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196 results for “Echinoderms”
Potential evolutionary trade-off between feeding and stability in Cambrian cinctan echinoderms
<p>Reconstructing the function and behaviour of extinct groups of echinoderms is problematic because there are no modern analogues for their aberrant body plans. Cinctans, an enigmatic group of Cambrian echinoderms, exemplify this problem: their asymmetrical body plan differentiates them from all living species. Here, we used computational fluid dynamics to analyse the functional performance of cinctans without assuming an extant comparative model. Three-dimensional models of six species from across cinctan phylogeny were used in computer simulations of water flow. The results demonstrate that cinctans with strongly flattened bodies produced much less drag than species characterized by dorsal protuberances or swellings, suggesting the former were more stable on the seafloor. However, unlike the flattened forms, cinctans with high-relief bodies were able to passively direct flow towards the mouth and associated food grooves, indicating that they were capable of more efficient feeding on particles suspended in the water. This study provides evidence of a previously unknown evolutionary trade-off between feeding and stability in Cambrian cinctan echinoderms.</p>
Mitogenomes reveal alternative initiation codons and lineage-specific gene order conservation in echinoderms
<p>Sample information, gene alignments and concatenated matrix</p>
Data from: Cambrian cinctan echinoderms shed light on feeding in the ancestral deuterostome
Reconstructing the feeding mode of the latest common ancestor of deuterostomes is key to elucidating the early evolution of feeding in chordates and allied phyla; however, it is debated whether the ancestral deuterostome was a tentaculate feeder or a pharyngeal filter feeder. To address this, we evaluated the hydrodynamics of feeding in a group of fossil stem-group echinoderms (cinctans) using computational fluid dynamics. We simulated water flow past three-dimensional digital models of a Cambrian fossil cinctan in a range of possible life positions, adopting both passive tentacular feeding and active pharyngeal filter feeding. The results demonstrate that an orientation with the mouth facing downstream of the current was optimal for drag and lift reduction. Moreover, they show that there was almost no flow to the mouth and associated marginal groove under simulations of passive feeding, whereas considerable flow towards the animal was observed for active feeding, which would have enhanced the transport of suspended particles to the mouth. This strongly suggests that cinctans were active pharyngeal filter feeders, like modern enteropneust hemichordates and urochordates, indicating that the ancestral deuterostome employed a similar feeding strategy.
Data from: An edrioasteroid from the Silurian Herefordshire Lagerstätte of England reveals the nature of the water vascular system in an extinct echinoderm
Echinoderms are unique in having a water vascular system with tube feet, which perform a variety of functions in living forms. Here, we report the first example of preserved tube feet in an extinct group of echinoderms. The material, from the Silurian Herefordshire Lagerstätte, UK, is assigned to a new genus and species of rhenopyrgid edrioasteroid, Heropyrgus disterminus. The tube feet attach to the inner surface of compound interradial plates and form two sets, an upper and a lower, an arrangement never reported previously in an extant or extinct echinoderm. Cover plates are absent and floor plates are separated creating a large permanent entrance to the interior of the oral area. The tube feet may have captured food particles that entered the oral area and/or enhanced respiration. The pentameral symmetry of the oral surface transitions to eight columns in which the plates are vertically offset resulting in a spiral appearance. This change in symmetry may reflect flexibility in the evolutionary development of the axial and extraxial zones in early echinoderm evolution.
Data from: Evolutionary implications of a new transitional blastozoan echinoderm from the mid Cambrian of Czech Republic
The primitive blastozoan Felbabkacystis luckae n. gen. n. sp. is described from the Drumian Jince Formation, Barrandian area (Czech Republic) based on eleven fairly well-preserved specimens. Its unique body plan organization is composed of a relatively long stalk-like imbricate structure directly connected to the aboral imbricate cup of the test and of an adoral vaulted tessellate test supporting the ambulacral and brachiolar systems. Its bipartite test, called prototheca, highlights the evolution of the body wall among blastozoans. Felbabkacystis n. gen. shows the combination of plesiomorphic (imbricate stalk-like appendage) and derived features (highly domed peristome, elongate epispires). The new genus is interpreted as a transitional form between calyx-bearing and theca-bearing blastozoans, and is attributed to the new Family Felbabkacystidae. The lithology, the associated fauna and the possession of a long stalk suggest that Felbabkacystis was probably a low-level suspension feeder in relatively deep settings.
Effects of embryo energy, egg size and larval food supply on the development of asteroid echinoderms
Organisms have limited resources available to invest in reproduction, causing a tradeoff between the number and size of offspring. One consequence of this tradeoff is the evolution of disparate egg sizes and, by extension, developmental modes. In particular, echinoid echinoderms (sea urchins and sand dollars) have been widely used to experimentally manipulate how changes in egg size affect development. Here we test the generality of the echinoid results by 1) using laser ablations of blastomeres to experimentally reduce embryo energy in the asteroid echinoderms (sea stars), Pisaster ochraceus and Asterias forbesi and 2) comparing naturally produced, variably-sized eggs (1.7 fold volume difference between large and small eggs) in A. forbesi. In P. ochraceus and A. forbesi there were no significant differences between juveniles from both experimentally reduced embryos and naturally produced eggs of variable size. However, in both embryo reduction and egg size variation experiments, simultaneous reductions in larval food had a significant and large effect on larval and juvenile development. These results indicate that 1) food levels are more important than embryo energy or egg size in determining larval and juvenile quality in sea stars and 2) the relative importance of embryo energy or egg size to fundamental life history parameters (time-to and size-at metamorphosis), does not appear to be consistent within echinoderms.
The Echinoderms of Panama (echinoderms LD): The Echinoderms of Panama (243) DwCA
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FIGS 2–16 in A preliminary account of the shallow-water echinoderms of Rodrigues, Mauritius, western Indian Ocean
FIGS 2–16. (2) Stephanometra indica (# RGS/Jeremy Neech). (3) Gomophia watsoni (# RGS/Jeremy Neech). (4) 'Asterina' sp. 1. (M. Richmond). (5) 'Asterina' sp. 2. (M. Richmond). (6) Ophiocoma brevipes (# RGS/Jeremy Neech). (7) Ophiocoma dentata (# RGS/Jeremy Neech). (8). Microcyphus maculatus (M. Richmond). (9) Bohadschia sp. 1 (M. Richmond). (10). Bohadschia sp. 2 (# RGS/Jeremy Neech). (11)?Bohadschia sp. 3 (# RGS/Jeremy Neech). (12) Holothuria impatiens s. s. (# RGS/Jeremy Neech). (13) Holothuria impatiens bicolor. (# RGS/Jeremy Neech). (14) Holothuria impatiens concolor. (# RGS/Jeremy Neech). (15) Psolidium ornatum (# RGS/Jeremy Neech). (16) Plesiocolochirus dispar (# RGS/Jeremy Neech).
Supplementary data for: A Silurian (Homerian) pelmatozoan echinoderm fauna from west-central Ohio
<p>A diverse echinoderm fauna lived in reef and non-reef Silurian facies of the upper Midwestern United States. However, these faunas are dominantly preserved in dolostones with fossils preserved only as molds and casts, and fossils from dolostone facies have not been documented to the extent of Silurian crinoids in non-dolostone strata. Herein, an echinoderm fauna is described from the dolostones of the Cedarville Member of the Laurel Limestone (Wenlock, Homerian) from the Pepcon Quarry in west-central Ohio. The described fauna contains blastoids, hemicosmitoids, and crinoids, including <em>Troosticrinus</em> <em>subcylindricus</em> (Hall and Whitfield, 1875); <em>Caryocrinites</em> sp.; an unidentifiable diplobathrid camerate, <em>Periechocrinus</em> <em>tennesseensis</em> (Hall and Whitfield, 1875); <em>Periechocrinus</em> <em>egani</em>? Miller, 1881; <em>Stiptocrinus</em> <em>farringtoni</em> (Slocom, 1908); <em>Calliocrinus</em> <em>primibrachialis</em> Busch, 1943; <em>Calliocrinus</em> <em>popplemani</em> n. sp.; <em>Calliocrinus</em> <em>hadros</em> n. sp.; and <em>Lecanocrinus</em> sp. Generic concepts for the Eucalyptocrinitidae are clarified; and, surprisingly, Eucalyptocrinites is absent from this fauna.</p>
Potential evolutionary trade-off between feeding and stability in Cambrian cinctan echinoderms
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Data from: Echinoderm phylogeny including Xyloplax, a progenetic asteroid
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Data from: An edrioasteroid from the Silurian Herefordshire Lagerstätte of England reveals the nature of the water vascular system in an extinct echinoderm
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Data from: An echinoderm Lagerstätte from the Upper Ordovician (Katian), Ontario: taxonomic re-evaluation and description of new dicyclic camerate crinoids
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Data from: Cambrian cinctan echinoderms shed light on feeding in the ancestral deuterostome
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Effects of embryo energy, egg size and larval food supply on the development of asteroid echinoderms
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Data from: Evolutionary implications of a new transitional blastozoan echinoderm from the mid Cambrian of Czech Republic
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Supplementary data for: A Silurian (Homerian) pelmatozoan echinoderm fauna from west-central Ohio
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Figure 7 from: Vanegas González MJ, Borrero-Pérez GH (2020) First records and new information on the associations of echinoderms with other phyla in the rocky reefs of northern Chocó, Colombian Pacific. ZooKeys 921: 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.921.32802
Figure 7 AHolothuria impatiens (right) and Encheliophis vermicularis (left) B Close up of E. vermicularis. Scale bars: 8 mm (A), 5 mm (B).
Figure 6 from: Vanegas González MJ, Borrero-Pérez GH (2020) First records and new information on the associations of echinoderms with other phyla in the rocky reefs of northern Chocó, Colombian Pacific. ZooKeys 921: 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.921.32802
Figure 6 AEchineulima cf. robustaBDiadema mexicanum (INV EQU4292) with three specimens of Echineulima cf. robusta. Scale bars: 2 mm (A), 4 mm (B).
Figure 5 from: Vanegas González MJ, Borrero-Pérez GH (2020) First records and new information on the associations of echinoderms with other phyla in the rocky reefs of northern Chocó, Colombian Pacific. ZooKeys 921: 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.921.32802
Figure 5 Epibionts on Eucidaris thouarsii spines A Bryozoans BSuberites aff. ficusCOphiothela mirabilisD close up to O. mirabilis collected from E. thouarsii spine.
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