branch carotenoids (ß-carotene and zeaxanthin) or ß-carotene, respectively. Genomic prediction models with genome-wide markers obtained moderately high predictive abilities for the carotenoid traits, especially lutein, and outperformed models with less markers that targeted candidate genes implicated in the synthesis, retention, and/or genetic control of kernel carotenoids. Taken together, our results constitute an important step toward increasing carotenoids in fresh sweet corn kernels.</p>
Data from: Discrimination of signal carotenoid content using multidimensional chromatic information
Red, orange and yellow carotenoid-based ornaments, which are widely used as sexual signals in many birds, fish and reptiles, are known to exhibit multidimensional chromatic variation as a result of both the concentration and relative proportions of different constituent carotenoids with differing spectral properties. This is thought to reflect intrinsic variation in signaller quality, making it a useful basis for female choice. However, whether females are able to discriminate relevant variation in carotenoid concentration and/or composition independently of each other, and of other phenotypic or behaviour traits, and if so, how this mediates their choice, is poorly understood. Here, female three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) were presented with computer-animated courting males that varied exclusively in the appearance of their carotenoid-based colouration; specifically, each male's signal provided a perceptual match for carotenoid colouration expressed by live males with known underlying carotenoid content, thereby providing a biologically-relevant signal while precluding confounding traits influencing female choice. Females were able to discriminate between prospective mates solely on the basis of perceived variation in the allocation of carotenoids to males' sexual signals, and exhibited a strong preference for males with colouration indicative of higher concentrations of carotenoids in their signal, rather than in response to perceived variation in the relative proportion of constituent carotenoids. This has important implications for our understanding male signalling strategies and the information content of carotenoid-based sexual signals.
Data from: Eggshell coloration reflects both yolk characteristics and dietary carotenoid history of female mallards
1. Avian eggshell coloration has frequently been examined in a functional context (e.g. mimicry, camouflage), but in recent years, an interest has emerged in identifying the mechanisms that drive eggshell colour variation. 2. Eggshell coloration is predominately caused by pigment deposition; one such pigment is the antioxidant biliverdin, and deposition of biliverdin into eggshells may be costly to mothers due to depletion of their antioxidant reserves. Previous work has shown that dietary supplementation during laying with another type of antioxidant – carotenoid pigments – induces females to produce more biliverdin-rich eggshells. However, the impact of pre-laying nutrition – including the developmental period early in life – on eggshell coloration has not been investigated. 3. Here, we raised female mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) from hatching, supplemented their diets with carotenoids during early-, mid- or late-developmental periods, and at adulthood measured female circulating carotenoid levels, yolk carotenoid levels, and eggshell coloration. We found that carotenoid supplementation during the late stages of development (transitional period from juvenile to adult plumage) promoted the laying of eggs with more biliverdin-rich eggshells. Independent of developmental dietary treatment, females with higher circulating carotenoid levels at the time of egg laying produced more biliverdin-rich eggshells and more carotenoid-rich yolks. When controlling for female identity, we found that more biliverdin-rich eggshells were associated with more carotenoid-rich, but smaller, yolks. We also detected a laying order effect; later-laid eggs had larger, less carotenoid-rich yolks and less biliverdin-rich eggshells. 4. Taken together, these results demonstrate that eggshell coloration reveals carotenoid status of both mothers and yolks and that diet quality more than 1 month prior to laying can affect eggshell coloration in a waterfowl species. As mallards are considered to be capital breeders in terms of lipid stores, our findings provide a new developmental perspective on the carryover of lipid-soluble and antioxidant nutrient reserves for breeding.
Data from: Carotenoid-dependent signals and the evolution of plasma carotenoid levels in birds
Sexual selection has resulted in a wide array of ornaments used in mate choice, and such indicator traits signal quality honestly when they bear costs, precluding cheating. Carotenoid-dependent coloration has attracted considerable attention in this context, because investing carotenoids in coloration has to be traded off against its physiological functions; carotenoids are antioxidants and increase immunocompetence. This trade-off is hypothesized to underlie the honesty of carotenoid-dependent coloration, signaling the "handicap" of allocating carotenoids away from somatic maintenance toward sexual display. Utilizing recent advances in modeling adaptive evolution, we used a comparative approach to investigate the evolution of plasma carotenoid levels using a species-level phylogeny of 178 bird species. We find that the evolutionary optimum for carotenoid levels is higher in lineages that evolved carotenoid-dependent coloration, with strong attraction toward this optimum. Hence, carotenoids do not appear to be limiting, given that higher carotenoid levels readily evolve in response to the evolution of carotenoid-dependent coloration. These findings challenge the assumption that carotenoids are a scarce resource and thus also challenge the hypothesis that physiological resource value of carotenoids underlies honesty of carotenoid-dependent traits. Therefore, the comparative evidence suggests that other factors, such as the acquisition and incorporation of carotenoids, are involved in maintaining signal honesty.
Data from: Independent sources of condition dependency and multiple pathways determine a composite trait: lessons from carotenoid-based plumage colouration
Many color ornaments are composite traits consisting of at least four components, which themselves may be more complex, determined by independent evolutionary pathways, and potentially being under different environmental control. To date, little evidence exists that several different components of color elaboration are condition-dependent and no direct evidence exists that different ornamental components are affected by different sources of variation. For example, in carotenoid-based plumage coloration, one of the best-known condition-dependent ornaments, color elaboration stems from both condition-dependent pigment concentration and structural components. Some environmental flexibility of these components has been suggested, but specifically which and how they are affected remains unknown. Here we tested whether multiple color components may be condition-dependent, by using a comprehensive 3 x 2 experimental design, in which we carotenoid supplemented and immune challenged great tit nestlings (Parus major) and quantified effects on different components of coloration. Plumage coloration was affected by an interaction between carotenoid availability and immune challenge. Path analyses showed that carotenoid supplementation increased plumage saturation via feather carotenoid concentration and via mechanisms unrelated to carotenoid-deposition, while immune challenge affected feather length, but not carotenoid concentration. Thus, independent condition-dependent pathways, affected by different sources of variation, determine color elaboration. This provides opportunities for the evolution of multiple signals within components of ornamental traits. This finding indicates that the selective forces shaping the evolution of different components of a composite trait and the trait's signal content may be more complex than believed so far, and that holistic approaches are required for drawing comprehensive evolutionary conclusions.
Data from: Exploring visual plasticity: dietary carotenoids can change color vision in guppies (Poecilia reticulata)
Differences in color vision can play a key role in an organism's ability to perceive and interact with the environment across a broad range of taxa. Recently, species have been shown to vary in color vision across populations as a result of differences in regulatory sequence and/or plasticity of opsin gene expression. For decades, biologists have been intrigued by among-population variation in color-based mate preferences of female Trinidadian guppies. We proposed that some of this variation results from variation in color vision caused by plasticity in opsin expression. Specifically, we asked about the role of dietary carotenoid availability, because carotenoids (1) are the precursors for vitamin A, which is essential for the creation of photopigments and (2) have been linked to variation in female mate choice. We raised guppies on different carotenoid-level diets and measured opsin expression. Guppies raised on high-carotenoid diets expressed higher levels of long wavelength sensitive opsin (LWS) opsins than those raised on lower levels of carotenoids. These results suggest that dietary effects on opsin expression represent a previously unaccounted for mechanism by which ecological differences across populations could lead to mate choice differences.
Data from: Evolution of carotenoid pigmentation in caciques and meadowlarks (Icteridae): repeated gains of red plumage coloration by carotenoid C4-oxygenation
Many animals use carotenoid pigments to produce yellow, orange, and red coloration. In birds, at least 10 carotenoid compounds have been documented in red feathers; most of these are produced through metabolic modification of dietary precursor compounds. However, it is poorly understood how lineages have evolved the biochemical mechanisms for producing red coloration. We used high-performance liquid chromatography to identify the carotenoid compounds present in feathers from 15 species across two clades of blackbirds (the meadowlarks and allies, and the caciques and oropendolas; Icteridae), and mapped their presence or absence on a phylogeny. We found that the red plumage found in meadowlarks includes different carotenoid compounds than the red plumage found in caciques, indicating that these gains of red color are convergent. In contrast, we found that red coloration in two closely related lineages of caciques evolved twice by what appear to be similar biochemical mechanisms. The C4-oxygenation of dietary carotenoids was responsible for each observed transition from yellow to red plumage coloration, and has been commonly reported by other researchers. This suggests that the C4-oxygenation pathway may be a readily evolvable means to gain red coloration using carotenoids.
Data from: Dietary carotenoid availability affects avian color discrimination
Carotenoid pigments are found in the retinas of many vertebrate species, where they serve a range of functions. In birds, carotenoid-containing retinal oil droplets act as optical filters, modifying the light reaching the underlying visual pigment and thereby enhancing color vision. Dietary carotenoid manipulation is known to affect the allocation of carotenoids to the retina, although the effects this has on vision are less well understood. Using dietary manipulations, in which juvenile Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) received either a high- or a low-carotenoid diet, we tested the effects of carotenoid availability on the ability to perform a color discrimination task. Birds on both diet treatments were able to make a relatively coarse discrimination between colors that appeared to humans as yellow-orange and orange; however, only high-carotenoid diet birds were able to make a finer-scale discrimination involving intermediate colors, showing that dietary carotenoid availability can directly affect the ability of birds to make chromatic discriminations. This finding has implications for our understanding of trade-offs in carotenoid allocation between vision and other key functions such as sexual ornamentation and health maintenance, and suggests that variation in dietary carotenoid availability may affect the ability of animals to make ecologically pertinent color discriminations, such as between sexual signals or cryptic food items.
Comparative genomic analysis of the mutant Rhodotorula mucilaginosa JH-R23 provides insight into the high-yield carotenoid mechanism
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Table 2 in Gene identification using RNA-seq in two sweetpotato genotypes and the use of mining to analyze carotenoid biosynthesis
<p><b>Table 2</b> Summary of the annotation of the sweetpotato unigenes.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>Number of unigenes</th><th>Percentage (%)</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Total unigenes</th><td>109,401</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Annotated in NR</th><td>41,729</td><td>38.14</td></tr><tr><th>Annotated in NT</th><td>21,004</td><td>19.19</td></tr><tr><th>Annotated in KO</th><td>12,524</td><td>11.44</td></tr><tr><th>Annotated in SwissProt</th><td>29,444</td><td>26.91</td></tr><tr><th>Annotated in PFAM</th><td>30,212</td><td>27.61</td></tr><tr><th>Annotated in GO</th><td>31,304</td><td>28.61</td></tr><tr><th>Annotated in KOG</th><td>14,349</td><td>13.11</td></tr><tr><th>All annotated unigenes</th><td>47,749</td><td>43.64</td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 3 in Gene identification using RNA-seq in two sweetpotato genotypes and the use of mining to analyze carotenoid biosynthesis
<p><b>Table 3</b> Summary of EST-SSRs in the sweetpotato transcriptome.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Searching item</th><th>Numbers</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Total number of sequences examined</th><td>109,401</td></tr><tr><th>Total size of examined sequences (bp)</th><td>75,954,853</td></tr><tr><th>Total number of identified SSRs</th><td>9549</td></tr><tr><th>Number of SSR containing sequences</th><td>8334</td></tr><tr><th>Number of sequences containing more than 1 SSR</th><td>1025</td></tr><tr><th>Number of SSRs present in compound formation</th><td>399</td></tr><tr><th>Di-nucleotide</th><td>5086</td></tr><tr><th>Tri-nucleotide</th><td>4092</td></tr><tr><th>Tetra-nucleotide</th><td>336</td></tr><tr><th>Penta-nucleotide</th><td>19</td></tr><tr><th>Hexa-nucleotide</th><td>16</td></tr></tbody></table>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.