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2,555 results for “Lead”
Higher sociability leads to lower reproductive success in female kangaroos
<p>In social mammals, social integration is generally assumed to improve females' reproductive success. Most species demonstrating this relationship exhibit complex forms of social bonds and interactions. However, female eastern grey kangaroos (<em>Macropus giganteus</em>) exhibit social preferences, yet do not appear to cooperate directly. It is unclear what the fitness consequences of sociability could be in species that do not exhibit obvious forms of cooperation. Using four years of life history, spatial, and social data from a wild population of approximately 200 individually recognizable female eastern grey kangaroos, we tested whether higher levels of sociability are associated with greater reproductive success. Contrary to expectations, we found that the size of a female's social network, her numbers of preferential associations with other females, and her group sizes all negatively influenced her reproductive success. These factors influenced the survival of dependent young that had left the pouch rather than those that were still in the pouch. We also show that primiparous females were less likely to have surviving young. Our findings suggest that social bonds are not always beneficial for reproductive success in group-living species, and that female kangaroos may experience trade-offs between successfully rearing young and maintaining affiliative relationships.</p>
Breaking ecological barriers: anthropogenic disturbance leads to habitat transitions, hybridization, and high genetic diversity
<p>Genetic diversity is expected to erode in disturbed habitats through strong selection, local extinctions, and recolonization associated with genetic bottlenecks and restricted gene flow. Despite this general prediction and over three decades of population genetics studies, our understanding of the long-term effect of environmental disturbance on local and regional genetic diversity remains limited. We conducted a population genetic survey of the microcrustacean <i>Daphnia</i> across a landscape subject to anthropogenic stressors from a century of industrial mining. At the local scale we found moderate genetic diversity (i.e., low clonal diversity), characteristic of habitat-specific selective sweeps and local extinctions, but high diversity and strong genetic structure at the regional scale despite the shared watershed of many lakes and exceptional dispersal ability of daphniids. Many habitats experienced changes in species assemblages, with the obligate asexual <i>Daphnia pulex</i> lineages—known only to inhabit ponds—dominating disrupted urban lakes. This habitat transition (pond to lake) was likely facilitated by the disruption of ecological barriers maintaining the genomic separation of these young species. Thus, disrupted habitats can exhibit complex and unexpected genetic patterns of local extinctions and recolonizations, followed by habitat transitions, hybridization and potential speciation events that are difficult to predict and should not be underestimated.</p>
Targeted Disruption of Mouse Dip2B Leads to Abnormal Lung Development and Prenatal Lethality
<p>Supplementary Figures</p> <p><strong>Figure S1</strong>. Picro-sirius red stained sections of lung at E18.5.</p> <p><strong>Figure S2</strong>. Cell apoptosis assay by TUNEL staining. A. Immunofluorescent TUNEL staining of E18.5 lungs. Scale bar: 66.2μm. B. Quantitative analysis by counting of multiple sections from 3 independent samples per group. NS= not significant by student’s t- test.</p> <p><strong>Table S1</strong>. Summary of RNA-Seq mapping results. The raw reads were mapped to the Mus Musculus genome (GRCm38) using TopHat2.</p> <p><strong>Table S2</strong>. List of DEG (Differentially Expressed Gene) from RNA-Seq analysis results. Differentail expression analysis was carried out using DESeq2.</p> <p><strong>Table S3</strong>. List of DEGs annotated under Gene Ontology (GO) terms cell cycle and immune system process.</p> <p><strong>Table S4</strong>. List of DEGs annotated under KEGG Pathway oxidative phosphorylation and hematopoietic cell lineage pathways. </p>
Raw data for the article "Azide Radical Initiated Ring Opening of Cyclopropenes Leading to Alkenyl Nitriles and Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds"
<p>Raw NMR, MS and IR data for the article "Azide Radical Initiated Ring Opening of Cyclopropenes Leading to Alkenyl Nitriles and Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds" published in Angewandte Chemie: </p> <p>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.202013516 </p> <p>The number of the folders correspond to compounds numbers in the article. All details concerning conditions and equipment for measurements can be found in the supporting information of the article.</p> <p> </p>
A rare entity - percutaneous lead extraction in a very late onset pacemaker endocarditis - case report and review of literature
<p><strong>Video 1.</strong> Transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography apical 4-chamber view: large hypoechogenic hyper-pedunculated mobile mass at the level of tricuspid valve; <strong>Video 2.</strong> Transesophageal two-dimensional echocardiography: low echogenicity pedunculated mass attached to the pacemaker lead, with multiple sites of binding, with no supplementary involvement of the tricuspid valve and myxomatous appearance of the posterior leaflet with hypermobility and rupture of chordae; <strong>Video 3. </strong>Fluoroscopy during the lead extraction procedure, after freeing the lead from adhesions: traction of the lead from the right ventricular apex, through the tricuspid valve, right atrium, superior vena cava and left subclavian vein, to complete lead removal; <strong>Video 4.</strong> Postprocedural transesophageal two-dimensional echocardiography: posterior leaflet chordae rupture, no residual vegetation, no pericardial effusion; <strong>Video 5.</strong> Transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography parasternal short axis, no additional cardiac masses, posterior leaflet chordae rupture of the tricuspid valve; <strong>Video 6.</strong> Transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography parasternal short axis, color Doppler: mild tricuspid regurgitation, with two small thin jets.</p>
Selective extinctions resulting from random habitat destruction lead to under‐estimates of local and regional biodiversity loss in a manipulative field experiment
<p>Land-use change is a significant cause of anthropogenic extinctions, which are likely to continue and accelerate as habitat conversion proceeds in most biomes. One way to understand the effects of habitat loss on biodiversity is through improved tools for predicting the number and identity of species losses in response to habitat loss. There are relatively few methods for predicting extinctions and even fewer opportunities for rigorously assessing the quality of these predictions. In this paper we address these issues by applying a new method based on rarefaction to predict species losses after random, but aggregated, habitat loss. We compare predictions from three rarefaction models, individual-based, sample-based, and spatially-clustered, to those derived from a commonly-used extinction estimation method, the Species-Area Relationship (SAR). We apply each method to a mesocosm experiment, in which we aim to predict species richness and extinctions of arthropods immediately following 50% habitat loss. While each model produced strikingly accurate predictions of species richness immediately after the habitat loss disturbance, each model significantly underestimated the number of extinctions occurring at both the local (within-mesocosm) and regional (treatment-wide) scales. Despite the stochastic nature of our small-scale, short-term, and randomly applied habitat loss experiment, we found surprisingly clear evidence for extinction selectivity, for example when abundant species with low extinction probabilities were extirpated following habitat loss. The important role played by selective extinction even in this contrived experimental system suggests that ecologically driven, trait-based extinctions play an equally important role to stochastic extinction, even when the disturbance itself has no clear selectivity. As a result, neutrally stochastic null models such as the SAR and rarefaction are likely to underestimate extinctions caused by habitat loss. Nevertheless, given the difficulty of predicting extinctions, null models provide useful benchmarks for conservation planning by providing minimum estimates and probabilities of species extinctions.</p>
The cultural transmission of causally (ir)relevant actions in the laboratory: Does modelling or verbal instruction lead to greater copying fidelity?
<p>This study examines the fidelity with which adults vs. children transmit a set of actions within diffusion chains (generations 1 to 3). The set consisted of causally relevant and causally irrelevant actions. Half of the adult and half of the child chains transmitted the actions via demonstration (next participant saw the previous perform the actions on video); the other half transmitted them verbally (next participant listened to audio file the previous participant describe his/her actions). We measured whether the actions were retained (i.e. re-produced by each next participant in the chain).</p>
Infanticide by females is a leading source of juvenile mortality in a large social carnivore
Social animals benefit from their group-mates, so why do they sometimes kill each other's offspring? Using 30 years of data from multiple groups of wild spotted hyenas, we address three critical aims for understanding infanticide in any species: (1) quantify the contribution of infanticide to overall mortality (2) describe the circumstances under which infanticide occurs and (3) evaluate hypotheses about the evolution of infanticide. We find that, although observed only rarely, infanticide is in fact a leading source of juvenile mortality. Infanticide accounted for 24% of juvenile mortality, and 1 in 10 hyenas born in our population perished due to infanticide. In all observed cases of infanticide, killers were adult females, but victims could be of both sexes. Of four hypotheses regarding the evolution of infanticide, we found the most support for the hypothesis that infanticide in spotted hyenas reflects competition over social status among matrilines.
Data from: Embracing discordance: phylogenomic analyses provide evidence for allopolyploidy leading to cryptic diversity in a Mediterranean Campanula (Campanulaceae) clade
The Mediterranean Basin harbors a remarkable amount of biodiversity, a high proportion of which is endemic to this region. Here, we present an in-depth study of an angiosperm species complex, in which cryptic taxonomic diversity has been hypothesized. Specifically, we focus on four currently recognized species in the Roucela complex, a well-supported clade in the Campanulaceae/Campanuloideae: Campanula creutzburgii, C. drabifolia, C. erinus, and C. simulans. This study takes a phylogenomic approach, utilizing near-complete plastomes and 130 nuclear loci, to uncover cryptic diversity and test hypotheses regarding hybridization and polyploidy within this clade. Genome size estimates recovered tetraploid and octoploid lineages within the currently recognized, widespread species C. erinus, showing an east-west geographic pattern. Though genomic data clearly differentiate these two cytotypes, we failed to discern morphological differences. The formation of a cryptic octoploid lineage, distributed across the eastern Mediterranean, is hypothesized to be the result of an allopolyploid event in which one parental morphology is retained. The tetraploid C. erinus and C. creutzburgii (also a tetraploid) are implicated as parental lineages. Our results highlight the utility of target-enrichment approaches for obtaining genomic datasets for thorough assessments of species diversity and the importance of carefully considering gene-tree discordance within such datasets.
Multigenerational exposure to elevated temperatures leads to a reduction in standard metabolic rate in the wild
<ol> <li>In light of global climate change, there is a pressing need to understand and predict the capacity of populations to respond to rising temperatures. Metabolic rate is a key trait that is likely to influence the ability to cope with climate change. Yet, empirical and theoretical work on metabolic rate responses to temperature changes has so far produced mixed results and conflicting predictions.</li> <li>Our study addresses this issue using a novel approach of comparing fish populations in geothermally warmed lakes and adjacent ambient-temperature lakes in Iceland. This unique 'natural experiment' provides repeated and independent examples of populations experiencing contrasting thermal environments for many generations over a small geographic scale, thereby avoiding the confounding factors associated with latitudinal or elevational comparisons. Using Icelandic sticklebacks from three warm and three cold habitats, we measured individual metabolic rates across a range of acclimation temperatures to obtain reaction norms for each population.</li> <li>We found a general pattern for a lower standard metabolic rate in sticklebacks from warm habitats when measured at a common temperature, as predicted by Krogh's rule. Metabolic rate differences between warm- and cold-habitat sticklebacks were more pronounced at more extreme acclimation temperatures, suggesting the release of cryptic genetic variation upon exposure to novel conditions, which can reveal hidden evolutionary potential. We also found a stronger divergence in metabolic rate between thermal habitats in allopatry than sympatry, indicating that gene flow may constrain physiological adaptation when dispersal between warm and cold habitats is possible.</li> <li>In sum, our study suggests that fish may diverge toward a lower standard metabolic rate in a warming world, but this might depend on connectivity and gene flow between different thermal habitats.</li> </ol>
Metabolic rate in common shrews is unaffected by seasonal temperature, leading to reduction of energetic costs through size reduction
<p>Small endothermic mammals have high metabolisms, particularly at cold temperatures. In light of this, some species have evolved a seemingly illogical strategy: they reduce the size of the brain and several organs to become even smaller in winter. To test how this morphological strategy affects energy consumption across seasonally shifting ambient temperatures, we measured oxygen consumption and behaviour in the three seasonal phenotypes of the common shrew (<i>Sorex araneus</i>), which differ in size by about 20%. Body mass was the main driver of oxygen consumption, not the reduction of metabolically expensive brain mass. Against our expectations, we found no change in relative oxygen consumption with low ambient temperature. Thus, smaller body size in winter resulted in significant absolute energy savings. This could only partly be explained by a change in activity budgets. Our findings highlight that these shrews manage to avoid one of the most fundamental and intuitive rules of ecology allowing them to subsist with lower resource availability and successfully survive the harsh conditions of winter.</p>
Geolocators lead to better measures of timing and renesting in Black-tailed Godwits and reveal the bias of traditional observational methods
<p>Long‐term population studies can identify changes in population dynamics over time. However, to realize meaningful conclusions, these studies rely on accurate measurements of individual traits and population characteristics. Here, we evaluate the accuracy of the observational methods used to measure reproductive traits in individually marked black‐tailed godwits (<i>Limosa limosa limosa</i>). By comparing estimates from traditional methods with data obtained from light‐level geolocators, we provide an accurate estimate of the likelihood of renesting in godwits and the repeatability of the lay dates of first clutches. From 2012 – 2018, we used periods of shading recorded on the light‐level geolocators carried by 68 individual godwits to document their nesting behaviour. We then compared these estimates to those simultaneously obtained by our long‐term observational study. We found that among recaptured geolocator‐carrying godwits, all birds renested after a failed first clutch, regardless of the date of nest loss or the number of days already spent incubating. We also found that 43% of these godwits laid a second replacement clutch after a failed first replacement, and that 21% of these godwits renested after a hatched first clutch. However, the observational study correctly identified only 3% of the replacement clutches produced by geolocator‐carrying individuals and designated as first clutches a number of nests that were actually replacement clutches. Additionally, on the basis of the observational study, the repeatability of lay date was 0.24 (95% CI 0.17 – 0.31), whereas it was 0.54 (95% CI 0.28 – 0.75) using geolocator‐carrying individuals. We use examples from our own and other godwit studies to illustrate how the biases in our observational study discovered here may have affected the outcome of demographic estimates, individual‐level comparisons, and the design, implementation, and evaluation of conservation practices. These examples emphasize the importance of improving and validating field methodologies and show how the addition of new tools can be transformational.</p>
Roman Lead Pewter Votive Mirror
Lead pewter votive mirror from the 4th or 5th century A.D., found in Eastern Europe and in the Kenyon College Art History Collection as of 2015. 1.5 inch stem wth two semi-circular handles, 21.38 grams, 3.3 inches in height, .3 inch in width. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Marrick Lead Smelt Mills and Dams
The monument is situated on the south side of the road between Fremington and Maske, 1.25km north of Marrick. It includes the well-preserved standing remains of two lead ore hearth smeltmills and a pair of peat stores, together with a series of earthwork dams and the buried remains of a third smeltmill. The first smeltmill at Marrick was built by John Sayer in 1574-5. Built near the site of the later Low Mill and shown on a map of 1592 as New Mill, it is thought to have been the first in Swaledale, and one of the earliest nationally. By 1660 a second mill (High Mill) was built 50m uphill and to the west of the first. It is thought that Sayer's mill closed before 1705, but was not demolished as both mills are shown on the 1782 Marrick Estate map. Low Mill was extensively rebuilt in the 1830s by Jaques & Co, and renovated in 1862 by the Hurst Mining Company who installed a second-hand c.6m diameter waterwheel. More can be read at: https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1015824 Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Lead melting crucible
The history of this crucible has not yet been properly investigated, but is reputedly linked with the Eureka rebellion of December 3rd, 1854. It was donated to the City of Ballarat by Peter and Jennifer Harrison, in memory of Wolfgang Koerner, who was gifted the crucible from the grand daughter of a man directly involved in the Eureka Stockade. Discover the [Ballarat Town Hall collection](http://www.hulballarat.org.au/cb_pages/rediscovering_town_hall_vaults.php) today and [watch](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BZ-9YKVX5XI&feature=youtu.be&list=PLjLlvPyK341_pITtZlYnODx1vMftp0x73) a short video about gold mining objects in the collection. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Lead-Glazed Redware Cooking Dish (2570p784-p867)
**Lead-glazed redware cooking plate** Location: Vance site (31Or638; RLA-Or467), University of North Carolina campus, Orange County, North Carolina. Period: Historic (19th century). Material: ceramic. Dimensions: height, 5.4 cm; diameter, 27.0 cm. Notes: Catalog no. 2570p783-p867, North Carolina Archaeological Collection, Research Laboratories of Archaeology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Model by Kelly Marie White. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
New leads for fragment based design of Re/Tc radiopharmaceutical agents: Raw Diffraction Images
<p>Multiple coordination possibilities of <em>fac</em>-[Re(CO)<sub>3</sub>]<sup>+</sup> to a protein, were found bound to the Asp, Glu, Arg and His amino acid residues as well as to the C-terminal carboxylate in the vicinity of Leu and Pro and are described in the publication titled " <em>New leads for fragment based design of Re/Tc radiopharmaceutical agents</em>" written by Brink & Helliwell, <em>IUCrJ</em>, 2017</p> <p>The raw diffraction images for the DLS and Cu Kalpha data sets are made available at the Zenodo research data archive, as specified in the publication.</p>
Data for "Strong El Niño events lead to robust multi-year ENSO predictability"
<p>The full raw data, intermediate steps, and final results for all three experiments used in Lenssen et al. (202X), "Strong El Niño events lead to robust multi-year ENSO predictability," as submitted to GRL. Each zip file contains the raw data, intermediate steps, and final results for model analog forecast issued to predict that model or observational record. All data has been gridded to a common 2x2 grid using nco following the include `mygrid_2x2` file.</p><p>Archived codebase for this data available at <a href="https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.10045615">https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.10045615</a><br>Live codebase at <a href="https://github.com/nlenssen/LongLeadENSO/">https://github.com/nlenssen/LongLeadENSO/</a></p>
Compound dry and wet extremes lead to an increased risk of rice yield loss
<p>The dataset consists of relevant results in the paper "Compound dry and wet extremes lead to an increased risk of rice yield loss" submitted to Geophysical Research Letters.</p>
Genetic differentiation at methylation array probe SNPs leads to spurious results in meQTL discovery
<p>Data Associated with Figures 1 and 2 in Communications Biology Matters Arising: Genetic differentiation at methylation array probe SNPs leads to spurious results in meQTL discovery. Original data arising from B. Li et al. <i>Communications Biology</i> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-03353-5">https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-03353-5</a> (2022)</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.