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Fig. 1. A in A new species of water vole from the Early Pleistocene of Southern Europe

Fig. 1. A. General situation of the Atapuerca localities in the Iberian Peninsula. B. A map depitcing the main karstic system of the Atapuerca Hill, and the main two sets of localities: the Trinchera del Ferrocarril or La Trinchera localities, where the Sima del Elefante belongs; and the Cueva Mayor−Sima de los Huesos system. Note that Sima del Elefante could be an ancient opening to the Cueva Mayor−Galería Baja karstic tunnel.

Fig. 10 in A new species of water vole from the Early Pleistocene of Southern Europe

Fig. 10. Cladogram of fossil and extant arvicoline species related with Arvicola jacobaeus sp. nov. from the Lower Pleistocene, Sima del Elefante levels TE9–TE13. The cladistic analysis has been performed using PAST; to find the shortest tree we use the branch and bound algorithm and the Fitch character optimisation criteria, and 1000 bootstrap replicates (Hammer et al. 2001). The number of Most Parsimonious Tree is one, the tree length 22, the Consistency Index 0.7273, and the Retention Index 0.6. The Bremer support or Decay Index has not been analysed.

Fig. 5 in A new species of water vole from the Early Pleistocene of Southern Europe

Fig. 5. Occlusal view of the right mandible with m1, m2, m3 of the cricetid rodent Arvicola jacobaeus sp. nov. from Sima del Elefante level TE 13. Holotype (ATA04 TE13 H31 1150−1160, MPZ 2008/380).

Fig. 2 in A new species of water vole from the Early Pleistocene of Southern Europe

Fig. 2. Geologic profile and lithostratigraphic units (TE7 to TE21) of the cave deposits of the Sima del Elefante locality, in the Trinchera del Ferrocarril of Sierra de Atapuerca Hill. Below the trench (Trinchera) level there are nearly 6 m of unearthed sediments, though levels TE8 and TE7 were sampled in the north trench perforation during the field campaign of 1996. The floor of the cave was identified by the presence of a 40−cm thick limestone layer in the north drill. Underneath the limestone layer, a distinct set of sediments was found, which was interpreted to represent the infill of a cavity from a lower karst floor. Two strata have been distinguished: the uppermost, composed of clay, small clasts (1–2 cm), and manganese oxide; the lowermost, with rounded quartzite pebbles, is interpreted as part of a terrace of the Arlanzón River left into the cave. Modified from Huguet Pàmies 2007.

Fig. 7 in A new species of water vole from the Early Pleistocene of Southern Europe

Fig. 7. Occlusal views (except some root or basal views) of isolated teeth of the cricetid rodent Arvicola jacobaeus sp. nov. from Sima del Elefante level TE9. A. Right m1 (TE9 1 1997 MPZ 2008/343). B. Left m1 (TE9 1 1998 MPZ 2008/344). C. Left m1 (TE9 s/n 1998 MPZ 2008/372). D. Right lower m2 (tooth in mandible with the m1 of A) E. Left lower m2 (tooth in mandible with the m1 of B). F. Right lower m3 (TE9 1 1998 MPZ 2008/345). G. Left M1 (TE9 s/n 1998 MPZ 2008/374) H. Left M1 (TE9 s/n 1998 MPZ 2008/376). I. Root view of left M1 (TE9 s/n 1998 MPZ 2008/375). J. Left M2 (TE9 s/n 1998 MPZ 2008/377). K. Root view of right M3 (TE9 1 1998 MPZ 2008/346). L. Detail of the incipient root development in the M3 in K. M. Left M3 (TE9 1 1997 MPZ 2008/342). Abbreviations: L, total length; W, total width; P, posterior length; 2,3, triangles 2,3. The arrow in L shows the thicker enamel and the closening of the crown in basal view.

Fig. 3 in A new species of water vole from the Early Pleistocene of Southern Europe

Fig. 3. Synthetic column showing the lithostratigraphic units of the north section of the Sima del Elefante site, labelled TE (levels TE7 to TE19). Levels that correspond to the Lower Red Unit, TE−LRU are TE7 to TE14. Units TE20 to TE22 do not outcrop here, but in the southern section (see Fig. 2). Black arrow points to level TE9 from which the recently discovered human remains were retrieved, and where the burial dating, based on the radioactive decay of cosmogenics, has been calculated (Carbonell et al. 2008). The small arvicoline mandible points to the level (TE13) where the holotype of Arvicola jacobaeus sp. nov. was found. The figure has been modified from Carbonell et al. (2008).

Fig. 6 in A new species of water vole from the Early Pleistocene of Southern Europe

Fig. 6. Medial view of the right mandible with i1, m1, m2, m3 of the cricetid rodent Arvicola jacobaeus sp. nov. from Sima del Elefante level TE 13. Holotype (ATA04 TE13 H31 1150−1160, MPZ 2008/380). The photograph was made during the field campaign of 2005 by Javier Trueba.

FIG. 6. — Marginella seguenzai n in On the last occurrence of Marginella Lamarck, 1799 (Gastropoda, Marginellidae) in the Mediterranean: description of a new species from the Early Pleistocene and paleoceanographic implications

FIG. 6. — Marginella seguenzai n. sp.: shells with a fifth false plication (arrows): A, poorly developed fifth plication; B, well developed fifth plication. Scale bar: 2 mm.

FIG. 5. — Marginella seguenzai n in On the last occurrence of Marginella Lamarck, 1799 (Gastropoda, Marginellidae) in the Mediterranean: description of a new species from the Early Pleistocene and paleoceanographic implications

FIG. 5. — Marginella seguenzai n. sp.: A-C, holotype, H 9.3 mm (MZB60202); D, paratype 1, H 10.6 mm (MZB60203); E-G, paratype 2, H 9.7 mm (MZB60203); H, I, paratype 3, H 9.0 mm (MZB60203); J, paratype 4, H 8.4 mm (MBMPRC); L, paratype 5, H 11.8 mm (MBMPRC). Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 4 in On the last occurrence of Marginella Lamarck, 1799 (Gastropoda, Marginellidae) in the Mediterranean: description of a new species from the Early Pleistocene and paleoceanographic implications

FIG. 4. — PCA based on harmonic decomposition of shell outline: plane PCA1-PCA2. Identification numbers as in Figure 2

FIG. 3. — D in On the last occurrence of Marginella Lamarck, 1799 (Gastropoda, Marginellidae) in the Mediterranean: description of a new species from the Early Pleistocene and paleoceanographic implications

FIG. 3. — D vs H scatter plot and fitting mean-squares line. Inset shows the normal probability plot for H/D.

FIG. 7 in On the last occurrence of Marginella Lamarck, 1799 (Gastropoda, Marginellidae) in the Mediterranean: description of a new species from the Early Pleistocene and paleoceanographic implications

FIG. 7. — Marginella colomborum (Bozzetti,1995), Josephine Bank, Seamount 1 Exp., St. DW37, 255-270 m, 36°42N, 14°18W, 4 Oct. 1988 (MNHN): A-C, H 10.0 mm; D, H 9.8 mm. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 2 in On the last occurrence of Marginella Lamarck, 1799 (Gastropoda, Marginellidae) in the Mediterranean: description of a new species from the Early Pleistocene and paleoceanographic implications

FIG. 2. — Sample of 36 shells used for morphometry and shape analysis, with identification number. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 1. — A in On the last occurrence of Marginella Lamarck, 1799 (Gastropoda, Marginellidae) in the Mediterranean: description of a new species from the Early Pleistocene and paleoceanographic implications

FIG. 1. — A, Map of the Messina Strait; B, location of the outcrop; C, schematic stratigraphy of the outcrop (asterisk indicates the sampled bed). Abbreviations:see text.

FIG. 5 in Pannonictis nestii (Galictinae, Mustelidae), a new element in the vertebrate association of the human site of Pirro Nord (Italy, Early Pleistocene)

FIG. 5. — Scatter diagram of hemimandibles of different specimens. Measures (in mm) taken at M 1 level. Measurements of Pannonictis nestii (Martelli, 1906) holotype, P. nestii from Pietrafitta are from Rook (1995). Measurements of P. cf. nestii from Atapuerca are from García & Howell (2008). Measurements of P. pilgrimi Kormos, 1933 and P. pliocaenica Kormos, 1931 are from Kormos (1931, 1933- 1934). Measurements of P. pachygnatha (Teilhard de Chardin & Piveteau, 1930) are from Teilhard de Chardin & Pivetau (1930).

FIG. 3. — A, B in Pannonictis nestii (Galictinae, Mustelidae), a new element in the vertebrate association of the human site of Pirro Nord (Italy, Early Pleistocene)

FIG. 3. — A, B, Pannonictis nestii (Martelli, 1906), holotype: left hemimandible (IGF 916) from Upper Valdarno in lingual (A) and labial (B) views; C-G, Pannonictis nestii from Pirro 10: left hemimandible (PU 120257) in lingual (C) and labial (D) views; juvenile right hemimandible (PU 126946; reversed pictures) in lingual (E), occlusal (F) and labial (G) views; H-P, Pannonictis nestii from Pirro 10: H, I, left lower canine (PU 118847) in lingual (H) and labial (I) views; J, K, right lower canine (PU 118848) in lingual (J) and labial (K) views; L, M, right upper canine (PU 118846) in lingual (L) and labial (M) views; N-P, left P4 (PU 120242) in labial (N), lingual (O) and occlusal (P) views. Scale bars: 10 mm. Photos of elements A and B, courtesy of Saulo Bambi (Museo di Storia Naturale, Firenze).

FIG. 4 in Pannonictis nestii (Galictinae, Mustelidae), a new element in the vertebrate association of the human site of Pirro Nord (Italy, Early Pleistocene)

FIG. 4. — Pannonictis nestii (Martelli, 1906) from Pirro 10, left humerus (PU 129095) in anterior (A), posterior (B), lateral (C) and medial (D) views. Scale bars: 10 mm.

FIG. 2 in Pannonictis nestii (Galictinae, Mustelidae), a new element in the vertebrate association of the human site of Pirro Nord (Italy, Early Pleistocene)

FIG. 2. — View of the Dell'Erba quarry (A) and details on the Pirro 10 fissure (B) during the excavation campaign of 2007; the hemimandible of Pannonictis nestii (Martelli, 1906) still in the sediment before removing (C, white arrow).

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FIG. 10 in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations

FIG. 10. — Percentages of the amphibians and squamate reptiles from Almenara-Casablanca-3 grouped together by climatic and environmental affinities. We have considered here some typical Mediterranean species suggesting "warm" climatic conditions (Blanus cinereus and Chalcides bedriagai), high-lying areas species suggesting "fresher" climatic conditions (cf. Discoglossus, Bufo bufo, Natrix natrix, Vipera latasti), some aquatic or water edges species (cf. Discoglossus and Pelophylax perezi), species suggesting a some environmental humidity (cf. Discoglossus, Pelodytes punctatus, B. bufo, B. cinereus, Ch. bedriagai, N. natrix), species suggesting a dry (small lacertids, Rhinechis scalaris, Malpolon monspessulanus and V. latasti) or arid environment (Pelobates cultripes), species suggesting a wooded landscape (cf. Discoglossus, P. punctatus, B. bufo, B. cinereus, Ch. bedriagai and N. natrix) and finally species suggesting a more open landscape (P. cultripes and V. latasti).