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212 results for “Data Drift”
Data from: Fixation of mutators in asexual populations: the role of genetic drift and epistasis
We study the evolutionary dynamics of an asexual population of nonmutators and mutators on a class of epistatic fitness landscapes. We consider the situation in which all mutations are deleterious and mutators are produced from nonmutators continually at a constant rate. We find that in an infinitely large population, a minimum nonmutator-to-mutator conversion rate is required to fix the mutators but an arbitrarily small conversion rate results in the fixation of mutators in a finite population. We calculate analytical expressions for the mutator fraction at mutation-selection balance and fixation time for mutators in a finite population when the difference between the mutation rate for mutator and nonmutator is smaller (regime I) and larger (regime II) than the selection coefficient. Our main result is that in regime I, the mutator fraction and the fixation time are independent of epistasis but in regime II, mutators are rarer and take longer to fix when the decrease in fitness with the number of deleterious mutations occurs at an accelerating rate (synergistic epistasis) than at a diminishing rate (antagonistic epistasis). Our analytical results are compared with numerics and their implications are discussed.
Data from: Translational selection frequently overcomes genetic drift in shaping synonymous codon usage patterns in vertebrates
Synonymous codon usage (SCU) patterns are shaped by a balance between mutation, drift, and natural selection. To date, detection of translational selection in vertebrates has proven to be a challenging task, obscured by small long-term effective population sizes in larger animals and the existence of isochores in some species. The consensus is that, in such species, natural selection is either completely ineffective at overcoming mutational pressures and genetic drift or perhaps is effective but so weak that it is not detectable. The aim of this research is to understand the interplay between mutation, selection, and genetic drift in vertebrates. We observe that although variation in mutational bias is undoubtedly the dominant force influencing codon usage, translational selection acts as a weak additional factor influencing synonymous codon usage. These observations indicate that translational selection is a widespread phenomenon in vertebrates and is not limited to a few species.
Data from: Genetic drift outweighs natural selection at toll-like receptor (TLR) immunity loci in a reintroduced population of a threatened species
During population establishment, genetic drift can be the key driver of changes in genetic diversity, particularly while the population is small. However, natural selection can also play a role in shaping diversity at functionally important loci. We used a well-studied, re-introduced population of the threatened Stewart Island robin (N = 722 pedigreed individuals) to determine whether selection shaped genetic diversity at innate immunity toll-like receptor (TLR) genes, over a 9-year period of population growth following establishment with 12 genetic founders. We found no evidence for selection operating with respect to TLR diversity on first-year overwinter survival for the majority of loci, genotypes and alleles studied. However, survival of individuals with TLR4BE genotype was significantly improved: these birds were less than half as likely to die prior to maturity compared with all other TLR4 genotypes. Furthermore, the population frequency of this genotype, at a two-fold excess over Hardy–Weinberg expectation, was increased by nonrandom mating. Near-complete sampling and full pedigree and reproductive data enabled us to eliminate other potential causes of these patterns including inbreeding, year effects, density dependence, selection on animals at earlier life history stages or genome-level association of the TLR4E allele with 'good genes'. However, comparison of observed levels of gene diversity to predictions under simulated genetic drift revealed results consistent with neutral expectations for all loci, including TLR4. Although selection favoured TLR4BE heterozygotes in this population, these effects were insufficient to outweigh genetic drift. This is the first empirical study to show that genetic drift can overwhelm natural selection in a wild population immediately following establishment.
Data from: Establishment and maintenance of adaptive genetic divergence under migration, selection, and drift
There is a long tradition in population genetics of exploring the maintenance of variation under migration-selection balance using deterministic models that assume infinite population size. With finite population size, stochastic dynamics can greatly reduce the potential for the maintenance of polymorphism, but this has yet to be explored in detail. Here, classical two-patch models are extended to predict: i) the probability of a locally beneficial mutation rising in frequency in the patch where it is favored, and ii) the critical threshold migration rate above which the maintenance of polymorphism is much less likely. Individual-based simulations show that these approximations provide accurate predictions across a wide range of parameter space.
Data from: Local adaptation and ecological differentiation under selection, migration and drift in Arabidopsis lyrata
How the balance between selection, migration and drift influences the evolution of local adaptation has been under intense theoretical scrutiny. Yet, empirical studies that relate estimates of local adaptation to quantification of gene flow and effective population sizes have been rare. Here, we conducted a reciprocal transplant trial, a common garden trial, and a whole-genome based demography analysis to examine these effects among Arabidopsis lyrata populations from two altitudinal gradients in Norway. Demography simulations indicated that populations within the two gradients are connected by gene flow (0.1 < 4Nem < 11) and have small effective population sizes (Ne < 6,000), suggesting that both migration and drift can counteract local selection. However, the three-year field experiments showed evidence of local adaptation at the level of hierarchical multi-year fitness, attesting to the strength of differential selection. In the lowland habitat, local superiority was associated with greater fecundity, while viability accounted for fitness differences in the alpine habitat. We also demonstrate that flowering time differentiation has contributed to adaptive divergence between these locally adapted populations. Our results show that despite the estimated potential of gene flow and drift to hinder differentiation, selection among these A. lyrata populations has resulted in local adaptation.
Data from: Disentangling the roles of natural selection and genetic drift in shaping variation at MHC immunity genes
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) forms an integral component of the vertebrate immune response, and, due to strong selection pressures, is one of the most polymorphic regions of the entire genome. Despite over 15 years of research, empirical studies offer highly contradictory explanations of the relative roles of opposing evolutionary forces, selection and genetic drift, acting on MHC genes during population bottlenecks. Here, we take a meta-analytical approach to quantify the results of studies into the effects of bottlenecks on MHC polymorphism. We show that the consequences of selection acting on MHC loci prior to a bottleneck event, combined with drift during the bottleneck, will result in overall loss of MHC polymorphism that is approximately 15% greater than loss of neutral genetic diversity. These results are counter to general expectations that selection should maintain MHC polymorphism, but do agree with the results of recent simulation models and at least two empirical studies. Notably, our results suggest that negative frequency-dependent selection could be more important than overdominance for maintaining high MHC polymorphism in pre-bottlenecked populations.
Data of manuscript'The Effects of Storm-enhanced Zonal Ion Drifts and Plasmaspheric Heat Flux on Middle-Latitude Ionospheric Trough'
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Data from: Evolution of drift robustness in small populations
Most mutations are deleterious and cause a reduction in population fitness known as the mutational load. In small populations, weakened selection against slightly-deleterious mutations results in an additional fitness reduction. Many studies have established that populations can evolve a reduced mutational load by evolving mutational robustness, but it is uncertain whether small populations can evolve a reduced susceptibility to drift-related fitness declines. Here, using mathematical modeling and digital experimental evolution, we show that small populations do evolve a reduced vulnerability to drift, or 'drift robustness'. We find that, compared to genotypes from large populations, genotypes from small populations have a decreased likelihood of small-effect deleterious mutations, thus causing small-population genotypes to be drift-robust. We further show that drift robustness is not adaptive, but instead arises because small populations can only maintain fitness on drift-robust fitness peaks. These results have implications for genome evolution in organisms with small effective population sizes.
Ocean eddy kinetic energy at 1000 m depth estimated from Argo drift data from July 1997 to December 2015
<p><strong>Eddy kinetic energy at 1000 dbar depth estimated from Argo drift data from July 1997 to December 2015</strong><br><br>These are the data used to draw Fig.1 of Katsumata (2017b).<br>Argo drift data from YoMaHa (Lebedev et al. 2017) is averaged<br>in a quasi-circle with a radius of 300 km, deformed to follow<br>bathymetry, and deviation from the average is our eddy here.<br><br>Detail of the method is found in Katsumata (2017a).<br><br><a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-16-0150.1">Katsumata (2017a)</a><br><a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-16-0150.1">Katsumata (2017b)</a><br>Lebedev, K., H. Yoshinari, N. A. Maximenko, and P. W. Hacker,<br> (2007) YoMaHa’07: Velocity data assessed from trajectories of<br> Argo floats at parking level and at the sea surface. IPRC Tech.<br> Note 4, 16 pp.<br> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-16-0150.1">http://apdrc.soest.hawaii.edu/projects/yomaha/</a></p> <p> </p>
Data from: Gene flow and genetic drift in urban environments
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Data from: Model and test in a fungus of the probability that beneficial mutations survive drift
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Data from: Reduced lifespan and increased ageing driven by genetic drift in small populations
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Data from: Genetic drift in antagonistic genes leads to divergence in sex-specific fitness between experimental populations of Drosophila melanogaster
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Data from: Genetic drift or natural selection? Hybridization and asymmetric mitochondrial introgression in two Caribbean lizards (Anolis pulchellus and Anolis krugi)
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Data from: Genetic drift during the spread phase of a biological invasion
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Data from: Local adaptation and ecological differentiation under selection, migration and drift in Arabidopsis lyrata
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Data from: Smaller is better: drift in gaze measurements due to pupil dynamics
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Data from: Translational selection frequently overcomes genetic drift in shaping synonymous codon usage patterns in vertebrates
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Data from: The effects of drift and selection on latitudinal genetic variation
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Data from: Comparing fitness and drift explanations of Neanderthal replacement
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