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FIG. 27 in The anatomy and relationships of Piscobalaena nana (Cetacea, Mysticeti), a Cetotheriidae s.s. from the early Pliocene of Peru

FIG. 27. — Piscobalaena nana, left(?) flipper (MNHN SAS 1617): A,?lunar; B,?unciform; C,?cuneiform; D,?trapezoid; E,?scaphoid; F,?pisiform; G, H, metacarpals; I-Q, phalanges. Scale bar: 2 cm.

FIG. 21 in The anatomy and relationships of Piscobalaena nana (Cetacea, Mysticeti), a Cetotheriidae s.s. from the early Pliocene of Peru

FIG. 21. — Piscobalaena nana, MNHN SAS 1617, thoracic vertebrae: A, D1-D11, in lateral view; B, D1-D11, in dorsal view. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 17 in The anatomy and relationships of Piscobalaena nana (Cetacea, Mysticeti), a Cetotheriidae s.s. from the early Pliocene of Peru

FIG. 17. — Piscobalaena nana, MNHN SAS 1618, left dentary: A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, medial view; D, posterior view. Abbreviations: see p. 322. Scale bars: A-C, 20 cm; D, 5 cm.

FIG. 19 in The anatomy and relationships of Piscobalaena nana (Cetacea, Mysticeti), a Cetotheriidae s.s. from the early Pliocene of Peru

FIG. 19. — Piscobalaena nana, MNHN SAS 1617, cervical vertebrae: A, atlas, in anterior view; B, atlas, in posterior view; C, axis, in anterior view; D, axis, in posterior view; E-I, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7 in anterior view. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 15 in The anatomy and relationships of Piscobalaena nana (Cetacea, Mysticeti), a Cetotheriidae s.s. from the early Pliocene of Peru

FIG. 15. — Piscobalaena nana, MNHN SAS 892, left auditory ossicles: A-C, malleus; A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, posterior view; D-F, incus; D, dorsal view; E, medial view; F, anterior view; G, stapes, in posterior view. Abbreviations: see p. 322. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 14 in The anatomy and relationships of Piscobalaena nana (Cetacea, Mysticeti), a Cetotheriidae s.s. from the early Pliocene of Peru

FIG. 14. — Piscobalaena nana, MNHN SAS 892, left petrosal: A, cerebral (dorsal) view; B, medial view; C, ventral view. Abbreviations: see p. 322. Scale bar: 2 cm.

FIG. 13 in The anatomy and relationships of Piscobalaena nana (Cetacea, Mysticeti), a Cetotheriidae s.s. from the early Pliocene of Peru

FIG. 13. — Piscobalaena nana, left tympanic: A, MNHN SAS 892, in ventral view; B, MNHN SAS 1618, in medial view; C, MNHN SAS 1618, in cerebral (dorsal) view; D, MNHN SAS 1618, in posterior view. Abbreviations: see p. 322. Scale bar: 2 cm.

FIG. 9 in The anatomy and relationships of Piscobalaena nana (Cetacea, Mysticeti), a Cetotheriidae s.s. from the early Pliocene of Peru

FIG. 9. — Piscobalaena nana, skull, right basicranium: A, stereo pair of MNHN SAS 1618; B, schema. Abbreviations: see p. 322. Scale bar: 10 cm.

FIG. 10 in The anatomy and relationships of Piscobalaena nana (Cetacea, Mysticeti), a Cetotheriidae s.s. from the early Pliocene of Peru

FIG. 10. — Piscobalaena nana, basicranium of MNHN SAS 1616. Abbreviations: see p. 322. Scale bar: 10 cm.

FIG. 12 in The anatomy and relationships of Piscobalaena nana (Cetacea, Mysticeti), a Cetotheriidae s.s. from the early Pliocene of Peru

FIG. 12. — Piscobalaena nana, MNHN PPI 259, petro-tympanic: A, ventral view; B, cerebral (dorsal) view; C, medial view; D, lateral view. Scale bar: 2 cm.

FIG. 32 in The anatomy and relationships of Piscobalaena nana (Cetacea, Mysticeti), a Cetotheriidae s.s. from the early Pliocene of Peru

FIG. 32. — Strict consensus of the three trees obtained, after reweighting of the characters, via branch and bound analysis of the 23 taxa and 101 characters matrix (CI: 0.767; RI: 0.896; RC: 0.687; HI: 0.233).

FIG. 6 in The anatomy and relationships of Piscobalaena nana (Cetacea, Mysticeti), a Cetotheriidae s.s. from the early Pliocene of Peru

FIG. 6. — Piscobalaena nana: A, ventral view of the skull (MNHN SAS 1618); B, reconstruction. Abbreviations: see p. 322. Scale bar: 20 cm.

FIG. 5 in The anatomy and relationships of Piscobalaena nana (Cetacea, Mysticeti), a Cetotheriidae s.s. from the early Pliocene of Peru

FIG. 5. — Piscobalaena nana: A, dorsal view of the skull MNHN SAS 1617; B, reconstruction. Abbreviations: see p. 322. Scale bar: 20 cm.

FIG. 4 in The anatomy and relationships of Piscobalaena nana (Cetacea, Mysticeti), a Cetotheriidae s.s. from the early Pliocene of Peru

FIG. 4. — Piscobalaena nana, dorsal view of the skull of four individual to show the size individual variation within the species: A, "old juvenile" or sub-adult (MNHN SAS 1616); B, adult (MNHN SAS 1617); C, adult (MNHN SAS 1618); D, old adult (MNHN SAS 1623). Scale bar: 20 cm.

FIG. 2 in The anatomy and relationships of Piscobalaena nana (Cetacea, Mysticeti), a Cetotheriidae s.s. from the early Pliocene of Peru

FIG. 2. — Piscobalaena nana, holotype (SMNK Pal 4050), basicranium: A, dorsal view; B, ventral view. Scale bar: 10 cm.

FIG. 1 in The anatomy and relationships of Piscobalaena nana (Cetacea, Mysticeti), a Cetotheriidae s.s. from the early Pliocene of Peru

FIG. 1. — Piscobalaena nana, holotype (SMNK Pal 4050), skull: A, dorsal view; B, ventral view. Scale bar: 10 cm.

Fig. 4 in New Morphological Evidence for the Phylogeny of Artiodactyla, Cetacea, and Mesonychidae

Fig. 4. Dorsal views of the right astragali of three ungulates. Line drawings are on page facing the stereopairs. Lateral is to the left, proximal is toward the top of the page, and the scale represent 10 mm. A. Right astragalus of the artiodactyl Archaeotherium sp. (AMNH 1277). Note the deeply grooved trochlea, absence of the lateral process, and the large cuboid facet that faces distally. This view is more accurately described as anterior because of the digitigrade posture of all artiodactyls. B. Right astragalus of the mesonychid Pachyaena ossifraga (AMNH 16154). The astragalus of Pachyaena has an astragalar foramen, a lateral process (broken in this specimen), and a small, distolaterally facing cuboid facet. C. Left astragalus (photos reversed for comparison) of Phenacodus sp. (AMNH 15262). Note the pronounced lateral process. Abbreviations: af, astragalar foramen; an, astragalar neck; cuf, articular facet for the cuboid; lp, lateral process; ltr, lateral trochlear ridge; mtr, medial trochlear ridge; naf, articular facet for the navicular; tr, trochlea (which is also the lateral part of the tibial articular surface).

Fig. 7 in New Morphological Evidence for the Phylogeny of Artiodactyla, Cetacea, and Mesonychidae

Fig. 7. Dorsal views of the right ankles of two ungulates. Lateral is to the left, proximal is toward the top of the page, and the scale bars represent 10 mm. Arrows indicate the dorsal edge of the cuboid's articular facet for the calcaneus. A. Ankle of Archaeotherium (AMNH 1277). Note the distinct step between the articulation of the cuboid with the calcaneus and its articulation with the astragalus. The calcaneus will move farther down the face of the cuboid during dorsal flexion. B. Ankle of Pachyaena ossifraga (AMNH 16154). Note that the cuboid articulates with the calcaneus and the astragalus in nearly the same transverse plane. Abbreviations: ast, astragalus; cal, calcaneus; cub, cuboid.

Fig. 3 in New Morphological Evidence for the Phylogeny of Artiodactyla, Cetacea, and Mesonychidae

Fig. 3. Oblique posterolateral view of the right occipital condyle of Poebrotherium (AMNH 42257), with right and left stereopair views. The occipital condyle is divided into dorsal and ventral halves by a transverse ridge. The occipital ridge is a potential synapomorphy of Artiodactyla. Scale bar is 10 mm in length. Abbreviations: fm, foramen magnum; or, occipital ridge; tb, tympanic bulla.

Fig. 11 in New Morphological Evidence for the Phylogeny of Artiodactyla, Cetacea, and Mesonychidae

Fig. 11. The moleculebased tree from Gatesy et al. (1999a) with the degree (number of steps) that the data in appendix 3 contradict phylogenetic hypotheses depicted in this tree. Clade names are placed immediately below and to the left of their respective nodes, while branch support values are placed above and to the left. Negative values indicate that these groupings do not occur in the most parsimonious trees. Taxa abbreviations: AF, Artiofabula; CR, Cetruminantia; W, Whippomorpha.