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782 results for “Conflict”
Developmental evidence for parental conflict in driving Mimulus species barriers
<p>The endosperm, a tissue that nourishes the embryo in the seeds of flowering plants, is often disrupted in inviable hybrid seeds between closely related species. A key question is whether parental conflict is a major driver of this common form of reproductive isolation. Here, we performed reciprocal crosses between pairs of three monkeyflower species (Mimulus caespitosa, M. tilingii, and M. guttatus). The severity of hybrid seed inviability varies among these crosses, which we inferred to be due to species divergence in effective ploidy. By performing a detailed time series of seed development, we discovered parent-of-origin phenotypes that provide strong evidence for parental conflict in shaping endosperm evolution. We found that the chalazal haustorium, a tissue within the endosperm that occurs at the maternal-filial boundary, shows pronounced differences between reciprocal hybrid seeds formed from Mimulus species that differ in effective ploidy. These parent-of-origin effects suggest that the chalazal haustorium might act as a mediator of parental conflict, potentially by controlling sucrose movement from the maternal parent into the endosperm. Our study suggests that parental conflict in the endosperm may function as a driver of speciation by targeting regions and developmental stages critical for resource allocation and thus proper seed development.</p>
Data associated with manuscript titled "Landscape predictors of Human-Leopard conflicts in and around Annapurna Conservation Area."
<p>The data set belongs to the research conducted in Annapurna Conservation Area regarding Human Leopard Conflict (HLC). </p>
Data from: Exploring conflicts in whole genome phylogenetics: A case study within Manakins (Aves: Pipridae)
<p>Some phylogenetic problems remain unresolved even when large amounts of sequence data are analyzed and methods that accommodate processes such as incomplete lineage sorting are employed. In addition to investigating biological sources of phylogenetic incongruence, it is also important to reduce noise in the phylogenomic dataset by using an appropriate filtering approach that addresses gene tree estimation errors. We present the results of a case study in manakins, focusing on the very difficult clade comprising the genera <em>Antilophia</em> and <em>Chiroxiphia</em>. Previous studies suggest that <em>Antilophia</em> is nested within <em>Chiroxiphia</em>, though relationships among <em>Antilophia</em>+<em>Chiroxiphia</em> species have been highly unstable. We extracted more than 11,000 loci (ultra-conserved elements and introns) from whole genomes and conducted analyses using concatenation and multi-species coalescent methods. Topologies resulting from analyses using all loci differed depending on the data type and analytical method, with two clades (<em>Antilophia</em>+<em>Chiroxiphia</em> and <em>Manacus</em>+<em>Pipra</em>+<em>Machaeopterus</em>) in the manakin tree showing incongruent results. We hypothesized that gene trees that conflicted with a long coalescent branch (e.g., the branch uniting <em>Antilophia</em>+<em>Chiroxiphia</em>) might be enriched for cases of gene tree estimation error, so we conducted analyses that either constrained those gene trees to include monophyly of <em>Antilophia</em>+<em>Chiroxiphia</em> or excluded these loci. While constraining trees reduced some incongruence, excluding the trees led to completely congruent species trees, regardless of the data type or model of sequence evolution used. We found that a suite of gene metrics (most importantly the number of informative sites and likelihood of intralocus recombination) collectively explained the loci that resulted in non-monophyly of <em>Antilophia</em>+<em>Chiroxiphia</em>. We also found evidence for introgression that may have contributed to the discordant topologies we observe in <em>Antilophia</em>+<em>Chiroxiphia</em> and led to deviations from expectations given the multi-species coalescent model. Our study highlights the importance of identifying factors that can obscure phylogenetic signal when dealing with recalcitrant phylogenetic problems, such as gene tree estimation error, incomplete lineage sorting and reticulation events.</p>
Mitigating transcription-replication conflicts: In early Drosophila embryos, rapid onset of transcription after mitosis depends on DNA replication
<p>This dataset includes the raw imaging data (exported from Volocity as TIF in Z-stacks or maximal projections) related to the publication: Mitigating transcription-replication conflicts: In early Drosophila embryos, rapid onset of transcription after mitosis depends on DNA replication, Cell Reports 2022.</p>
Data from: Resolution, conflict and rate shifts: Insights from a densely sampled plastome phylogeny for Rhododendron (Ericaceae)
<p><strong>Background and Aims</strong> <em>Rhododendron </em>is a species-rich and taxonomically challenging genus due to recent adaptive radiation and frequent hybridization. A well-resolved phylogenetic tree would help to understand the diverse history of <em>Rhododendron </em>in the Himalaya–Hengduan Mountains where the genus is most diverse.</p> <p><strong>Methods </strong>We reconstructed the phylogeny based on plastid genomes with broad taxon sampling, covering 161 species representing all eight subgenera and all 12 sections, including ~45 % of the <em>Rhododendron </em>species native to the Himalaya–Hengduan Mountains. We compared this phylogeny with nuclear phylogenies to elucidate reticulate evolutionary events and clarify relationships at all levels within the genus. We also estimated the timing and diversification history of <em>Rhododendron</em>, especially the two species-rich subgenera <em>Rhododendron</em> and <em>Hymenanthes </em>that comprise >90 % of <em>Rhododendron </em>species in the Himalaya–Hengduan Mountains.</p> <p><strong>Key Results </strong>The full plastid dataset produced a well-resolved and supported phylogeny of <em>Rhododendron</em>. We identified 13 clades that were almost always monophyletic across all published phylogenies. The conflicts between nuclear and plastid phylogenies strongly suggested that reticulation events may have occurred in the deep lineage history of the genus. Within <em>Rhododendron</em>, subgenus <em>Therorhodion </em>diverged first at 56 Mya, then a burst of diversification occurred from 23.8 to 17.6 Mya, generating ten lineages among the component 12 clades of core <em>Rhododendron</em>. Diversification in subgenus <em>Rhododendron </em>accelerated c. 16.6 Mya and then became fairly continuous. Conversely, <em>Hymenanthes </em>diversification was slow at first, then accelerated very rapidly around 5 Mya. In the Himalaya–Hengduan Mountains, subgenus <em>Rhododendron </em>contained one major clade adapted to high altitudes and another to low altitudes, whereas most clades in <em>Hymenanthes </em>contained both low- and high-altitude species, indicating greater ecological plasticity during its diversification.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions </strong>The 13 clades proposed here may help to identify specific ancient hybridization events. This study will help to establish a stable and reliable taxonomic framework for <em>Rhododendron</em>, and provides insight into what drove its diversification and ecological adaption. Denser sampling of taxa, examining both organelle and nuclear genomes, is needed to better understand the divergence and diversification history of <em>Rhododendron</em>.</p>
Human-cheetah conflict subsistence and commercial farmers
<p>This data set (published in biodiversity and conservation) is a subset of data collected between 2012 and 2015 during a nationwide questionnaire based interview survey. For more information about the methodology see Van der Meer E (2016b) The cheetahs of Zimbabwe: distribution and population status 2015. CCPZ, Victoria Falls. <em>DOI</em>: 10.13140/RG.2.2.36719.84648 (also downloadable from cheetahzimbabwe.org)</p>
Signal, Uncertainty, and Conflict in Phylogenomic Data for a Diverse Lineage of Microbial Eukaryotes (Diatoms, Bacillariophyta)
<p>This data depository contains analysis results from Parks, Wickett, and Alverson 2017 (Signal, Uncertainty, and Conflict in Phylogenomic Data for a Diverse Lineage of Microbial Eukaryotes (Diatoms, Bacillariophyta) (Mol. Biol. Evol. doi:10.1093/molbev/msx268)), and is made freely available to the research community.</p> <p>The file and subfolders here are as follows:</p> <p>gene_alignments<br> - contains compressed (tarred and gzipped) folders with all gene alignments at 0.2, 0.5 and 0.8 alignment column occupancy cutoffs. In each folder, there are also text files listing which gene alignments fall under which taxon occupancy subsetting strategy (i.e., 10-20% taxon occupancy, 40-60% taxon occupancy, 80-100% taxon occupancy, etc).</p> <p>gene_trees<br> - contains all (compressed) gene trees (bootstrapped versions, 100 bootstrap pseudo-replicates)) used in Astral analyses for each alignment column occupancy cutoff (0.2, 0.5, 0.8); nodes with less than 33% bootstrap support are collapsed.</p> <p>hmms.mafft_aligned<br> - contains (compressed) hmm specifications for each major diatom morphotype (radial and polar centrics, araphid and raphid pennates) from the 0.2 alignment column occupancy subset of the data. A summary of the sampling scheme and the hmm results/counts are also available in HMM_sampling.docx.</p> <p>mmetsp_nuclear_transcriptome_assemblies<br> - these are the compressed nuclear transcriptome assemblies that were done in-house (i.e., mostly MMETSP samples). Assemblies do not include organellar or rDNA loci.</p> <p>species_trees<br> - contains (compressed) species trees for all phylogenetic strategies and alignment column occupancy cutoff/data subset strategies.</p> <p>Suppl_1.MMETSP_basic_summaries.xlsx<br> - this an identical file to Parks, Wickett and Alverson 2017 supplementary file 1. This file contains taxon, strain and SRA information for all assembled taxa, and a variety of assembly metric information.</p> <p> </p>
Type IV-A3 CRISPR-Cas systems drive inter-plasmid conflicts by acquiring spacers in trans
<p>Plasmid-encoded type IV-A CRISPR-Cas systems lack an acquisition module, feature a DinG helicase instead of a nuclease, and form ribonucleoprotein complexes. Type IV-A3 systems are carried by conjugative plasmids that often harbor antibiotic resistance genes. Their CRISPR array contents suggest a role in inter-plasmid conflicts, but this function remains unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that a plasmid-encoded type IV-A3 system co-opts the type I-E adaptation machinery from its host, Klebsiella pneumoniae, to update its CRISPR array. Furthermore, we reveal that robust interference of conjugative plasmids and phages is elicited through CRISPR RNA-dependent transcriptional repression. By silencing plasmid core functions, type IV-A3 impacts the horizontal transfer and stability of targeted plasmids, supporting its role in plasmid competition. Our findings shed light on the mechanisms and ecological function of type IV-A3 systems and demonstrate their practical efficacy for countering antibiotic resistance in clinically relevant strains.</p>
Dataset and Screening code for Reviewing Water Conflicts in a Changing Climate
<p>A scoping review was performed to quantify concepts covered in the scientific literature relating to water conflict in a changing climate. The uploaded files consists of:</p> <ul> <li>A list of all studies found using the search terms ("Included studies and categories")</li> <li>All meta categories and concept categories, with all search strings used, ("Included studies and categories") and </li> <li>The MATLAB code used to screen and remove irrelevant studies after the queries. ("Screening_review")</li> <li>An example Excel sheet on how to structure papers for screening using the MATLAB code. ("Example_screening")</li> </ul> <p>All searches were using Scopus and performed 9 Jan 2024. Search terms used were:</p> <ol> <li>(“climate change” OR “global warming” OR “environmental change”) AND (conflict OR dispute) AND (water OR hydrology)</li> <li>(conflict OR dispute) AND hydroclimat*</li> <li>(“water conflict” OR “water dispute”) AND (precipitation OR temperature OR drought)</li> <li>(conflict OR dispute) AND “climate change”</li> <li>hydropolitic*</li> <li>“water conflict” OR “water dispute”</li> </ol> <p>The final publication selection for the scoping review was made based on four criteria, all of which needed to be fulfilled for each selected study:<br>i) the study is considering water-related conflicts (conflicts directly or indirectly related to freshwater aspects, such as water scarcity or lack of access to water); <br>ii) the study considers the water-related conflict(s) in a climate change context (directly or indirectly related to climate change, including direct impact of climate change adaptation measures); <br>iii) the study addresses factors relating to a previous or ongoing act of conflict (violent or non-violent) and not just potential conflicts or conflict mitigation measures, for example for future water resource decline. <br>Relevance based on these criteria was first evaluated by reading the abstracts and the full text was examined only when further clarification on the relevance of a study was needed.</p> <p>For our analysis, we created categories that bring together several similar words around the same broader concepts. For example, the category ‘governance’ includes the words policy, politic\w*, polici\w*, democra\w*, govern\w*, supreme court, minist\w*, and federal (for all concept categories, see the uploaded file). The different categories were further grouped together into category groups: political, livelihoods and industry, climate change, conflict, cooperation, and scale.</p> <p>Results will be found in the open-source article after publication and then the DOI and reference to that article will be added here.</p>
Leadership Styles in International Conflict Management. Action by the European Union Against Radicalization, Terrorism and Violent Extremism – Risks and Threats
<p>The article focuses on the antecedents of the emergence and management of international conflicts related to radicalization and terrorism in a European context and the interaction between leader and team. The objective of the desk research is to examine the correlation between the leadership style and the team, the leadership competencies, and to develop strategies for conflict resolution and management. It is achieved by analysing the European approach to the prevention of radicalization, terrorism and violent extremism, and exploring their positive and negative effects on a specific individual or group. The focus is on the role of leadership styles and competences at different hierarchical levels in order to achieve results and find solutions to problems. This paper presents the desk research conducted on countering radicalization and extremism.</p>
Cyber Attacks in the Ukrainian Conflict 2013-2020 Dataset
<p>Aggregated dataset on 76 cyberattacks conducted against Ukraine between late 2013 and 2020. The dataset is based on the following sources:</p> <p>Maness RC, Valeriano B, Hedgecock K, Jensen BM, Macias JM. Codebook for the Dyadic Cyber Incident and Campaign Dataset (DCID) Version 2.0. 2022.<br>Baezner M. Cyber and Information warfare in the Ukrainian conflict, Version 2. Zürich: Center for Security Studies (CSS), ETH; 2018.<br>Passeri P. Hackmageddon - Information Security Timelines and Statistics. 2024. https://www.hackmageddon.com/.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: The role of conflict in the formation and maintenance of variant sex chromosome systems in mammals
<p>The XX/XY sex chromosome system is deeply conserved in therian mammals, as is the role of <em>Sry</em> in testis determination, giving the impression of stasis relative to other taxa. However, the long tradition of cytogenetic studies in mammals documents sex chromosome karyotypes that break this norm in myriad ways, ranging from fusions between sex chromosomes and autosomes to Y chromosome loss. Evolutionary conflict, in the form of sexual antagonism or meiotic drive, is the primary predicted driver of sex chromosome transformation and turnover. Yet conflict-based hypotheses are less considered in mammals, perhaps because of the perceived stability of the sex chromosome system. To address this gap, we catalogue and characterize all described sex chromosome variants in mammals, test for family-specific rates of accumulation, and consider the role of conflict between the sexes or within the genome in the evolution of these systems. We identify 152 species with sex chromosomes that differ from the ancestral state and find evidence for different rates of ancestral to derived transitions among families. Sex chromosome-autosome fusions account for 80% of all variants whereas documented sex chromosome fissions are limited to three species. We propose that meiotic drive and drive suppression provide viable explanations for the evolution of many of these variant systems, particularly those involving autosomal fusions. We highlight taxa particularly worthy of further study and provide experimental predictions for testing the role of conflict and its alternatives in generating observed sex chromosome diversity.</p>
Diversity's Role in Collaboration and Conflict: A Case-Study of React.js
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Figure 5 in The emigration of peoples from the area of Western Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Balkans civil conflict and implications for the Avifauna (Case study Pašića polje at Bosansko Grahovo)
Figure 5. Abundance of P. domesticus and P. pica in the second period.
Figure 4 in The emigration of peoples from the area of Western Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Balkans civil conflict and implications for the Avifauna (Case study Pašića polje at Bosansko Grahovo)
Figure 4. Central part of Pašića polje (third locality).
Figure 2 in The emigration of peoples from the area of Western Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Balkans civil conflict and implications for the Avifauna (Case study Pašića polje at Bosansko Grahovo)
Figure 2. Settlements in the village Luka.
Figure 6 in The emigration of peoples from the area of Western Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Balkans civil conflict and implications for the Avifauna (Case study Pašića polje at Bosansko Grahovo)
Figure 6. Abundance of P. domesticus and E. citrinella in the frst period (the village Luka).
Transhumant Pastoralism, Climate Change, and Conflict in Africa
<p>Replication package for McGuirk, Eoin and Nathan Nunn (forthcoming) "Transhumant Pastoralism, Climate Change, and Conflict in Africa," Review of Economic Studies.</p>
The conflict between hosts and non-hosts changes the severity of diseases in degraded grassland plant communities
<p>load: disease severity of plant community</p> <p>richnes: species richness</p> <p>Nonhost: Non-hosts richness</p> <p>coverage: relative coverage</p> <p>RHost: relative hosts richness</p> <p>PD: Faith's phylogenetic distance</p> <p>beta: beta diversity of plant community</p> <p>SLA: CWM SLA</p> <p>LN: CWM leaf N content</p> <p>LP:CWM leaf P content</p> <p>NP: CWM leaf N:P</p> <p>group: degree of grassland degradation</p> <p>Shannon: Shannon index of plant community</p> <p>Simpson: Simpsion index of plant community</p> <p>Pielou: Pielou index of plant community</p> <p>marglef: Marglef index of plant community</p>
Replication package for: "Atlantic Trade and Conflict in Europe"
<p>Replication package for Reshad N. Ahsan, Laura Panza, and Yong Song "Atlantic Trade and Conflict in Europe", published in the Economic Journal<br><br></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.