Find research datasets worth reusing

text-fig. 11. heropod frontals in ventral view, illustrating character states for characters 37 and 64. a, stereophotographs of articulated frontals of Allosaurus fragilis (UMNH VP 5470); anterior is to the left, b, same as a; outline drawing, c, stereophotographs of articulated posterior skull roof (frontals, parietals, laterosphenoids) of Troödon formosus (AMNH 6174); anterior is to the top. D, same as c; outline drawing. Abbreviations: ce, facet for the cerebral hemispheres on the frontals; f, frontal; 1, facets for the lacrimals; Is, laterosphenoid; lsf, facets for the laterosphenoids; o, orbital facet; ob, facets for the olfactory bulbs on the frontals; pa, parietal; prf, contact with the prefrontal. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs

text-fig. 11. heropod frontals in ventral view, illustrating character states for characters 37 and 64. a, stereophotographs of articulated frontals of Allosaurus fragilis (UMNH VP 5470); anterior is to the left, b, same as a; outline drawing, c, stereophotographs of articulated posterior skull roof (frontals, parietals, laterosphenoids) of Troödon formosus (AMNH 6174); anterior is to the top. D, same as c; outline drawing. Abbreviations: ce, facet for the cerebral hemispheres on the frontals; f, frontal; 1, facets for the lacrimals; Is, laterosphenoid; lsf, facets for the laterosphenoids; o, orbital facet; ob, facets for the olfactory bulbs on the frontals; pa, parietal; prf, contact with the prefrontal. Scale bars represent 10 mm.

text-fig. 10. Maxillae of a sauropodomorph (a) and two theropods (b-c) in left lateral view to illustrate the character states of characters 11, 12 and 86. a, Plateosaurus sp., left maxilla (GPIT Skelett 1). B, Ceratosaurus sp., left maxilla (UUVP VP 5278). c, Gorgosaurus libratus, right maxilla (reversed; ROM 1247). Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 100 mm (b-c). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs

text-fig. 10. Maxillae of a sauropodomorph (a) and two theropods (b-c) in left lateral view to illustrate the character states of characters 11, 12 and 86. a, Plateosaurus sp., left maxilla (GPIT Skelett 1). B, Ceratosaurus sp., left maxilla (UUVP VP 5278). c, Gorgosaurus libratus, right maxilla (reversed; ROM 1247). Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 100 mm (b-c).

text-fig. 9. Theropod skulls in dorsal view showing different character states of several cranial characters. Character state indication as in Text-figure 7. A, Syntarsus rhodesiensis; modified from Raath (1977, figured in Colbert 1989). B, Ceratosaurus nasicomis', based on Marsh (1896), Gilmore (1920) and USNM 4735. c, generalized ornithomimosaur; based mainly on Gallimimus bullatus, figured in Osmólska et al. (1972), with some modifications based on Ornithomimus sp. (MP 90.26.1). D, Velociraptor mongoliensis\ redrawn from Barsbold and Osmólska (1999). Abbreviations as in ext-figures 4-6, and: g, groove; nh, nasal horn; pnf, postnasal fenestra; pop, paroccipital process; sc, saggital crest. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a, c-d) and 100 mm (b). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs

text-fig. 9. Theropod skulls in dorsal view showing different character states of several cranial characters. Character state indication as in Text-figure 7. A, Syntarsus rhodesiensis; modified from Raath (1977, figured in Colbert 1989). B, Ceratosaurus nasicomis', based on Marsh (1896), Gilmore (1920) and USNM 4735. c, generalized ornithomimosaur; based mainly on Gallimimus bullatus, figured in Osmólska et al. (1972), with some modifications based on Ornithomimus sp. (MP 90.26.1). D, Velociraptor mongoliensis\ redrawn from Barsbold and Osmólska (1999). Abbreviations as in ext-figures 4-6, and: g, groove; nh, nasal horn; pnf, postnasal fenestra; pop, paroccipital process; sc, saggital crest. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a, c-d) and 100 mm (b).

text-fig. 8. Syntarsus rhodesiensis. a, left premaxilla in lateral view (QG unnumbered) showing the forked posterior end of the premaxillary body in this taxon (character state 1 of character 4). B, left maxilla in lateral view (QG 205) showing the horizontal ridge (mr) on the ventral border of the maxillary body (character state 1 of character 15). Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs

text-fig. 8. Syntarsus rhodesiensis. a, left premaxilla in lateral view (QG unnumbered) showing the forked posterior end of the premaxillary body in this taxon (character state 1 of character 4). B, left maxilla in lateral view (QG 205) showing the horizontal ridge (mr) on the ventral border of the maxillary body (character state 1 of character 15). Scale bars represent 10 mm.

text-fig. 14. Theropod skull reconstructions in lateral view showing different character states of characters 42,44, 51, and 70. For sources of reconstructions and identifications of the elements, see Text-figures 4-6. a, Eoraptor lunensis. B, Ceratosaurus sp. c, generalized baryonychid. Dashed lines indicate levels of quadrate-squamosal articulation (wide dash) and mandibular joint (narrow dash); strong line indicates posterior end of tooth row. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 100 mm (b-c). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs

text-fig. 14. Theropod skull reconstructions in lateral view showing different character states of characters 42,44, 51, and 70. For sources of reconstructions and identifications of the elements, see Text-figures 4-6. a, Eoraptor lunensis. B, Ceratosaurus sp. c, generalized baryonychid. Dashed lines indicate levels of quadrate-squamosal articulation (wide dash) and mandibular joint (narrow dash); strong line indicates posterior end of tooth row. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 100 mm (b-c).

text-fig. 7. Outgroup (a) and theropod (b-g) skull reconstructions in lateral view showing different character states of several cranial characters. For sources of reconstructions and identifications of the bones see Text-figures 4-6. a, Euparkeria capensis. B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis. c, Ceratosaurus sp. D, Allosaurus fragilis. E, Gorgosaurus libratus. F, Velociraptor mongoliensis. Character state indications in this and all following illustrations are as follows: numbers refer to characters discussed in the text; the first number indicates the number of the character, the second the character state. Scale bars represent 10 mm (a-b), 50 mm (f-g) and 100 mm (c-e). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs

text-fig. 7. Outgroup (a) and theropod (b-g) skull reconstructions in lateral view showing different character states of several cranial characters. For sources of reconstructions and identifications of the bones see Text-figures 4-6. a, Euparkeria capensis. B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis. c, Ceratosaurus sp. D, Allosaurus fragilis. E, Gorgosaurus libratus. F, Velociraptor mongoliensis. Character state indications in this and all following illustrations are as follows: numbers refer to characters discussed in the text; the first number indicates the number of the character, the second the character state. Scale bars represent 10 mm (a-b), 50 mm (f-g) and 100 mm (c-e).

text-fig. 15. Occipital views of the skulls of a basal ornithischian (a) and two theropods (b-c), illustrating different character states for several cranial characters, a, basal ornithischian Lesothosaurus diagnostic^-, redrawn from Sereno (19916)- B, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis; redrawn from Sereno and Novas (1993). c, Allosaurusfragilis (braincase only); based on BYU Mes 5583. Abbreviations: boc, basioccipital; bsp, basisphenoid; bt, basal tuber; eo, exoccipital; f, frontal; fm, foramen magnum; itf, infratemporal fenestra; oc, occipital condyle; pa, parietal; po, postorbital; pop, paroccipital process; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qf, quadrate foramen; qj, quadratojugal; soc, supraoccipital; socw, supraoccipital wedge; sq, squamosal; vcd, foramen for the entrance of the vena capitis dorsalis. Dashed lines indicate the level of the dorsal margin of the occipital condyle (wide dash) and the level of the bases of the paroccipital processes (narrow dash). Scale bars represent 10 mm (a) and 50 mm (b-c). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs

text-fig. 15. Occipital views of the skulls of a basal ornithischian (a) and two theropods (b-c), illustrating different character states for several cranial characters, a, basal ornithischian Lesothosaurus diagnostic^-, redrawn from Sereno (19916)- B, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis; redrawn from Sereno and Novas (1993). c, Allosaurusfragilis (braincase only); based on BYU Mes 5583. Abbreviations: boc, basioccipital; bsp, basisphenoid; bt, basal tuber; eo, exoccipital; f, frontal; fm, foramen magnum; itf, infratemporal fenestra; oc, occipital condyle; pa, parietal; po, postorbital; pop, paroccipital process; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qf, quadrate foramen; qj, quadratojugal; soc, supraoccipital; socw, supraoccipital wedge; sq, squamosal; vcd, foramen for the entrance of the vena capitis dorsalis. Dashed lines indicate the level of the dorsal margin of the occipital condyle (wide dash) and the level of the bases of the paroccipital processes (narrow dash). Scale bars represent 10 mm (a) and 50 mm (b-c).

text-fig. 17. Lateral view of the braincase, illustrating states for several braincase characters, a, basal ornithischian Lesothosaurus diagnosticus; redrawn from Sereno (1991Z?). B, Troödon formosus; based on Currie and Zhao (1993a); the paroccipital process of Troödon is shown in cross-section to illustrate the internal pneumatic cavity within this bone. Abbreviations: atr, anterior tympanic recess; bpt, basipterygoid process; boc, basioccipital; bsp, basisphenoid; bt, basal tuber; ep, episthotic; f, frontal; fo, fenestra ovalis; ic, foramen for the entrance of the vidian canal for the internal carotid; jf, jugular foramen; Is, laterosphenoid; mf, metotic fissure; o, orbital facet on the frontal; oc, occipital condyle; op, opisthotic; osp, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pn, pneumatic openings or cavities; pop, paroccipital process; pro, prootic; ps, parasphenoid; pspc, parasphenoid capsule; ptf, posttemporal foramen; vcm, exit of the vena capitis medialis; Roman numbers refer to the foramina for the exits of cranial nerves. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs

text-fig. 17. Lateral view of the braincase, illustrating states for several braincase characters, a, basal ornithischian Lesothosaurus diagnosticus; redrawn from Sereno (1991Z?). B, Troödon formosus; based on Currie and Zhao (1993a); the paroccipital process of Troödon is shown in cross-section to illustrate the internal pneumatic cavity within this bone. Abbreviations: atr, anterior tympanic recess; bpt, basipterygoid process; boc, basioccipital; bsp, basisphenoid; bt, basal tuber; ep, episthotic; f, frontal; fo, fenestra ovalis; ic, foramen for the entrance of the vidian canal for the internal carotid; jf, jugular foramen; Is, laterosphenoid; mf, metotic fissure; o, orbital facet on the frontal; oc, occipital condyle; op, opisthotic; osp, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pn, pneumatic openings or cavities; pop, paroccipital process; pro, prootic; ps, parasphenoid; pspc, parasphenoid capsule; ptf, posttemporal foramen; vcm, exit of the vena capitis medialis; Roman numbers refer to the foramina for the exits of cranial nerves. Scale bars represent 10 mm.

opennotspecifiedJun 2024View details →

FIGURE 4. Multi-state character analysis for 89 in Systematic study in Dipcadi ursulae (Asaparagaceae, Scillioideae) from Maharashtra, India

FIGURE 4. Multi-state character analysis for 89 characters using UPGMA Manhattan distance analysis DMAJ: D. montanum (Ajra), DBA: D. montanum (Badami), DKK: D. montanum (Anantapur), DKR: D. saxorum var. saxorum (Kanheri), DMR: D. saxorum var. saxorum (Manori), DUG: D. saxorum var. saxorum (Uttan), DMS: D. saxorum var. kanheriense (Manori), DKG: D. saxorum var. kanheriense (Kanheri), DUK: D. ursulae var. ursulae (Kas), DUJN: D. ursulae var. ursulae (Jungti), DUSW: D. ursulae var. ursulae (Sadawagapur), DUM: D. ursulae var. ursulae (Masai), DULP: D. ursulae var. ursulae (Pandavleni), DUDB: D. ursulae var. ursulae (Burondi), DMBH: D. ursulae var. alba (Mama-Bhanja), DULG: D. longiracemosum (Girnar), DJSN: D. janae-shrirangii (Naravan), DGRK: D. goaense (Goa), DCDS: D. concanense var. devrukhense (Devrukh), DCBK: D. concanense var.concanense (Brahamanwadi).

opennotspecifiedMay 2020View details →

FIG. 4. Character states for the left and right dorsolateral folds for R in Morphological Change during Rapid Population Expansion Confounds Leopard Frog Identifications in the Southwestern United States

FIG. 4. Character states for the left and right dorsolateral folds for R. berlandieri, uncertain individuals, and R. yavapaiensis. Points along the dark line indicate individuals with the same character state for the left and right dorsolateral folds. See text for description of character states. We have applied a small amount of random noise to the points to enhance visibility.

opennotspecifiedAug 2003View details →

FIGURE III2. Phylogeny of Phasia (part 2) Character numbers above boxes refer to the characters in Table 1; numbers below boxes refer to transformation series states. Black bars on right side refer to the monphyletic groups discussed in the text. in Systematics of Phasia Latreille (Diptera: Tachinidae)

FIGURE III2. Phylogeny of Phasia (part 2) Character numbers above boxes refer to the characters in Table 1; numbers below boxes refer to transformation series states. Black bars on right side refer to the monphyletic groups discussed in the text.

opennotspecifiedAug 2003View details →

FIGURE III1. Phylogeny of Phasia (part 1) Character numbers above boxes refer to the characters in Table 1; numbers below boxes refer to transformation series states; black bars on right side refer to the monphyletic groups discussed in the text. in Systematics of Phasia Latreille (Diptera: Tachinidae)

FIGURE III1. Phylogeny of Phasia (part 1) Character numbers above boxes refer to the characters in Table 1; numbers below boxes refer to transformation series states; black bars on right side refer to the monphyletic groups discussed in the text.

text-fig. 37. Left manus of an undetermined ornithomimosaur (probably Ornithomimus edmontonicus', TMP 93.104.1), illustrating states for several manual characters; metacarpals in dorsal view, phalanges in lateral view. Scale bar represents 50 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs

text-fig. 37. Left manus of an undetermined ornithomimosaur (probably Ornithomimus edmontonicus', TMP 93.104.1), illustrating states for several manual characters; metacarpals in dorsal view, phalanges in lateral view. Scale bar represents 50 mm.

Figure 13 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 13. Multivariate variation in the eight interlandmark distances measured between ventroglandularia V1, V2 and V3 in posterior view (distance set 3). A, scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2), distances with highest standardized factors are illustrated for both axes. B, overall pattern of similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. This UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) groups the nine character states discovered in the set of distances from the ventroglandularia. Branches are labelled according to discrimination order defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as listed in Figure 11.

Figure 12 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 12. Multivariate variation in the 15 interlandmark distances measured between postocularia R2 and dorsoglandularia D2, D3 and D4 (distance set 2). (A) scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2); distances with the highest standardized factors are illustrated for both axes. (B) overall pattern of similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. This UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) groups the 13 character states discovered in the collection of distances from the postocularia and dorsoglandularia. Branches are labelled according to discrimination order defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as listed in Fig. 11.

Figure 11 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 11. Multivariate variation in the 13 interlandmark distances sampled from the dorsal view of the idiosoma (distance set 1). (A) scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2); distances with highest standardized factors are illustrated for both axes. (B) overall pattern of similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. This UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) groups the 12 character states discovered in the distances from the idiosoma. Branches are labelled according to discrimination order defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as follows: open blue circles, Arrenurus (Dadayella) adrianae; open green rhombuses, Dadayella aztecus; open red squares, Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) anae; solid green triangles, Megaluracarus anitahoffmannae; open pink triangles, Megaluracarus catoi; solid black circles, Megaluracarus colitus; solid grey squares, Megaluracarus costeroae; blue asterisks, Megaluracarus maya; solid red rhombuses, Megaluracarus neoexpansus; purple plus signs, Megaluracarus olmeca; lilac endashes, Megaluracarus tabascoensis; horizontal blue lines, Megaluracarus urbanus; green hyphens, Megaluracarus zitavus.

Figure 14 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 14. Single most-parsimonious tree selected in our phylogenetic analysis of the combined morphometric data with TNT (score 95.8119). The character matrix included continuous values of three distance sets and five landmark configurations. Only one shape character, the cauda outline (data set 2), is optimized in this tree. Landmark configurations of cauda shape at terminal nodes are as observed in each species. The numbers on each configuration indicate shapes that are significantly different, as evaluated by the canonical variate analysis and MANOVA for landmark data set 2, as illustrated and labelled in Fig. 7B. In all hypothetical landmark configurations of the cauda shape at internal nodes, deformation vectors at each point indicate displacements relative to the ancestral shape as optimized with TNT.

Figure 8 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 8. Shape variation of the postocularia and dorsoglandularia D2 and D3 in dorsal view (data set 3). (A) scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2); shape changes relative to the mean shape are shown for both roots. (B) overall pattern of shape similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. This UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) groups the nine character states discovered in the postocularia and dorsoglandularia. Branches are labelled according to discrimination order defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as follows: open blue circles, Arrenurus (Dadayella) adrianae; open red squares, Dadayella aztecus; open green rhombuses Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) anae; blue asterisks, Megaluracarus anitahoffmannae; solid grey squares, Megaluracarus catoi; open pink triangles, Megaluracarus colitus; solid green triangles, Megaluracarus costeroae; solid red rhombuses, Megaluracarus maya; solid black circles, Megaluracarus neoexpansus; purple plus signs, Megaluracarus olmeca; lilac en-dashes, Megaluracarus tabascoensis; horizontal blue lines, Megaluracarus urbanus; green hyphens, Megaluracarus zitavus.

Figure 4 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 4. Sets of landmark (LM) and semi-landmark (SLM) configurations designed to register the shape of the dorsal (A–D) and posterior (E) views. (A) collection of 23 points for the anterior idiosoma outline, with three LMs and 20 SLMs (data set 1). (B) chain of 17 points for the cauda outline, with three LMs and 14 SLMs (data set 2). (C) string of ten points for the postocularia R2 and dorsoglandularia D2 and D3 (data set 3). (D) configuration of four points for the dorsoglandularia D4 (data set 4). (E) Arrangement of ten points for the ventroglandularia V1, V2, and V3 (data set 5).

Figure 7 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 7. Shape variation of the cauda outline in dorsal view (data set 2). (A) scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2), deformation grids of shape changes relative to the mean shape are shown for both axes. (B) overall pattern of shape similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. All species were significantly different from each other, and therefore 13 character states were discovered in the cauda outline. Branches in the UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) are labelled according to discrimination order defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as described in Fig. 6.