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277 results for “Heliconius”
FIGURE 134 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 134. Mávarez Hybrid #33 (dorsal, ventral). Venezuela: Táchira, San Cristobal, Jardín Botánico de Táchira, 1060m. Oct. 2003. Leg. J. Mávarez. Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as H cydno cordula (Fig. 127) x H. melpomene melpomene (Fig. 128) F1 backcross to H. cydno (presumably due to the missing hourglass element in the FW discal cell). Identity: 0.0
FIGURE 121 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 121. Hybrid #79 (dorsal, ventral). Colombia: Valle, Rio Dagua, 1969. Leg. L. Denhez? Mast de Maeght collection (RBINS). Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as a H. cydno weymeri f. "weymeri" (Fig. 116) x H. melpomene vulcanus (Fig. 102) F1 backcross to H. cydno, based on the partial expression of the yellow bar on the dorsal and ventral HW. See Hybrid #78 for explanation.
FIGURE 116. H. cydno weymeri Staudinger 1897 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 116. H. cydno weymeri Staudinger 1897 ("typical" form, dorsal, ventral). Colombia: Río Cauca valley. This race is polymorphic (see Fig. 118).
FIGURE 132 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 132. Mávarez Hybrid #31 (dorsal, ventral). Venezuela: Táchira, San Cristobal, Jardín Botánico de Táchira, 1060m. Oct. 2003. Leg. J. Mávarez. Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as H cydno cordula (Fig. 127) x H. melpomene melpomene (Fig. 128) F1 backcross to H. cydno (presumably due to the brick-red band distal to the yellow band on the FW).
FIGURE 90 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 90. Hybrid #56 (dorsal, ventral). Colombia: Boyacá, Otanche, 2001, Le Crom Collection. Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as a H. melpomene "{euryas}" (Fig. 73) x H. cydno cydno (Fig. 72) F1 backcross to H. cydno (see nomenclatural notes under Hybrid #41), due to the strongly expressed HW submarginal band. The brick-red distal forewing patch is the only "melpomene-like" character. The lack of detailed information about the circumstances under which the specimen was obtained (the supposed collector, J. Urbina, is followed by a question mark on the specimen's data label) and the fact that the Le Crom collection contains so many striking hybrids, suggests a commercial origin, and that the specimen may not have been collected in the wild.
FIGURE 82 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 82. Hybrid #49 (dorsal, ventral). Colombia: "Santa Fé de Bogotá," from the Rothschild Bequest to the NHMUK (1939). Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as a H. melpomene "{euryas}" (Fig. 73) x H. cydno cydno (Fig. 72) F1 (see nomenclatural notes under Hybrid #41). Specimen is very similar to #48, and additionally lacks plausible locality data.
FIGURE 92 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 92. Hybrid #58 (dorsal, ventral). Colombia: Boyacá, Otanche, Oct. 1985, leg. José Urbina? (see Hybrid #44). Le Crom Collection. Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as a H. melpomene "{euryas}" (Fig. 73) x H. cydno cydno (Fig. 72) F1 (see nomenclatural notes under Hybrid #41). Very similar to Hybrids #46 and #54, and could be an F1 between the two races indicated. However, as with the other Urbina specimens, the probability that the specimen was "wild caught" is low.
FIGURE 120 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 120. Hybrid #78 (dorsal, ventral). Colombia: Valle, Rio Dagua, 1969. Leg. L. Denhez. NMW (Holzinger collection?). Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as a H. cydno weymeri f. "weymeri" (Fig. 116) x H. melpomene vulcanus (Fig. 102) F1 backcross to H. cydno, based on the presence of the yellow bar on the HWV only. It is not immediately clear why this specimen could not be an intraspecific hybrid of H. cydno weymeri (Fig. 116) x H. cydno cydnides (Fig. 112), which meet in a well-studied hybrid zone in Valle del Cauca (cf. Linares 1997). Holzinger & Holzinger (1968) described several infrasubspecific forms of H. cydno that they obtained from Denhez via Gerstner (including forms "denhezi" and "gerstneri"), now deemed to be hybrids between these two H. cydno races (cf. Lamas & Jiggins 2017). Regardless of its identity, the commercial provenance diminishes the specimen's plausibility as a wild-caught hybrid.
FIGURE 81 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 81. Hybrid #48 (dorsal, ventral). Colombia, Muzo, 400–800m. 1907–1908, leg. Fassl. (Same data as Hybrid #43). Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as a H. melpomene "{euryas}" (Fig. 73) x H. cydno cydno (Fig. 72) F1 (see nomenclatural notes under Hybrid #41). Given the logic about F1 phenotypes discussed above (Hybrid #44), this specimen, #43 and #44 are very unlikely to all be F1 hybrid offspring of the same two races. Here, the HW submarginal band is completely absent on the dorsal surface and a shadow on the HWV. The shadow of the HWV subcostal band is again present. Neither of these is a feature of H. cydno cydno, casting doubt on the identity and/or locality of this specimen.
FIGURE 79 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 79. Hybrid #46 (dorsal, ventral). Colombia: "Santa Fé de Bogotá," 1907, leg. Donckler (NHMUK). There are a number of other Colombian butterflies in the NHMUK collected by Donckler and likely shipped to London from Bogotá. Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as a H. melpomene "{euryas}" (Fig. 73) x H. cydno cydno (Fig. 72) F1 (see nomenclatural notes under Hybrid #41). The faintness and proximal shift of the HW submarginal band on the dorsal surface is unlike other putative F1 crosses of these two races. Given the lack of specific locality data, it is difficult to interpret what this specimen is.
FIGURE 78 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 78. Hybrid #45 (dorsal, ventral). Colombia (no further data) (NHMUK). Syntype of H. rubellius Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1892. Interpreted by Ackery & Smiles (1976) as a hybrid between H. melpomene melpomene and H. cydno cydno. Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as a H. melpomene "{euryas}" (Fig. 73) x H. cydno cydno (Fig. 72) F1 (see nomenclatural notes under Hybrid #41). The faintness and proximal shift of the HW submarginal band on the dorsal surface is unlike other putative F1 crosses of these two races (but see F1 in Fig. 56). There appears to be a shadow of a subcostal band on the HWV that is reminiscent of that seen in H. cydno weymeri Staudinger, 1896, from the Cauca Valley, where no form of H. melpomene occurs. Given the lack of specific locality data, it is difficult to interpret what this specimen is.
FIGURE 77 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 77. Hybrid #44 (dorsal, ventral). Colombia: Boyacá, Otanche, 1986, leg. J. Urbina. From Neukirchen collection, now housed at FLMNH. Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as a H. melpomene "{euryas}" (Fig. 73) x H. cydno cydno ((Fig. 72) F1 (see nomenclatural notes under Hybrid #41). This specimen is quite similar to Hybrid #43, although the red band is composed of more brownish scales and the HWV submarginal band is very faint (but see F1 in Fig. 56). Presumably, F1 offspring of the same two parental races should be heterozygotes that exhibit a consistent pattern representing the dominant allele at each wing pattern locus. Thus, differences such as the breadth and faintness of the HW band as seen, for example, between this specimen and #43 are incompatible with both being F1s of the same two parental forms. The collector, José Urbina, is a Colombian lepidopterist whose specimens appear in the collections of Neukirchen, Schmidt-Mumm, Le Crom, as well as the commercial trade (e. g., http://www.ksl-auction.com/ auction.cgi?acc=disp&no=1482721588&t=1350171566). This is one of eleven interspecific hybrid specimens in the Mallet et al. (2007) database ostensibly collected by Urbina (also #50, 53, 54, 57–63). It is notable that the collection dates on these specimens span a period of more than 20 years (1980–2001), with only two of them being collected in the same year. When a single, at least some-time commercial collector manages to capture multiple interspecific hybrid novelties, all from the same place, over two decades, and nobody else seems to have visited this remarkable locality to investigate its "hybrid zone," it provokes a degree of skepticism regarding the specimens' authenticity as wild-caught hybrids. Given the law of supply and demand, the value of the specimens from a reared brood would be greater if they were sold individually, rather than all put on the market at once. Also, selling them one at a time would increase the plausibility of the narrative that they were "wild caught."
FIGURE 70 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 70. Hybrid #38 (dorsal, ventral). Ecuador: Ríobamba, "1931. leg. Joicey." This locality was likely the point of shipment to Europe, rather than the collection locality, as Riobamba is above 2700m in the Andes and therefore not Heliconius habitat. The specimen is likely another Richard Haensch specimen, sent to Stichel or Riffarth, which came to the NHMUK via the Joicey bequest in 1931. Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as H. melpomene cythera (Fig. 61) x H. cydno alithea (Fig. 62) F1 backcross to H. melpomene cythera, presumably on the basis of the white scales on the proximal edge of the forewing band. The yellow HWV stripe is also only faintly visible (an H. melpomene trait seen in intraspecific hybrid zones in eastern Panama). The pattern may be interpreted as Hybrid #33.
FIGURE 76 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 76. Hybrid #43 (dorsal, ventral). Colombia: Muzo, 400–800 m. 1907–1908, leg. Fassl. Holotype of H. emilius Weymer, 1912; Specimen housed in the NHMUK. Interpreted by Ackery & Smiles (1976) as a hybrid between H. melpomene melpomene and H. cydno cydno. Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as a H. melpomene "{euryas}" (Fig. 73) x H. cydno cydno (Fig. 72) F1 (see nomenclatural notes under #41). Anton H. H. Fassl was a collector/dealer who supplied butterflies and beetles to various European collectors. The specimen lacks the FW hourglass mark in the discal cell and the yellow/red band is shifted distally towards the wing tip. The red coloration is brighter than that of previous specimens. On the HWV, the posterior brown forceps mark is absent and the submarginal white band is partly suppressed. All of these features are similar to the lab-reared F1 shown in Fig. 56, suggesting that it is an F1.
FIGURE 71 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 71. Hybrid #39 (dorsal). Ecuador: Pichincha, San Miguel de los Bancos, 1993, leg. D. Kapan. Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as H. melpomene cythera (Fig. 61) x H. cydno alithea (Fig. 62) F1 backcross to H. melpomene cythera, presumably on the basis of the white scales on the proximal edge of the forewing band and white marginal spots on the forewing. The pattern may be interpreted the same as Hybrid #33. This specimen is notable as one of the few putative interspecific hybrids collected by a professional Heliconius biologist. Kapan collected a second specimen (Ecuador: Pichincha, El Padrino, 1994) (Hybrid #40) which Mallet et al. (2007) did not illustrate. Presumably it is similar to #39, and both are given the same scores here.
FIGURE 75 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 75. Hybrid #42 (dorsal, ventral—note that the dorsal image was digitally altered to smooth damage to the forewing margins). Colombia: Caldas, Victoria, 2 Jan.(?) 1966, leg. E. Schmidt-Mumm (IAvH). Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as a H. melpomene "{euryas}" (Fig. 73) x H. cydno cydno (Fig. 72) F1 backcross to H. cydno (see nomenclatural notes under #41). This specimen, also from the Magdalena Valley, is phenotypically very similar to Hybrid #41, except for the narrower HW band. The concern about Schmidt-Mumm labels indicated under Hybrid #14 applies here as well.
FIGURE 55. Heliconius melpomene rosina Boisduval, 1870 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 55. Heliconius melpomene rosina Boisduval, 1870 "typical" phenotype, dorsal and ventral surfaces. Costa Rica: Chirripo, Paso Marcos. (Image source https://cliniquevetodax.com/Heliconius/pages/melpomene%20rosina.html)
FIGURE 52 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 52. Hybrid #29 (dorsal, ventral). Costa Rica, Río Sarapiquí, 600m. 12 Feb. 1993. leg. M. Posla-Fuentes.
FIGURE 49 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 49. Hybrid #26 (dorsal, ventral). Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, Imbarie, 1963, leg. H. Ebert. Collection "Para" (Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi?). Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as an F1 of H. ethilla narcaea (Fig. 39) x H. besckei (Fig. 46). Heinz Ebert was a serious amateur lepidopterist from Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
FIGURE 46. H in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 46. H. besckei Ménétriés, 1857 (dorsal, ventral). Brazil. Note the red marginal stripe on HWV, which is the diagnostic character of this species. (image source: https://cliniquevetodax.com/Heliconius/pages/beskei.html)
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