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Text-fig. 10. Stratigraphic position of the Mikhailovka faunas and other faunas from the Central Russian Plain. in Late Pleistocene (Eemian) Mollusk And Small Mammal Fauna From Mikhailovka-5 (Kursk Oblast, Central Russia)

Text-fig. 10. Stratigraphic position of the Mikhailovka faunas and other faunas from the Central Russian Plain.

Text-fig. 6. Molars of Microtus from Mikhailovka-5. Microtus ex gr. agrestis LINNAEUS, 1761: a–l: M2, m–s: M3; Microtus (Terricola) ex gr. subterraneus (SELYS-LONGCHAMPS, 1836): t–z: m1, aa–ab: m2, ac–ag: M3. in Late Pleistocene (Eemian) Mollusk And Small Mammal Fauna From Mikhailovka-5 (Kursk Oblast, Central Russia)

Text-fig. 6. Molars of Microtus from Mikhailovka-5. Microtus ex gr. agrestis LINNAEUS, 1761: a–l: M2, m–s: M3; Microtus (Terricola) ex gr. subterraneus (SELYS-LONGCHAMPS, 1836): t–z: m1, aa–ab: m2, ac–ag: M3.

Text-fig. 2. Map of the Mikhailovka quarry. 1 – wall of the quarry, 2 – roads, 3 – position and number of sections. in Late Pleistocene (Eemian) Mollusk And Small Mammal Fauna From Mikhailovka-5 (Kursk Oblast, Central Russia)

Text-fig. 2. Map of the Mikhailovka quarry. 1 – wall of the quarry, 2 – roads, 3 – position and number of sections.

Text-fig. 1. Geographic setting of the locality Mikhailovka-5. a: map of the Russian Plain, b: map of the central part of the Russian Plain. in Late Pleistocene (Eemian) Mollusk And Small Mammal Fauna From Mikhailovka-5 (Kursk Oblast, Central Russia)

Text-fig. 1. Geographic setting of the locality Mikhailovka-5. a: map of the Russian Plain, b: map of the central part of the Russian Plain.

Text-fig. 5. Molars of Microtus ex gr. agrestis LINNAEUS, 1761 from Mikhailovka-5. a–l: m1, m–r: M1. in Late Pleistocene (Eemian) Mollusk And Small Mammal Fauna From Mikhailovka-5 (Kursk Oblast, Central Russia)

Text-fig. 5. Molars of Microtus ex gr. agrestis LINNAEUS, 1761 from Mikhailovka-5. a–l: m1, m–r: M1.

Text-fig. 4. Stratigraphic correlation of the five major fossil-bearing localities in the Mikhailovka quarry near Zheleznogorsk. 1 – loesses and soils, 2 – unlaminated loams, 3 – laminated loams, 4 – clays, 5 – sands, 6 – gravels, 7 – carbonate concretions, 8 – mollusk shells, 9 – small mammal remains, 10 – insect remains, 11 – plant macroremains. in Late Pleistocene (Eemian) Mollusk And Small Mammal Fauna From Mikhailovka-5 (Kursk Oblast, Central Russia)

Text-fig. 4. Stratigraphic correlation of the five major fossil-bearing localities in the Mikhailovka quarry near Zheleznogorsk. 1 – loesses and soils, 2 – unlaminated loams, 3 – laminated loams, 4 – clays, 5 – sands, 6 – gravels, 7 – carbonate concretions, 8 – mollusk shells, 9 – small mammal remains, 10 – insect remains, 11 – plant macroremains.

Text-fig. 8. Upper molars of Arvicola ex gr. sapidus MILLER, 1908 from Mikhailovka-5. a–d: M1, e–h: M2, i–q: M3. in Late Pleistocene (Eemian) Mollusk And Small Mammal Fauna From Mikhailovka-5 (Kursk Oblast, Central Russia)

Text-fig. 8. Upper molars of Arvicola ex gr. sapidus MILLER, 1908 from Mikhailovka-5. a–d: M1, e–h: M2, i–q: M3.

Text-fig. 3. Correlation of geological sections with Pleistocene deposits of the Mikhailovka quarry near Zheleznogorsk. 1 – modern and fossil soils, 2 – loess-like loam, 3 – sandy clay, 4 – aleurites, 5 – horizontally laminated clays, 6 – brown loams, 7 – blue clays and loams, 8 – sands, 9 – gravels, 10 – mollusk shells, 11 – small mammal remains. in Late Pleistocene (Eemian) Mollusk And Small Mammal Fauna From Mikhailovka-5 (Kursk Oblast, Central Russia)

Text-fig. 3. Correlation of geological sections with Pleistocene deposits of the Mikhailovka quarry near Zheleznogorsk. 1 – modern and fossil soils, 2 – loess-like loam, 3 – sandy clay, 4 – aleurites, 5 – horizontally laminated clays, 6 – brown loams, 7 – blue clays and loams, 8 – sands, 9 – gravels, 10 – mollusk shells, 11 – small mammal remains.

Text-fig. 7. Lower molars of Arvicola ex gr. sapidus MILLER, 1908 from Mikhailovka-5. a–g: m1, h–j: m2, k–m: m3. in Late Pleistocene (Eemian) Mollusk And Small Mammal Fauna From Mikhailovka-5 (Kursk Oblast, Central Russia)

Text-fig. 7. Lower molars of Arvicola ex gr. sapidus MILLER, 1908 from Mikhailovka-5. a–g: m1, h–j: m2, k–m: m3.

Text-fig. 9. Enamel differentiation index (SDQ) of Likhvinian (1, 2) and Mikulinian (3, 4) samples of Arvicola from the Russian Plain. in Late Pleistocene (Eemian) Mollusk And Small Mammal Fauna From Mikhailovka-5 (Kursk Oblast, Central Russia)

Text-fig. 9. Enamel differentiation index (SDQ) of Likhvinian (1, 2) and Mikulinian (3, 4) samples of Arvicola from the Russian Plain.

FIG. 4. — A in Biochronology and palaeoenvironmental changes from the Middle Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene in Central Italy

FIG. 4. — A, frequency curves of the taxa found in the Mammal Ages of the Tyrrhenian side (continuous line) and of the Adriatic side (dashed line) in Central Italy; in abscissa the time in thousands years, in ordinate the number of taxa; B, frequency histograms of the quantity of herbivorous taxa (darkgrey), pachyderms (black) and carnivores (lightgrey) living in the Tyrrhenian and Adriatic side of Central Italy. Abbreviations: LA, late Aurelien; MA, middle Aurelian; EA, early Aurelian; LG, late Galerian; MG, middle Galerian; EG, early Galerian; MIS 2, Marine Isotopic Stage 2.

FIG. 9. — A in Biochronology and palaeoenvironmental changes from the Middle Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene in Central Italy

FIG. 9. — A, comparison between the quantity of taxa (continuous line) and the turnover indices (dashed line) for the temporal intervals comprised in the Faunal Units for Italy; B, comparison between the quantity of taxa (continuous line) and the turnover indices (dashed line) for the temporal intervals comprised in the Faunal Units for Central Italy. In abscissa the values of number of taxa and turnover index. Abbreviation: MIS 2, Marine Isotope Stage 2.

FIG. 2. — A in Biochronology and palaeoenvironmental changes from the Middle Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene in Central Italy

FIG. 2. — A, frequency curves of the taxa found in the Mammal Ages of Central Italy (continuous line); quantity of the fossiliferous sites (dashed line); B, frequency curves of the taxa found in the Faunal Units of Central Italy (continuous line); quantity of the fossiliferous sites (dashed line). Abbreviations:MIS 2, Marine Isotopic Stage 2; LA, late Aurelian; MA, middle Aurelian;EA, early Aurelian; LG, late Galerian; MG, middle Galerian; EG, early Galerian; LV, late Villafranchian; MV, middle Villafranchian; EV, early Villafranchian. In abscissa, time in Ma; in ordinate, number of taxa.

FIG. 3. — A in Biochronology and palaeoenvironmental changes from the Middle Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene in Central Italy

FIG. 3. — A, frequency histograms of the quantity of herbivorous taxa (darkgrey), pachyderms (black) and carnivores (lightgrey) living in the Mammal Ages of Central Italy; B, medium and large-sized herbivores and carnivores ratio (on logarithmic scale) for Central Italy. Abbreviations: LA, late Aurelien; MA, middle Aurelian; EA, early Aurelian; LG, late Galerian; MG, middle Galerian; EG, early Galerian; LV, late Villafranchian; MV, middle Villafranchian; EV, early Villafranchian; MIS 2, Marine Isotopic Stage 2.

FIG. 8 in Biochronology and palaeoenvironmental changes from the Middle Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene in Central Italy

FIG. 8. — Hypsodonts and mesodonts ratio in the Faunal Units showing the tendency line (dashed line). In ordinate the values of the ratio between hypsodont and mesodont taxa. Abbreviation: MIS 2, Marine Isotope Stage 2.

FIG. 7. — A in Biochronology and palaeoenvironmental changes from the Middle Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene in Central Italy

FIG. 7. — A, frequency histogram of the quantity of herbivorous brachydonts, mesodonts and hypsodonts for the Mammal Ages of Central Italy; B, frequency histogram of the quantity of herbivorous brachydonts, mesodonts and hypsodonts for each Faunal Unit of Central Italy. Abbreviations: MIS 2, Marine Isotope Stage 2; LA, late Aurelian; MA, middle Aurelian; EA, early Aurelian; LG, late Galerian; MG, middle Galerian; EG, early Galerian; LV, late Villafranchian; MV, middle Villafranchian; EV, early Villafranchian. In ordinate the number of taxa.

FIG. 11 in Unexpected finding of a new Equus species (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) belonging to a supposedly extinct subgenus in late Pleistocene deposits of Khakassia (southwestern Siberia)

FIG. 11. — Ratio diagram comparing MT of Equus (S.) ovodovi n. sp., Proskuriakova cave (Khakassia, southwestern Siberia) to the mean (n = 6-9) of MT of E. hipparionoides Vekua, 1962 from Akhalkalaki. Numbers (1, 3, 4, etc.) refer to the measurements listed in the caption of Table 6.

FIG. 8 in Unexpected finding of a new Equus species (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) belonging to a supposedly extinct subgenus in late Pleistocene deposits of Khakassia (southwestern Siberia)

FIG. 8. — Ratio diagram comparing fragmentary MC of Equus (S.) ovodovi n. sp., Proskuriakova cave (Khakassia, southwestern Siberia) and from Tsopi (Tbilisi Laboratory collections): numbers (1, 3, 4, etc.) refer to the measurements of Table 2. Collection numbers: Tsopi 1, 58-950; Tsopi 2, 57-24-899; Tsopi 3, 58-1490; Tsopi 4, 13; Tsopi 5, 57-436-28; Tsopi 6, 58-335.

FIG. 6 in Unexpected finding of a new Equus species (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) belonging to a supposedly extinct subgenus in late Pleistocene deposits of Khakassia (southwestern Siberia)

FIG. 6. — Lower cheek teeth of Equus (S.) ovodovi n. sp., Proskuriakova cave (Khakassia, southwestern Siberia): A, P/4 (no. 6); B, P/4 (no. 4); C, P/2 (no. 6); D, P/4 of E. (Amerhippus) santaeelenae Spillmann, 1938 (V 689), Tarija, Bolivia; E, P S 3362 of E. marxi Reichenau, 1915 from Süssenborn; F, P/2 of E. cf. sussenbornensis from Akhalkalaki (Vekua 1962), no number. Scale bar: 3 cm.

FIG. 5 in Unexpected finding of a new Equus species (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) belonging to a supposedly extinct subgenus in late Pleistocene deposits of Khakassia (southwestern Siberia)

FIG. 5. — Lower cheek teeth series of Equus (S.) ovodovi n. sp., Proskuriakova cave (Khakassia, southwestern Siberia): A, no. 1; B, no. 2; C, no. 3; D, no. 4; E, no. 5; F, no. 6. Scale bar: 3 cm.