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2,586 results for “Gradients”
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: microbial biomass and activity at climate gradient plots, 2010-2012
In October 2010, as part of a study of the relationships between snow depth, soil freezing and nutrient cycling (http://www.ecostudies.org/people_sci_groffman_snow_summary.html), we established 6 20 x 20 m plots (intensive plots) and 14 10 x 10-m plots (extensive plots) following an elevation gradient, with eight of the plots facing north and twelve facing south. Seasonal (spring, summer autumn) measurements of soil nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) concentrations, microbial biomass carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content, microbial respiration, potential nitrification and N mineralization rates, and denitrification potential occurred from 2010 – 2012. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Hourly soil oxygen, moisture and temperature across soil depths and an elevation gradient in the Bear Brook watershed; 2018-2019
Denitrification is potentially a significant process of soil nitrogen removal from the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) ecosystem. Its magnitude and variation can depend on physical conditions within the soil, particularly oxygen concentration, moisture, and temperature. This dataset contains continuous measurement of soil oxygen, moisture and temperature near the biogeochemical reference Watershed 6 at (HBEF). Data were collected from Campbell Scientific CR1000 dataloggers with sensors installed at 3 depths, each at a soil horizon transition and at an hourly time interval. The timeframe of the dataset is 1 year starting in July 2018 and ending in July 2019. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Resource Gradient Study Management at the Kellogg Biological Station, Hickory Corners, MI (2000 to 2020)
Dataset Abstract The log of the resource gradient study agronomic management. A “browsable” interface to the aglog is available at https://aglog.kbs.msu.edu original data source http://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datasets/110
SNE01 Species richness, community evenness (Evar) and ANPP effects of nitrogen addition across a gradient of 8 levels in a semi-arid shortgrass steppe and a mesic tallgrass prairie, 2014-2018
This dataset contains the first five years (2014-2018) of the effect of nitrogen addition on species richness, species evenness (Evar) and productivity for a long-term nitrogen addition gradient experiment in two North American grasslands: a semi-arid shortgrass steppe and a mesic tallgrass prairie. Fertilization with time-release urea has been on-going since 2014 in a gradient of eight levels: 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 g/m-2. The effect of nitrogen on richness, evenness and Aboveground Net Primary Productivity (ANPP g/m-2 yr) is calculated as the absolute change in value from control plots to treatment plots within each block.
Substrate Induced Respiration (SIR) from 26 sites across vegetation community gradient in and near sensor network, 2017
In alpine ecosystems, small-scale variations in topography determine the spatial and temporal “patchiness” of snow accumulation, snowmelt, vegetation, and biological activity. In the Niwot Ridge Long-term Ecological Research Program VII proposal, Suding and colleagues specifically articulate a need to determine how asynchronous responses across a landscape affect catchment-scale export of water and nutrients in the context of changing climate (H4). Accordingly, we must develop an understanding of how asynchronous responses in patch-scale behavior including microbial activity and decomposition are connected hydrologically, how they aggregate at the catchment scale, and how those relationships may change in the future. To address this, we measured substrate induced respiration (SIR; analogous to microbial biomass) from alpine tundra soils at 26 locations across a soil moisture and corresponding vegetation community composition gradient that included NWT sensor network nodes 6 through 21 in the Saddle stream catchment. These data help to constrain interactions between patch-scale alpine biogeochemical and hydrological processes over space and time.
Elevation gradient plant species composition data for A1, B1, C1, D1, 1953 - 1996.
Plant species presence and abundance (Kooiman and Korb data) were recorded at four stands along an elevational gradient in the Front Range of Colorado. Each stand location was determined by Dr. John Marr. The Marr species data were recorded from at least 12 3ft x 3ft plots located in the corners of his 66ft x 66ft tree quadrats. Only species presence was recorded, not abundance. The Kooiman and Lindhart as well as the Korb data were collected from 50 85cm x 100cm plots which were systematically located within a sampling strip measuring 2m x 100m. Plots were located every two meters alternating left and right of the sampling strip. Species present in the strip but not in the plots were recorded by Kooiman as well as Korb. Species names in this data set are from Weber and Wittman 1996; the Marr and Kooiman datasets were updated using Weber and Wittman's list.
Biome Transition Along Elevational Gradients in New Mexico (SEON) AmeriFlux Data (2007- )
The varied topography and large elevation gradients that characterize the arid and semi-arid Southwest create a wide range of climatic conditions - and associated biomes - within relatively short distances. This creates an ideal experimental system in which to study the effects of climate on ecosystems. Such studies are critical givien that the Southwestern U.S. has already experienced changes in climate that have altered precipitation patterns (Mote et al. 2005), and stands to experience dramatic climate change in the coming decades (Seager et al. 2007; Ting et al. 2007). Climate models currently predict an imminent transition to a warmer, more arid climate in the Southwest (Seager et al. 2007; Ting et al. 2007). Thus, high elevation ecosystems, which currently experience relatively cool and mesic climates, will likely resemble their lower elevation counterparts, which experience a hotter and drier climate. In order to predict regional changes in carbon storage, hydrologic partitioning and water resources in response to these potential shifts, it is critical to understand how both temperature and soil moisture affect processes such as evaportranspiration (ET), total carbon uptake through gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (Reco), and net ecosystem exchange of carbon, water and energy across elevational gradients.We are using a sequence of six widespread biomes along an elevational gradient in New Mexico -- ranging from hot, arid ecosystems at low elevations to cool, mesic ecosystems at high elevation to test specific hypotheses related to how climatic controls over ecosystem processes change across this gradient. We have an eddy covariance tower and associated meteorological instruments in each biome which we are using to directly measure the exchange of carbon, water and energy between the ecosystem and the atmosphere. This gradient offers us a unique opportunity to test the interactive effects of temperature and soil moisture on ecosystem proce
Geographical gradients of genetic diversity and differentiation among the southernmost marginal populations of Abies sachalinensis revealed by EST-SSR polymorphism
Research Highlights: We detected the longitudinal gradients of genetic diversity parameters, such as the number of alleles, effective number of alleles, heterozygosity, and inbreeding coefficient, and found that these might be attributable to climatic conditions, such as temperature and snow depth. Background and Objectives: Genetic diversity among local populations of a plant species at its distributional margin has long been of interest in ecological genetics. Populations at the distribution center grow well in favorable conditions, but those at the range margins are exposed to unfavorable environments, and the environmental conditions at establishment sites might reflect the genetic diversity of local populations. This is known as the central-marginal hypothesis in which marginal populations show lower genetic variation and higher differentiation than do central populations. In addition, genetic variation in a local population is influenced by phylogenetic constraints and the population history of selection under environmental constraints. In this study, we investigated this hypothesis in relation to Abies sachalinensis, a major conifer species in Hokkaido. Materials and methods: A total of 1,189 trees from 25 natural populations were analyzed using 19 EST-SSR loci. Results: The eastern populations; namely, those in the species distribution center, showed greater genetic diversity than did the western peripheral populations. Another important finding is that the southwestern marginal populations were highly differentiated from the other populations. Conclusions: These differences might be due to genetic drift in the small and isolated populations at the range margin. Therefore, our results indicated that the central-marginal hypothesis held true for the southernmost A. sachalinensis populations in Hokkaido.
Influence of Paleolithic Range Contraction, Admixture and Long-Distance Dispersal on Genetic Gradients of Modern Humans in Asia
<p>Each folder is identified according to the scenario, and contains another folder with the input files (files *.txt, *.par, *.sam, *.asc) to simulate it, the corresponding simulated genetic data (files *.arp) and the derived PC maps (files *.png). A file with the locations of the samples is also included (coord.txt).</p> <p>* Pure Paleolithic expansion * <br> The folder “Paleo” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a pure Paleolithic expansion, ignoring the range contraction induced by the LGM and LDD events.</p> <p>* Pure Paleolithic expansion considering the range contraction induced by the LGM * <br> The folder “Paleo_REC” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a pure Paleolithic expansion suffering the range contraction induced by the LGM.</p> <p> * Pure Paleolithic expansion considering long-distance dispersal (LDD) events * <br> The folder “Paleo_LDD” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a pure Paleolithic expansion considering LDD events. </p> <p>* Paleolithic expansion followed by two Neolithic expansions (IR=0) from Middle East and East Asia considering the range contraction induced by the LGM * <br> The folder “Paleo2NeoIR0_REC” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a Paleolithic expansion followed by two Neolithic expansions (IR=0) from Middle East and later from East Asia suffering the range contraction induced by the LGM. </p> <p>* Paleolithic expansion followed by two Neolithic expansions (IR=0) from Middle East and East Asia considering LDD events * <br> The folder “Paleo2NeoIR0_LDD” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a Paleolithic expansion followed by two Neolithic expansions from Middle East and later from East Asia considering LDD events. </p> <p>* Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0) from Middle East considering the range contraction induced by the LGM * <br> The folder “Paleo_MiddleEastNeoIR0_REC” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansions (IR=0) from Middle East suffering the range contraction induced by the LGM. </p> <p>* Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0) from East Asia considering the range contraction induced by the LGM * <br> The folder “Paleo_EastAsiaNeoIR0_REC” contains the input files (INFILES) and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0) from East Asia suffering the range contraction induced by the LGM. </p> <p>* Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0) from Middle East considering LDD events * <br> The folder “Paleo_MiddleEastNeoIR0_REC” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansions (IR=0) from Middle East considering LDD events. </p> <p>* Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0) from East Asia considering LDD events * <br> The folder “Paleo_EastAsiaNeoIR0_REC” contains the input files (INFILES) the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0) from East Asia considering LDD events. </p> <p>* Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0.04) from Middle East considering the range contraction induced by the LGM * <br> The folder “Paleo_MiddleEastNeoIR004_REC” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0.04) from East Asia suffering the range contraction induced by the LGM. </p> <p>* Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0.04) from East Asia considering the range contraction induced by the LGM * <br> The folder “Paleo_EastAsiaNeoIR0_REC” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansions (IR=0.04) from East Asia suffering the range contraction induced by the LGM. </p> <p>* Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0.04) from Middle East considering LDD events * <br> The folder “Paleo_MiddleEastNeoIR004_REC” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0.04) from East Asia considering LDD events. </p> <p>* Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0.04) from East Asia considering LDD events * <br> The folder “Paleo_EastAsiaNeoIR0_REC” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansions (IR=0.04) from East Asia considering LDD events.</p>
Data from: Occupancy patterns and upper range limits of lowland Bornean birds along an elevational gradient
<p>Aim: The traditional view of species' distributions is that they are less abundant near the edges of their ranges and more abundant toward the center. Testing this pattern is difficult because of the complexity of distributions across wide geographical areas. An alternative strategy, however, is to measure species' distributional patterns along elevational gradients. We applied this strategy to examine whether lowland forest birds are indeed less common near their upper range limits on a Bornean mountain, and tested co-occurrence patterns among species for potential causes of attenuation, including signatures of habitat selection and competition at the periphery of their ranges.</p> <p>Location: Mt. Mulu, Borneo</p> <p>Taxon: Rain forest birds Methods: We surveyed lowland forest birds on Mt. Mulu (2,376 m), classified their elevation-occupancy distributions using Huisman – Olff – Fresco (HOF) models, and examined co-occurrence patterns of species pairs for signatures of shared habitat patches and interspecific competition.</p> <p>Results: For 39 of 50 common species, occupancy was highest at sea level then gradually declined near their upper range edges, in keeping with a 'rare periphery' hypothesis. With respect to habitat selection, lowland species do not appear to cluster together at sites of patchy similar habitat near their upper range limits; neither are most lowland species segregated from potential montane competitors where ranges overlap.</p> <p>Main conclusions: High relative abundance at sea level implies that species inhabit 'truncated niches' and are not currently near the limits of their fundamental niche, unless unknown critical response thresholds exist. However, indirect effects of increasing temperature predicted under climate change scenarios could still influence lower range limits of lowland species indirectly by altering habitat, precipitation regimes, and competitive interactions. The lack of non-random co-occurrence patterns implies that patchy habitat and simple pairwise species interactions are unlikely to be responsible for upper range limits in most species; diffuse competition across diverse rain forest bird communities could still play a role.</p>
Figure 1 in Terrestrial isopods and myriapods in a forested scree slope: subterranean biodiversity, depth gradient and annual dynamics
Figure 1. Distribution of Isopoda, Diplopoda and Chilopoda along the depth gradient of the scree slope expressed as the total number of individuals trapped in two sampling periods (November 2008–November 2009; November 2009–July 2010).
Crack channelling mechanisms in brittle coating systems under moisture or temperature gradients.
<p>Crack channelling is predicted in a brittle coating-substrate system that is subjected to a moisture or temperature gradient in the thickness direction. Competing failure scenarios are identified, and are distinguished by the degree to which the coating-substrate interface delaminates, and whether this delamination is finite or unlimited in nature. Failure mechanism maps are constructed, and illustrate the sensitivity of the active crack channelling mechanism and associated channelling stress to the ratio of coating toughness to interfacial toughness, to the mismatch in elastic modulus and to the mismatch in coefficient of hygral or thermal expansion. The effect of the ratio of coating to substrate thickness upon the failure mechanism and channelling stress is also explored. Closed-form expressions for the steady-state delamination stress are derived, and are used to determine the transition value of moisture state that leads to unlimited delamination. Although the results are applicable to coating-substrate systems in a wide range of applications, the study focusses on the prediction of cracking in historical paintings due to indoor climate fluctuations, with the objective of helping museums developing strategies for the preservation of art objects. For this specific application, crack channelling with delamination needs to be avoided under all circumstances, as it may induce flaking of paint material. In historical paintings, the substrate thickness is typically more than ten times larger than the thickness of the paint layer; for such a system, the failure maps constructed from the numerical simulations indicate that paint delamination is absent if the delamination toughness is larger than approximately half of the mode I toughness of the paint layer. Further, the transition between crack channelling with and without delamination appears to be relatively insensitive to the mismatch in the elastic modulus of the substrate and paint layer. The failure maps developed in this work may provide a useful tool for museum conservators to identify the allowable indoor humidity and temperature fluctuations for which crack channelling with delamination is prevented in historical paintings.</p>
Discrete flow cytometry of underway samples from the Gradients 2019 cruise using a BD Influx Cell Sorter
<p>The dataset consists of BD Influx-based analysis of phytoplankton populations from discrete flow cytometry data collected underway during the Gradients 2019 (Gradients 3/KM1906) oceanographic research cruise in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. The analysis includes cell abundance, forward light scatter, and pigment fluorescence of individual cells, including picoeukaryotes and the cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus. Time is in UTC format, latitude and longitude are in decimal degrees, and depth is in meters. Further information can be found here: https://github.com/fribalet/FCSplankton</p>
Discrete flow cytometry from the Gradients 2019 cruise using a BD Influx Cell Sorter
<p>The dataset consists of BD Influx-based analysis of phytoplankton populations and heterotrophic bacteria from discrete flow cytometry data collected during the Gradients 2019 (Gradients 3/KM1906) oceanographic research cruise in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. The analysis includes cell abundance, forward light scatter, and pigment fluorescence of individual cells, including bacteria, picoeukaryotes, and the cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus. Time is in UTC format, latitude and longitude are in decimal degrees, and depth is in meters. Further information can be found here: https://github.com/fribalet/FCSplankton</p>
Dataset related to publication "Heating of hip joint implants in MRI: the combined effect of radiofrequency and switched-gradient fields"
<p>The datasets reported in the figures of the article "Heating of hip joint implants in MRI: the combined effect of radiofrequency and switched-gradient fields" by Alessandro Arduino, Umberto Zanovello, Jeff Hand, Luca Zilberti, Rüdiger Brühl, Mario Chiampi and Oriano Bottauscio, accepted for publication to Magnetic Resonance Imaging on Dec. 9th, 2020. A link to the article will be given after its final publication.</p>
Unravelling the modus operandi of phytosiderophores during zinc uptake in rice: the importance of geochemical gradients and accurate stability constants
<p>Dataset for figures in the article 'Unravelling the modus operandi of phytosiderophores during zinc uptake in rice: the importance of geochemical gradients and accurate stability constants'.</p>
Data from: Optimizing Coastal Restoration with the Stress Gradient Hypothesis
Restoration efforts have been escalating worldwide in response to widespread habitat degradation. However, coastal restoration attempts notoriously vary in their ability to establish resilient, high-functioning ecosystems. Conventional restoration attempts disperse transplants in competition-minimizing arrays, yet recent studies suggest that clumping transplants to maximize facilitative, intraspecific interactions improves restoration success. Here, we modify the Stress Gradient Hypothesis to generate predictions about where each restoration design will perform best across environmental stress gradients. We then test the model by combining measurements of physical stress with a field experiment manipulating transplant density and configuration across coastal dune elevational zones and latitudes. In hurricane-damaged Georgia (USA) dunes, grass transplanted in competition-minimizing (low-density, dispersed) arrays exhibited the highest growth, resilience to disturbance, and dune formation in low stress conditions. In contrast, facilitation-maximizing (high-density, clumped) arrays exhibited the highest survivorship in high stress conditions. Transplant survival was significantly lower on Massachusetts compared to Georgia dunes, suggesting there are thresholds above which intraspecific facilitation cannot overcome local stressors. Thus, switching from competition-minimizing to facilitation-maximizing transplant designs with increasing environmental stress can improve multiple metrics of restoration success, suggesting our modified Stress Gradient Hypothesis offers a roadmap for how to rebuild resilient, high-functioning coastal ecosystems.
Supporting data for "Mammalian species abundance across a gradient of tropical land-use intensity: A hierarchical multi-species modelling approach"
<p>Combined camera trap and live trap dataset underlying the analyses in a Biological Conservation paper (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.05.007), provided in .csv format. This spatially- and temporally-replicated dataset is suitable for occupancy modelling.</p> <p>The first 3 columns in the dataset are:</p> <p>1) Trap location name – old-growth forest, logged forest and oil palm plantation locations have the prefixes "Old", "Log" and "Palm", respectively</p> <p>2) Sampling occasion number – camera trap and live trap occasions have the prefixes “Lvtrap” and “Ctrap”, respectively, and are defined in the paper</p> <p>3) Calendar year in which sampling took place (most locations were sampled in > 1 calendar years)</p> <p>Following these 3 columns, there are 66 columns for each of the mammal species detected during the study (species common names are used). The values for each species represent the number of independent captures, as defined in the paper. This can be reduced to detection/non-detection data (zeroes and ones), if needed, for occupancy modelling.</p>
Data for "Enhancing Versus Suppressive Effects of Sediment-Induced Density Gradients on Estuarine Lateral Circulation"
<p>The NetCDF files contain model output for experiments A–E from both the ENH and SUP series.</p> <p>The txt file provides the data sources referenced in Table A1.</p>
Code outputs and figures from "Efficient high-resolution refinement in cryo-EM with stochastic gradient descent"
<p>Code outputs and figures for the numerical experiments on preconditioned SGD for cryo-EM reconstruction for reproducing the results in the article:</p> <blockquote> <p><a title="doi" href="https://doi.org/10.1107/S205979832500511X" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code><em>Efficient high-resolution refinement in cryo-EM with stochastic gradient descent</em>.</code></a></p> <p><em>Bogdan Toader, Marcus A. Brubaker, Roy R. Lederman</em></p> <pre>Acta Crystallographica Section D, 2025</pre> </blockquote> <p>The outputs are obtained by running the Jupyter notebooks in the <em>notebooks/preconditioned_sgd</em> directory in the GitHub repository (release v0.2):</p> <blockquote> <p><a title="github link" href="https://github.com/bogdantoader/simplecryoem">https://github.com/bogdantoader/simplecryoem</a></p> </blockquote> <div>The particle images used for these experiments can be downloaded from <a title="empiar-10076 link" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/empiar/EMPIAR-10076">EMPIAR-10076</a> and require inverting the contrast. The file containing the pose variables and CTF parameters is the <em>particles_file/my_particles_8.star </em>file in the attached archive.</div>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.