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168 results for “Headwater streams”
FIGURE 2. Astyanax pirabitira, UFRGS 4861, 81.0 in A new species of Astyanax from headwater streams of southern Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae)
FIGURE 2. Astyanax pirabitira, UFRGS 4861, 81.0 mm SL, paratype. Upper and lower jaw teeth, right side, medial view. Scale bars = 1 cm.
Freshwater crab abundances in headwater streams (Monteverde, Costa Rica)
<p>We used capture-mark-recapture methods (CMR) to quantify <em>Ptychophallus tumimanus </em>(Pseudothelphusidae) freshwater crab populations across 20 headwater stream sites spanning a range of land uses, including forest reserves and an urban center in Monteverde, Costa Rica. </p> <p>We conducted the CMR survey from June to August 2018. At each site, two people collected crabs from riffles (fast-flowing, shallow areas) and runs. We sampled by conducting a visual search and turning over rocks, positioning a D-net downstream in areas with swift flow. We also searched for crabs under emergent rocks located on sand bars and stream banks. Pools were not sampled due to difficulty of catching crabs in deep areas with low visibility. We sampled crabs between 0800 and 1600 h. Surveys were time-limited to a minimum of 30 min, but sometimes extended to 45 min to account for crab handling time and to keep search time similar among sites (i.e., when large numbers of crabs were encountered, requiring increased handling time, we extended the survey duration to 45 min). The total sampled reach length varied among sites due to differences in numbers of crabs, habitat accessibility, and variations in stream width (longer reaches were sampled for narrower streams). We conducted the CMR surveys over three consecutive days at each site and sampled the same reach length each day. Over this short time interval, crab populations were assumed to be closed to immigration, emigration, recruitment, and mortality. </p> <p>All crabs were individually marked by using a drop of Loctite super glue to attach a piece of Rite in the Rain paper with a unique number to the middle of the carapace. A coat of quick-dry clear nail polish was applied on top of each glued number and allowed to dry prior to release. Crabs were released at random locations within the sampled reach. On the second and third sampling days at each site, we manually sampled crabs, recorded individuals with tags, marked newly caught individuals, and redistributed them throughout the sampled reach. </p> <p>We quantified a set of local environmental variables at each site: elevation, water temperature, conductivity, substrate type, wetted width, depth, stream velocity, pH, and % canopy cover. We estimated site-specific crab abundance and density using hierarchical Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo models and estimated the effects of potential covariates (elevation, water temperature, conductivity, % cobble, mean substrate size, channel width, depth, stream velocity, pH, % canopy cover) on crab abundances across sites. </p>
2022 Hydrological, chemical, and biological assessment of two New Mexico headwater streams
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Data from: The effect of agriculture on the seasonal dynamics and functional diversity of benthic biofilm in tropical headwater streams
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Data from: Landscape configuration alters spatial arrangement of terrestrial-aquatic subsidies in headwater streams
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2024 Hydrological, chemical and biological assessment of two New Mexico headwater streams
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Data from: A before-and-after assessment of patch-burn grazing and riparian fencing along headwater streams
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Stream-breeding salamander use of headwater stream networks in managed forests of western Washington, USA
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Fig. 5 in Effects of deforestation on headwater stream fish assemblages in the Upper Xingu River Basin, Southeastern Amazonia
Fig. 5. Diagram of Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) relating 29 fish species (blue letters), 11 environmental variables (black vectors), and 9 sampling sites each in first-order forest streams (solid green circles) and deforested stream reaches (open red circles) in the Upper Xingu River Basin. Species that had only one (singletons), two (doubletons), or three individuals collected were included in the analysis but are not displayed for improved visualization. Environmental variable marked with * was the strongest predictor of fish assemblage's structure. FBOM = fine benthic organic matter; CBOM = coarse benthic organic matter; Ami = Aequidens michaeli; Amu = Astyanax multidens; Api = Apistogramma sp.; Bra = Brachyglanis sp.; Cro = Crenicichla rosemariae; Etr = Eigenmannia trilineata; Gro = Gymnorhamphichthys rondoni; Gca = Gymnotus cf. carapo; Hac = Hisonotus acuen; Hel = Helogenes marmoratus; Hle = Hypopygus lepturus; Hlo = Hyphessobrycon loweae; Hma = Hoplias malabaricus; Hmu = Hyphessobrycon mutabilis; Hsp = Hyphessobrycon sp.; Hun = Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus; Mme = Melanorivulus megaroni; Mco = Moenkhausia collettii; Mph = Moenkhausia phaeonota; Pam = Pamphorichthys sp.; Pau = Pyrrhulina australis.
Fig. 4 in Effects of deforestation on headwater stream fish assemblages in the Upper Xingu River Basin, Southeastern Amazonia
Fig. 4. NMDS diagram of the taxonomic structure of fish assemblages in forest (n=9; green solid circles and polygon) and deforested (n=9; red open circles and polygon) stream reaches in the Upper Xingu River Basin. Analysis based on the Bray– Curtis distances of 29 fish species log(x+1)-transformed catch-per-unit-effort. Vectors are species with significant loadings on NMDS axes 1 and 2, and point in the direction of increasing abundance (number of individuals). A. michaeli = Aequidens michaeli; A. multidens = Astyanax multidens; H. marmoratus = Helogenes marmoratus; M. megaroni = Melanorivulus megaroni; M. phaeonota = Moenkhausia phaeonota.
Fig. 1 in Effects of deforestation on headwater stream fish assemblages in the Upper Xingu River Basin, Southeastern Amazonia
Fig. 1. Location of study area and sampling sites. The inset shows the location of Tanguro Ranch in the southeastern region of the Amazonian Arc of Deforestation, with green representing closed canopy forests, yellow representing deforested areas and uncolored areas representing native savannas. From South to North, streams sampled are APPM, APP2A, APP2, TAN1, TAN2, and TAN3. See the text for details.
Fig. 3 in Effects of deforestation on headwater stream fish assemblages in the Upper Xingu River Basin, Southeastern Amazonia
Fig. 3. Individual-based rarefaction curves calculated for fish assemblages collected in forest (n=9) and deforested (n=9) stream reaches in the Upper Xingu River Basin. Colored areas represent 95% confidence intervals.
Fig. 2 in Effects of deforestation on headwater stream fish assemblages in the Upper Xingu River Basin, Southeastern Amazonia
Fig. 2. Catch-per-unit-effort for fishes in forest (n=9) and deforested (n=9) first-order stream reaches in the Upper Xingu River Basin. a. Abundance; b. Biomass; c. Richness. Boxes define the 25th, 50th (median) and 75th percentiles, whiskers represent the 10th and 90th percentiles. P-values calculated using univariate PerMANOVA.
Figure 1. A in Intense inhabitation and relaxed host-leaf preference of aquatic chironomid leaf-miners in headwater streams in Asian lucidophyllous forests
Figure 1. A map showing sampling sites in the Japanese Island Arc. Triangles, sites where leafmines were not found; circles, sites where leaf-mines were found (S1–S11). Northern limit of lucidophyllous forests is also shown.
Riparian forests can mitigate warming and ecological degradation of agricultural headwater streams
<p>1. Riparian forests are commonly advocated as a key management option to mitigate the effects of agriculture on headwater stream biodiversity and ecosystem functions. However, the benefits of riparian forests might be reduced by uninterrupted catchment-scale pollution.</p> <p>2.We studied the effects of riparian land use on multiple ecological endpoints in headwater streams in an agricultural landscape. We studied stream habitat characteristics, water temperature and algal accrual, and macrophyte, benthic macroinvertebrate and fish communities in 11 paired forested and open agricultural headwater stream reaches that differed in their extent of riparian forest cover but had similar water quality.</p> <p>3. Hydromorphological habitat quality was higher in forested reaches than in open reaches. Riparian forest had a strong effect on the summer water temperature regime, with maximum and mean water temperatures and temperature variation in forested reaches substantially lower than in open reaches.</p> <p>4. Macrophyte communities differed between forested and open reaches. The mean abundance of bryophytes was higher in forested reaches but the difference to open reaches was only marginally significant, whereas graminoids were significantly more abundant in open reaches. Within-stream dissimilarity of benthic macroinvertebrate community structure was significantly related to the difference in riparian land use between reach pairs. The relative DNA sequence abundance of pollution-sensitive EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera) species tended to be higher in forested reaches than in open reaches. Finally, fish densities were not significantly different between forested and open reaches, although densities were higher in forested reaches.</p> <p>5. This unequivocal evidence for the ecological benefits of forested riparian reaches in agricultural headwater streams suggests that riparian forest can partly mitigate the adverse impacts of agricultural diffuse pollution on biota. The strong effect of forests on stream water temperature suggest that riparian forest could also mitigate harmful effects on headwater stream biodiversity and ecosystem functions of the predicted more frequent high summer temperatures. </p>
Data from: Solute and sediment export from Amazon forest and soybean headwater streams
Intensive cropland agriculture commonly increases streamwater solute concentrations and export from small watersheds. In recent decades, the lowland tropics have become the world's largest and most important region of cropland expansion. Although the effects of intensive cropland agriculture on streamwater chemistry and watershed export have been widely studied in temperate regions, their effects in tropical regions are poorly understood. We sampled seven headwater streams draining watersheds in forest (n=3) or soybeans (n=4) to examine the effects of soybean cropping on stream solute concentrations and watershed export in a region of rapid soybean expansion in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso. We measured stream flows and concentrations of NO3-, PO43-, SO42-, Cl-, NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Al3+, Fe3+ and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) biweekly to monthly to determine solute export. We also measured stormflows and stormflow solute concentrations in a subset of watersheds (2 forest, 2 soybean) during 2 to 3 storms, and solutes and δ18O in groundwater, rainwater and throughfall to characterize watershed flowpaths. Concentrations of all solutes except K+ varied seasonally in streamwater, but only Fe3+ concentrations differed between land uses. The highest streamwater and rainwater solute concentrations occurred during the peak season of wildfires in Mato Grosso, suggesting that regional changes in atmospheric composition and deposition influence seasonal stream solute concentrations. Despite no concentration differences between forest and soybean land uses, annual export of NH4+, PO43-, Ca2+, Fe3+, Na+, SO42-, DOC and TSS were significantly higher from soybean than forest watersheds (5.6-fold mean increase). This increase largely reflected a 4.3-fold increase in water export from soybean watersheds. Despite this increase, total solute export per unit watershed area (i.e. yield) remained low for all watersheds (<1 kg NO3- N/ha/yr, <2.1 kg NH4+-N/ha/yr, <0.2 kg PO43--P/ha/yr, <1.5 kg Ca2+/ha/yr). Responses of both streamflows and solute concentrations to crop agriculture appear to be controlled by high soil hydraulic conductivity, groundwater-dominated hydrologic flowpaths on deep soils, and the absence of nitrogen fertilization. To date, these factors have buffered streams from the large increases in solute concentrations that often accompany intensive croplands in other locations.
Figure 1 in Length-weight and length-length relationships of 10 fish species from headwater streams of the lower Iguassu River basin, Brazil
Figure 1. Sampled streams in the Iguassu River basin, Brazil: 1) São José Stream, 2) Lageado Stream, 3) Pedregulho Stream, 4) Rio do Salto Stream, 5) Arroio Passo Liso Stream, 6) Iapu Stream, 7) Três Barras Stream, 8) Aparecida Stream and 9) Caçula Stream. PR, Paraná State; SC, Santa Catarina State; RS, Rio Grande do Sul State.
Seasonal variation in the strength of interference competition among headwater stream predators
<p>1. Vertebrate communities in headwater streams are assumed to be regulated through competitive and predatory interactions. Although documented predation is rare, studies regularly report competitive dominance by fish that, as larger competitors reliant on aquatic habitat, exclude semi-aquatic salamanders to marginal stream habitat. However, it is unclear whether fish interact with stream-breeding salamanders through indirect effects such as, competition for resources (e.g., food or cover) or fear (i.e., threat of predation) nor is it known whether these interactions are consistent through time.</p> <p>2. This study used a novel caging approach to determine if competitive outcomes between a headwater fish and salamanders were regulated primarily through resource depletion (exploitative competition) or behavioural avoidance (interference competition).</p> <p>3. We paired banded sculpin (<i>Cottus carolinae</i>) and larval red salamanders (<i>Pseudotriton ruber</i>) of similar body size in independent flow through mesocosms with intra- and inter-specific pairs allowed to interact physically or non-physically. The experiment was repeated in the fall and in the spring when stream salamander larvae begin to transform into terrestrial juveniles.</p> <p>4. Banded sculpin negatively influenced growth of red salamanders regardless of whether they were allowed to physically interact, suggesting interference competition and behavioural avoidance. This asymmetrical effect was strongest in the spring when salamanders underwent metamorphosis at higher rates in the presence of fish. However, in the fall, the effects were more balanced between the two species with salamanders impacting fish through exploitative competition.</p> <p>5. By studying the temporal relationships between two competitors and using a caging method novel to competition studies, we established that the outcomes of competition are dependent on season and may vary in type relative to the timing of life history events. For this community, these results suggest that outcomes of competition are highly dependent on season and could indicate a biotic mechanism maintaining headwater salamander distributions through source-sink dynamics. Our results also suggest that, in this species interaction, it may be unwarranted to assume that the outcomes of competition at one time represent the complex relationships regulating community interactions.</p>
Streamwater dissolved organic carbon, discharge, temperature and precipitation electrical conductivity time series and associated site information for eight European headwater streams.
<p>This dataset (in Microsoft Excel format) provides the underlying data described in the Science Advances paper, "Long-term rise in riverine dissolved organic carbon concentration is predicted by electrolyte solubility theory", by D.T. Monteith, P.A. Henrys, J.Hruška, H.A. de Wit, P. Krám, F. Moldan, M. Posch, A. Räike, J.L. Stoddard, E.M. Shilland, M.G. Pereira & C.D. Evans, It includes the following spreadsheets: 1) A "<strong>readme</strong>" page providing the information above; 2) <strong>Site data</strong>. including site physical attributes and information on data sources; 3) <strong>Temporal smoothing</strong>. Detailing the temporal smoothers applied to the electrical conductivity and air temperature data for modelling purposes; and 4) <strong>Input data</strong>. Multi-decadal time series of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations for a range of intensively monitored headwater streams, together with data for the following variables used to model DOC, i.e. associated stream discharge measurements, and temporally averaged precipitation electrical conductivity and air temperature data. </p>
Stream and groundwater dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations along a boreal headwater
<p>Dataset supporting the manuscript entitled "Groundwater flow paths drive longitudinal patterns of stream dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in boreal landscapes" published in Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. The following datasets are available:</p> <ul> <li><strong>df_Q.csv and error_Q.csv: </strong>observed discharge in l/s at gauging stations C5 and C6 (Figure 1; main manuscript) and assumed normally distributed errors for Q<sub>c5</sub> and Q<sub>c6</sub> </li> <li><strong>df_Q_gw_diff.csv, df_Q_gw_uca.csv:</strong> calculated groundwater discharge in l/s corresponding to equations (2) and (3) in the main manuscript</li> <li><strong>df_channel.csv: </strong>channel characteristics between gauging stations C5 and C6</li> <li><strong>sampling_actions.csv:</strong> sampling action ID's and corresponding dates</li> <li><strong>df_DOC_stream.csv, df_DOC_stream_prsd.csv:</strong> stream DOC concentrations in mg/l, and associated percent standard deviation (prsd)</li> <li><strong>df_DOC_gw.csv, df_DOC_gw_prsd.csv:</strong> groundwater DOC concentrations in mg/l, and associated percent standard deviation (prsd)</li> </ul>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.