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608 results for “Heat stress”
The tepary bean genome provides insight into evolution and domestication under heat stress
<p>Tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolis A. Gray), native to the Sonoran Desert, is highly adapted to heat and drought. It is a sister species of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), the most important legume protein source for direct human consumption, and whose production is threatened by climate change. Analysis of the tepary genome revealed mechanisms for resilience to moderate heat stress and a reduced disease resistance gene repertoire, consistent with adaptation to arid, hot environments. Extensive collinearity and shared gene content among these Phaseolus species will facilitate engineering climate adaptation in common bean, a key food security crop, and accelerate tepary bean improvement.</p>
Data from: Loggerhead sea turtle embryos (Caretta caretta) regulate expression of stress-response and developmental genes when exposed to a biologically realistic heat stress
Oviparous reptile embryos are expected to breach their critical thermal maxima if temperatures reach those predicted under current climate change models due to the lack the maternal buffering processes and parental care. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are integral in the molecular response to thermal stress, and their expression is heritable, but the roles of other candidate families such as the heat shock factors (HSFs) have not been determined in reptiles. Here we subject embryonic sea turtles (Caretta caretta) to a biologically realistic thermal stress and employ de novo transcriptomic profiling of brain tissue to investigate the underlying molecular response. From a reference transcriptome of 302,293 transcripts, 179 were identified as differentially expressed between treatments. As anticipated, genes enriched in the heat shock treatment were primarily associated with the Hsp families, or were genes whose products play similar protein editing and chaperone functions (e.g. bag3, MYOC and serpinh1). Unexpectedly, genes encoding the HSFs were not significantly upregulated under thermal stress, indicating their presence in unstressed cells in an inactive state. Genes that were downregulated under thermal stress were less well functionally defined but were associated with stress response, development, and cellular organization, suggesting that developmental processes may be compromised at realistically high temperatures. These results confirm that genes from the Hsp families play vital roles in the thermal tolerance of developing reptile embryos, and in addition with a number of other genes, should be targets for evaluating the capacity of oviparous reptiles to respond adaptively to the effects of climate change.
Data from: Heat stress affects facultative symbiont-mediated protection from a parasitoid wasp
Many insects carry facultative bacterial symbionts, which provide benefits including resistance to natural enemies and abiotic stresses. Little is known about how these beneficial phenotypes are affected when biotic or abiotic threats occur simultaneously. The pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) can host several well-characterized symbiont species. The symbiont known as X-type can protect against both parasitoid wasps and heat stress. Here, we used three pea aphid genotypes that were naturally infected with X-type and the symbiont Spiroplasma sp. We compared aphids coinfected with these two symbionts with those cured from X-type and infected with only Spiroplasma to investigate the ability of X-type to confer benefits to the host when two threats are experienced simultaneously. Our aim is to explore how robust symbiont protection may be outside a benign laboratory environment. Aphids were subjected to heat shock either before or after attack by parasitoid wasps. Under a benign temperature regime, the aphids carrying X-type tended to be better protected from the parasitoid than those cured. When the aphids experienced a heat shock before being parasitized aphids carrying X-type were more susceptible than those cured. Regardless of infection with the symbiont, the aphids benefitted from being heat shocked after parasitization. The results demonstrate how resistance to parasitoid wasps can be strongly environment-dependent and that a beneficial phenotype conferred by a symbiont under controlled conditions in the laboratory does not necessarily equate to a consistently useful effect in natural populations.
Data from: Adaptive evolution and divergent expression of heat stress transcription factors in grasses
Background: Heat stress transcription factors (Hsfs) regulate gene expression in response to heat and many other environmental stresses in plants. Understanding the adaptive evolution of Hsf genes in the grass family will provide potentially useful information for the genetic improvement of modern crops to handle increasing global temperatures. Results: In this work, we performed a genome-wide survey of Hsf genes in 5 grass species, including rice, maize, sorghum, Setaria, and Brachypodium, by describing their phylogenetic relationships, adaptive evolution, and expression patterns under abiotic stresses. The Hsf genes in grasses were divided into 24 orthologous gene clusters (OGCs) based on phylogeneitc relationship and synteny, suggesting that 24 Hsf genes were present in the ancestral grass genome. However, 9 duplication and 4 gene-loss events were identified in the tested genomes. A maximum-likelihood analysis revealed the effects of positive selection in the evolution of 11 OGCs and suggested that OGCs with duplicated or lost genes were more readily influenced by positive selection than other OGCs. Further investigation revealed that positive selection acted on only one of the duplicated genes in 8 of 9 paralogous pairs, suggesting that neofunctionalization contributed to the evolution of these duplicated pairs. We also investigated the expression patterns of rice and maize Hsf genes under heat, salt, drought, and cold stresses. The results revealed divergent expression patterns between the duplicated genes. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that neofunctionalization by changes in expression pattern and function following gene duplication has been an important factor in the maintenance and divergence of grass Hsf genes.
Data from: Adaptation to heat stress reduces phenotypic and transcriptional plasticity in a marine copepod
Organisms may respond to changing environments through phenotypic plasticity or adaptive evolution. These two processes are not mutually exclusive and may either dampen or strengthen each other's effects, depending on the genetic correlation between trait values and the slopes of their norms of reaction. To examine the effect of adaptation to heat stress on the plasticity of heat tolerance, we hybridized populations of the crustacean Tigriopus californicus that show divergent phenotypes for heat tolerance. We then selected for increased heat tolerance in hybrids and measured heat tolerance and the phenotypic plasticity of heat tolerance in both selected lines and unselected controls. To test whether the changes in phenotypic plasticity were associated with changes in the plasticity of gene expression, we also sequenced transcriptomes of selected and unselected lines, both under heat shock and at ambient temperatures. We observed increased heat tolerance in selected lines, but also lower phenotypic and transcriptional plasticity in response to heat stress. The plastic response to heat stress was highly enriched for hydrolytic and catalytic activities, suggesting a prominent role for degradation of misfolded proteins. Our findings have important implications for biological responses to climate change: if adaptation to environmental stress reduces plasticity, then plasticity and adaptive evolution will make overlapping, rather than additive contributions to buffering populations from environmental change.
Data from: Gene expression under chronic heat stress in populations of the mustard hill coral (Porites astreoides) from different thermal environments
Recent evidence suggests that corals can acclimatize or adapt to local stress factors through differential regulation of their gene expression. Profiling gene expression in corals from diverse environments can elucidate the physiological processes that may be responsible for maximizing coral fitness in their natural habitat and lead to a better understanding of the coral's capacity to survive the effects of global climate change. In an accompanying paper, we show that Porites astreoides from thermally different reef habitats exhibit distinct physiological responses when exposed to 6 weeks of chronic temperature stress in a common garden experiment. Here, we describe expression profiles obtained from the same corals for a panel of 9 previously reported and 10 novel candidate stress response genes identified in a pilot RNA-Seq experiment. The strongest expression change was observed in a novel candidate gene potentially involved in calcification, SLC26, a member of the solute carrier family 26 anion exchangers, which was down-regulated by 92-fold in bleached corals relative to controls. The most notable signature of divergence between coral populations was constitutive up-regulation of metabolic genes in corals from the warmer inshore location, including the gluconeogenesis enzymes pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and the lipid beta-oxidation enzyme acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Our observations highlight several molecular pathways that were not previously implicated in the coral stress response and suggest that host management of energy budgets might play an adaptive role in holobiont thermotolerance.
Data from: Heritable variation in heat shock gene expression: a potential mechanism for adaptation to thermal stress in embryos of sea turtles
The capacity of species to respond adaptively to warming temperatures will be key to their survival in the Anthropocene. The embryos of egg-laying species such as sea turtles have limited behavioural means for avoiding high nest temperatures, and responses at the physiological level may be critical to coping with predicted global temperature increases. Using the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) as a model, we used quantitative PCR to characterise variation in the expression response of heat shock genes (hsp60, hsp70, and hsp90; molecular chaperones involved in cellular stress response) to an acute non-lethal heat shock. We show significant variation in gene expression at the clutch and population levels for some, but not all hsp genes. Using pedigree information, we estimated heritabilities of the expression response of hsp genes to heat shock and demonstrated both maternal and additive genetic effects. This is the first evidence that the heat shock response is heritable in sea turtles and operates at the embryonic stage in any reptile. The presence of heritable variation in the expression of key thermotolerance genes is necessary for sea turtles to adapt at a molecular level to warming incubation environments.
Heat Stress Exposure Maps - Base Scenario 1986 - 2005: Berlin, Germany (Map-1)
<p>Heat Stress Exposure Maps - Base Scenario 1986 - 2005: Berlin, Germany</p> <p>Map-1 (zip.file) ref. to DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.45015</p> <p> </p>
Heat stress vulnerability and critical environmental limits for older adults
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data on mitochondrial respiratory function in skeletal muscle of adult male mice in response to 3-weeks heat stress
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Thermo-staat project citizen science indoor temperature and humidity measurements for researching heat stress in the Netherlands
<p>These datasets contains raw data collected within the Thermo-staat citizen science project per the full year.<br>The aim of the project was to get insight in heat stres and if this problem is subject to social inequality.<br>Measurements contain indoor temperature and humidity data. Sensors in the dataset are bound to different rooms in a home and have different periods of activity. Each sensor has metadata about the room/situation attached. The aim was to get most sensors active in the summer.<br>Measurements where not done at a constant frequency, depending on the connectivity sensors did send up to once every 20 seconds.</p> <p>More information on the project on the website of the <a href="https://thermo-staat.nl/">Thermo-staat project</a></p> <p>More infromation on the <a href="https://thermo-staat.nl/download">data</a> </p> <p>Live data collection <a href="https://thermo-staat.waag.org/api/status_all">status</a> </p>
GFDL-LM4-UCM_HEAT_STRESS_ATTRIBUTION
<p>The repository contains data used in the paper titled "Attributing the urban-rural contrast of heat stress simulated by a global model".</p> <p>If you have any questions, feel free to contact yueqin@bu.edu.</p>
Biological and physiological responses of Bradysia odoriphaga 4th instar larvae to long-term constant and fluctuating mild heat stress
<p>Global climate change can expose insects to high-temperature stress, including extreme and mild heat stress. For soil insects, mild heat stress is more common than extreme heat stress. High summer temperature is a key barrier for Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae), a devastating soil pest of vegetables in China. The 4th instar larvae possess the strongest thermal tolerance to high temperatures. To determine whether the 4th instar larvae of B. odoriphaga possess other adaptations to summer mild heat stress besides thermal plasticity, we evaluated the biological performance of 4th instar larvae under constant and fluctuating long-term mild heat stress. The physiological responses were studied including energy storage, hormone level, and expression of related genes. Bioassay results indicated that 4th instar larvae survived, without pupation, for more than 40 days under long-term mild heat stress (34°C). Combined with constant and fluctuating treatment, mild heat stress delayed larval development, reduced longevity, and reduced fecundity. However, a summer diapause-like phenomenon was observed, including larval development stasis under mild heat stress and a prolonged recovery time after mild heat stress. Protective physiological responses were involved in regulating the larval stage including accumulating fat and glycogen, a high level of juvenile hormone, and a low level of molting hormone. Also, high expression levels of hsp70 and hsp90 were detected. The delayed development of B. odoriphaga 4th instar larvae appears to be a special adaptation strategy to withstand mild heat stress in summer, and it is regulated by complex physiological processes.</p>
Warming in the land of the midnight sun: breeding birds may suffer greater heat stress at high- vs low-Arctic sites
<p>Rising global temperatures are expected to increase reproductive costs for wildlife as greater thermoregulatory demands interfere with reproductive activities. However, predicting the temperatures at which reproductive performance is negatively impacted remains a significant hurdle. Using a thermoregulatory polygon approach, we derived a reproductive threshold temperature for an Arctic songbird–the snow bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis). We defined this threshold as the temperature at which individuals must reduce activity to suboptimal levels (i.e., < 4-times basal metabolic rate) to sustain nestling provisioning and avoid overheating. We then compared this threshold to operative temperatures recorded at high (82°N) and low (64°N) Arctic sites to estimate how heat constraints translate into site-specific impacts on sustained activity level. We predict buntings would become behaviourally constrained at operative temperatures above 11.7°C, whereupon they must reduce provisioning rates to avoid overheating. Low Arctic sites had larger fluctuations in solar radiation, consistently producing daily periods when operative temperatures exceeded 11.7°C. However, high-latitude birds faced entire, consecutive days when parents would be unable to sustain required provisioning rates. These data indicate that Arctic warming is likely already disrupting the breeding performance of cold-specialist birds and suggests counterintuitive and severe negative impacts of warming at higher-latitude breeding locations.</p>
Data from: Worldwide analysis of reef surveys sorts coral taxa by associations with recent and past heat stress
<p>Data and scripts from the publication "Worldwide analysis of reef surveys sorts coral taxa by associations with recent and past heat stress". Read the readme.pdf document for details. </p>
Data from: Stress in native grasses under ecologically relevant heat waves
Future increases in the intensity of heat waves (high heat and low water availability) are predicted to be one of the most significant impacts on organisms. Using six native grasses from Eastern Australia, we assessed their capacity to tolerate heat waves with low water availability. We were interested in understanding differential response between native grasses of differing photosynthetic pathways in terms of physiological and some molecular parameters to ecologically relevant summer heat waves that are associated with low rainfall. We used a simulation heatwave event in controlled temperature cabinets and investigated effects of the different treatments on four stress indicators: leaf senescence, leaf water content, photosynthetic efficiency and the relative expression of two heat shock proteins, Hsp70 and smHsp17.6. Leaf senescence was significantly greater under the combined stress treatment, while declines in leaf water content and photosynthetic efficiency were much larger for C3 than C4 plants, particularly under the combined stress treatment. Species showed an increase in expression of Hsp70 associated with heat treatment, rather than drought stress. In contrast Hsp17.6 was only detected in two species, responding to heat rather than drought, although species' responses were variable. Overall, the C3 species were less tolerant than C4 species. Variation in individual plants within species was evident, especially under multiple stresses, and indicates that losses of individual plants may occur during a heat wave associated with this variability in tolerance. Heat waves will impose significant stress on plant communities that would not otherwise occur when heat and drought stress are experienced singly. Using ecologically relevant heat stress is likely to yield better predictability of how native plants will cope under a hotter, drier future.
Physiological responses of rosewoods Dalbergia cochinchinensis and D. oliveri under drought and heat stresses
<i>Dalbergia cochinchinensis</i> and <i>D. oliveri</i> are classified as vulnerable and endangered respectively in the IUCN Red List and under continued threat from deforestation and illegal harvesting for rosewood. Despite emerging efforts to conserve and restore these species, little is known of their responses to drought and heat stress, which are expected to increase in the Greater Mekong Subregion where the species co-occur and are endemic. In this study of isolated and combined drought and heat effects, we found that <i>D. oliveri</i> had an earlier stomatal closure and more constant midday water potential in response to increasing drought level, suggesting that <i>D. oliveri</i> is relatively isohydric while <i>D. cochinchinensis</i> is relatively anisohydric. Heat shock and drought had synergistic effects on stomatal closure. Our results indicate contrasting relationships in water relations, photosynthetic pigment levels and total soluble sugars. An increase in chlorophyll a was observed in <i>D. cochinchinensis</i> during drought and a concomitant increase in carotenoid content likely afforded protection against photo-oxidation. These physiological changes correlated with higher total soluble sugars in <i>D. cochinchinensis</i>. By contrast, <i>D. oliveri</i> avoided drought by reducing chlorophyll content and compromising productivity. Anisohydry and drought tolerance in <i>D. cochinchinensis</i> are adaptations which fit well with its ecological niche as a pioneering species with faster growth in young trees. We believe this understanding of the stress responses of both species will be crucial to their effective regeneration and conservation in degraded habitats and in the face of climate change.
data shown in manuscript "WRF-Comfort: Simulating micro-scale variability of outdoor heat stress at the city scale with a mesoscale model"
<blockquote> <p>data shown in manuscript "WRF-Comfort: Simulating micro-scale variability of outdoor heat stress at the city scale with a mesoscale model"</p> </blockquote>
Fig. 8 in Rosmarinic acid and hesperidin regulate gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, antioxidant system and the fatty acid biosynthesis-related gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana under heat stress
Fig. 8. The changes of the relative expression of WRI1 (A), BCCP2 (B), FAD2 (C), FAD3 (D) genes encoding after rosmarinic acid (RA, 100 μM) and/or hesperidin (HP, 100 μM) with/without heat stress (38 ◦C) in A. thaliana leaves. Multivariate data analyses of gene expression analysis under investigation.
Fig. 5 in Rosmarinic acid and hesperidin regulate gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, antioxidant system and the fatty acid biosynthesis-related gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana under heat stress
Fig. 5. The changes of the relative band intensity of different types of glutathione S-transferase activity isoenzymes (GST, A) and GST activity (B), and glutathione peroxidase activity (GPX, C) after rosmarinic acid (RA, 100 μM) and/or hesperidin (HP, 100 μM) with/without heat stress (38 ◦C) in A. thaliana leaves.
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