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211 results for “Mating Systems”
Data from: Altered physical and social conditions produce rapidly reversible mating systems in water striders
Mating systems can vary within-species but the environmental drivers and behavioral mechanisms underlying this variation are seldom investigated experimentally. We experimentally assessed how individual behavioral plasticity in response to changes in pool and group size resulted in fundamental shifts in mating systems in water striders. We observed the same animals in larger and smaller pools, mimicking variation in pool size in natural streams, and observed a rapid, reversible change in the entire mating system. In large pools, striders exhibited scramble promiscuity with intense sexual conflict. Most males were active, harassing and driving females into hiding. Matings were frequent and typically lasted for more than 100 min. In contrast, when placed in small pools, the same animals often exhibited harem polygyny where the largest male drove other males into hiding, but allowed females to be relatively active. Matings were less frequent and of much shorter duration. Harem polygyny took several days to emerge after animals were moved to small pools, while these same animals returned to scramble promiscuity within hours after being moved to larger pools. Such variability in mating systems likely has important implications for the evolution of individual mating tactics.
Data from: The size advantage model of sex allocation in the protandrous sex-changer Crepidula fornicata: role of the mating system, sperm storage, and male mobility
Sequential hermaphroditism is adaptive when the reproductive value of an individual varies with size or age, and this relationship differs between males and females. In this case, theory shows that the lifetime reproductive output of an individual is increased by changing sex (a hypothesis referred to as the size-advantage model). Sex-linked differences in size-fitness curves can stem from differential costs of reproduction, the mating system, and differences in growth and mortality between sexes. Detailed empirical data is required to disentangle the relative roles of each of these factors within the theory. Quantitative data are also needed to explore the role of sperm storage, which has not yet been considered with sequential hermaphrodites. Using experimental rearing and paternity assignment, we report relationships between size and reproductive success of Crepidula fornicata, a protandrous (male-first) gastropod. Male reproductive success increased with size due to the polygamous system and stacking behavior of the species, but females nonetheless had greater reproductive success than males of the same size, in agreement with the size-advantage theory. Sperm storage appeared to be a critical determinant of success for both sexes, and modeling the effect of sperm storage showed that it could potentially accelerate sex change in protandrous species.
Data from: Phenotypic plasticity of mate recognition systems prevents sexual interference between two sympatric leaf beetle species
Maladaptive sexual interactions among heterospecific individuals (sexual interference) can prevent the coexistence of animal species. Thus, the avoidance of sexual interference by divergence of mate recognition systems is crucial for a stable coexistence in sympatry. Mate recognition systems are thought to be under tight genetic control. However, we demonstrate that mate recognition systems of two closely related sympatric leaf beetle species show a high level of host-induced phenotypic plasticity. Mate choice in the mustard leaf beetles, Phaedon cochleariae and P. armoraciae, is mediated by cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs). Divergent host plant use causes a divergence of CHC phenotypes, whereas similar host use leads to their convergence. Consequently, both species exhibit significant behavioral isolation when they feed on alternative host species, but mate randomly when using a common host. Thus, sexual interference between these syntopic leaf beetles is prevented by host-induced phenotypic plasticity rather than by genotypic divergence of mate recognition systems.
Data from: Mating system affects population performance and extinction risk under environmental challenge
Failure of organisms to adapt to sudden environmental changes may lead to extinction. Mating system, by affecting fertility and the strength of sexual selection, may have a major impact on a population's chances to adapt and survive. Here, we use experimental evolution in bulb mites (Rhizoglyphus robini) to examine the effects of mating system on population performance under environmental change. We demonstrate that populations in which monogamy was enforced suffered a dramatic fitness decline when evolving at an increased temperature, whereas the negative effects of change in thermal environment were alleviated in polygamous populations. Strikingly, within 17 generations, all monogamous populations experiencing higher temperature went extinct, whereas all polygamous populations survived. Our results show that mating systems may have dramatic effects on the risk of extinction under environmental change.
Data from: The role of inbreeding depression and mating system in the evolution of heterostyly
We investigated the role of morph-based differences in the expression of inbreeding depression in loss of the mid-styled morph from populations of tristylous Oxalis alpina as proposed by theoretical analyses. The extent of self-compatibility of reproductive morphs, the degree of self-fertilization, and the magnitude of inbreeding depression were investigated in three populations of O. alpina differing in their tristylous incompatibility relationships. All three populations exhibited significant inbreeding depression. In two populations with highly modified tristylous incompatibility, manifested as increased reciprocal compatibility between short- and long-styled morphs, substantial self-compatibility and self-fertilization of mid-styled morphs was detected, and expected to result in expression of inbreeding depression in the progeny of mid-styled morphs in the natural populations. In contrast, significant self-fertility of the mid-styled morph was absent from the population with typical tristylous incompatibility, and no self-fertilization could be detected. Although self-fertilization and expression of inbreeding depression should result in selection against the mid-styled morph in the later stages of the transition from tristyly to distyly, in O. alpina selection against the mid-styled morph in the early phases of the evolution of distyly is likely due to genic selection against mid alleles associated with modified tristylous incompatibility, rather than expression of inbreeding depression.
Data from: The evolutionary response of mating system to heterosis
Isolation allows populations to diverge and to fix different alleles. Deleterious alleles that reach locally high frequencies contribute to genetic load, especially in inbred or selfing populations, in which selection is relaxed. In the event of secondary contact, the recessive portion of the genetic load is masked in the hybrid offspring, producing heterosis. This advantage, only attainable through outcrossing, should favor evolution of greater outcrossing even if inbreeding depression has been purged from the contributing populations. Why, then, are selfing-to-outcrossing transitions not more common? To evaluate the evolutionary response of mating system to heterosis, we model two monomorphic populations of entirely selfing individuals, introduce a modifier allele that increases the rate of outcrossing, and investigate whether the heterosis among populations is sufficient for the modifier to invade and fix. We find that the outcrossing mutation invades for many parameter choices, but it rarely fixes unless populations harbor extremely large unique fixed genetic loads. Reversions to outcrossing become more likely as the load becomes more polygenic, or when the modifier appears on a rare background, such as by dispersal of an outcrossing genotype into a selfing population. More often, the outcrossing mutation instead rises to moderate frequency, which allows recombination in hybrids to produce superior haplotypes that can spread without the mutation's further assistance. The transience of heterosis can therefore explain why secondary contact does not commonly yield selfing-to-outcrossing transitions.
Data from: Disentangling the effects of mating systems and mutation rates on cytoplamic diversity in gynodioecious Silene nutans and dioecious Silene otites
Many flowering plant species exhibit a variety of distinct sexual morphs, the two most common cases being the co- occurrence of females and males (dioecy) or the co-occurrence of hermaphrodites and females (gynodioecy). In this study we compared DNA sequence variability of the three genomes (nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplastic) of a gynodioecious species, Silene nutans, with that of a closely related dioecious species, Silene otites. In the light of theoretical models, we expect cytoplasmic diversity to differ between the two species due to the selective dynamics that acts on cytoplasmic genomes in gynodioecious species: under an epidemic scenario, the gynodioecious species is expected to exhibit lower cytoplasmic diversity than the dioecious species, while the opposite is expected in the case of balancing selection maintaining sterility cytoplasms in the gynodioecious species. We found no difference between the species for nuclear gene diversity, but, for the cytoplasmic loci, the gynodioecious S. nutans had more haplotypes, and higher nucleotide diversity, than the dioecious relative, S. otites, even though the latter has a relatively high rate of mitochondrial synonymous substitutions, and therefore presumably a higher mutation rate. Therefore, since the mitochondrial mutation rate cannot account for the higher cytoplasmic diversity found in S. nutans, our findings support the hypothesis that gynodioecy in S. nutans has been maintained by balancing selection rather than by epidemic-like dynamics.
Data from: Genetic mating system and mate selection in smallmouth bass
Mating systems are an important factor influencing the variance in reproductive success among individuals within natural populations and thus have important ecological and evolutionary implications. We used molecular pedigree reconstruction techniques with microsatellite DNA data to characterize the genetic mating system and mate selection in adult smallmouth bass spawning in Lake Opeongo. The genetic mating system of smallmouth bass in this system can be characterized as predominantly monogamous with a low rate of polygynandry particularly among larger individuals. Iteroparous individuals showed a complete absence of interannual mate fidelity, presumably due to the low annual return rate of spawning adults. Within a season, individuals from both sexes pursued additional mating opportunities with males showing greater variance in mate number than females. Female mate selection appeared to be largely random with little evidence for elevated levels of inbreeding in this population. Multiple mating females pursued additional males to whom they were less related than the first male with which they spawned within a given season, however, this pattern varied among years. The mating pattern observed in this population would likely limit the strength of sexual selection and thus could account for the lack of sexual dimorphism and the absence of alternative reproductive tactics in this species.
Data from: "Alternative phenotypes within mating systems" in The evolution of insect mating systems
Insects were for a long time considered simple organisms with unvarying behavioural repertoires, incapable of complicated behavioural responses to changing environments and/or social conditions. However, nothing could be further from the truth; phenotypic plasticity is widespread in insect development, life history, physiology, and behaviour (Whitman and Ananthakrishnan 2009). Plastic responses to environmental and social conditions are actually central to the remarkable adaptability of insects, and have played a crucial role in their evolutionary histories (Moczek 2010; Simpson et al. 2011). Moreover, phenotypic plasticity in insects is not merely restricted to simple responses in metabolism or activity to abiotic factors such as temperature, but can be extremely elaborate, an illuminating example of which is the learning ability of honeybees (Giurfa 2007; Hammer and Menzel 1995; Menzel 1993; Menzel and Muller 1996). Insect mating systems are no exception to this pattern. This chapter explores the intrasexual variation in behaviours and morphologies found in insect mating systems. More specifically, we focus on the evolution of the alternative means by which individuals obtain fertilizations, generally referred to as 'alternative mating tactics', or 'alternative mating phenotypes' (AMPs). The first studies to describe what we can interpret today as cases of AMPs in insects date back to at least the 1930s (Salt 1937), but it was only in the 1970s that the number of studies reporting this phenomenon started to accumulate. In 1983, when the classic examples of AMPs in digger bees and scorpionflies were reviewed by Thornhill and Alcock (1983), approximately 50 cases of AMPs in insects were already known, a number that has now surpassed the 200 mark. Here, we review the theoretical and empirical advances that have been made in this area since Thornhill and Alcock's volume. We start by describing two illustrative systems in detail, gryllid field crickets and onthophagine dung beetles. These two groups were chosen because their reproductive biology is well known, and because the contrasting degrees of behavioural plasticity and morphological specialisation between alternative phenotypes in these two groups illustrate the diversity of AMPs that has evolved in insects. We then discuss the genetic models that have been proposed to account for the evolution and maintenance of such dimorphisms, before reviewing the occurrence of AMPs in insects more generally. Finally, we discuss the relatively limited evidence for AMPs in female insects, a somewhat new and very promising area for future research.
FIGURE 2 in Genetic evidence supports polygamous mating system in a wild population of Prochilodus lineatus (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae), a Neotropical shoal spawner fish
FIGURE 2 | Alternative schematic representations of spawning in Prochilodus lineatus. A. Schematic drawing of spawning moment of Prochilodus lineatus (=Prochilodus scrofa), according to Godoy (1975), whom described that males, positioned in the center of the river channel, performed distinctive sounds, possibly attracting females (figure drawn by Josiane Ribolli and Dennis Fernando Moreno, inspired from the original by Godoy, M. P, 1975, fig. 153, p.684); B. Hypothetical schematic representation of reproduction and spawning of P. lineatus in the wild according to direct observations made by Evoy Zaniboni-Filho (personal communication). The exhausted mature female is marked with an asterisk. Figure drawn by Josiane Ribolli and Dennis Fernando Moreno.
FIGURE 1 in Genetic evidence supports polygamous mating system in a wild population of Prochilodus lineatus (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae), a Neotropical shoal spawner fish
FIGURE 1 | Inferred parentage and mating patterns derived from analysis of 87 Prochilodus lineatus larvae sampled at the Middle Uruguay River in Brazil. A. Number of adults identified as parents of the sampled larvae; B. Number of different mates inferred for males and females.
Data from: Mating system of Caiman yacare (Reptilia Alligatoridae) described from microsatellite genotypes
The yacare caiman (Caiman yacare) is a reptile from South America and 1 of the 2 crocodilian species present in Argentina. The degradation of their natural habitat and strong hunting pressure led to a sharp numerical decline of wild populations. Nowadays, C. yacare is included in Appendix II of CITES, and ranching practices in some areas in Argentina are helping hatching success. In this context, it is important to better understand the population structure and mating system of the species. To do this, we amplified 10 microsatellite markers (SSRs) in 148 individuals of 13 C. yacare nests. All of the markers were polymorphic with 2–12 alleles per locus, with allelic sizes ranging between 154 and 400 bp and medium levels of polymorphism (H o = 0.152–0.551 and H e = 0.221–0.621). We were able to determine the maternal genotype in 9 out of 13 nests. In 6 of them we found more than 1 paternal genotype, with a maximum of 3 fathers for a single nest. This study is the first to provide evidence of multiple paternity behavior. These findings will be useful to improve management and conservation strategies for the species.
Data from: Using probability modelling and genetic parentage assignment to test the role of local mate availability in mating system variation.
The formal testing of mating system theories with empirical data is important for evaluating the relative importance of different processes in shaping mating systems in wild populations. Here we present a generally applicable probability modelling framework to test the role of local mate availability in determining a population's level of genetic monogamy. We provide a significance test for detecting departures in observed mating patterns from model expectations based on mate availability alone, allowing the presence and direction of behavioural effects to be inferred. The assessment of mate availability can be flexible and in this study it was based on population density, sex ratio and spatial arrangement. This approach provides a useful tool for (1) isolating the effect of mate availability in variable mating systems and (2) in combination with genetic parentage analyses, gaining insights into the nature of mating behaviours in elusive species. To illustrate this modelling approach, we have applied it to investigate the variable mating system of the mountain brushtail possum (Trichosurus cunninghami) and compared the model expectations with the outcomes of genetic parentage analysis over an 18 year study. The observed level of monogamy was higher than predicted under the model. Thus, behavioural traits, such as mate guarding or selective mate choice, may increase the population level of monogamy. We show that combining genetic parentage data with probability modelling can facilitate an improved understanding of the complex interactions between behavioural adaptations and demographic dynamics in driving mating system variation.
FIG. 5. A in Resource defence mating system in two ¯ies from Sulawesi: Gymnonerius fuscus Wiedemann and Telostylinus sp. near duplicatus Wiedemann (Diptera: Neriidae)
FIG. 5. A male Telostylinus standing guard over an egg-laying female.
FIG. 1. A female G in Resource defence mating system in two ¯ies from Sulawesi: Gymnonerius fuscus Wiedemann and Telostylinus sp. near duplicatus Wiedemann (Diptera: Neriidae)
FIG. 1. A female G. fuscus dabbing her labellum against an active beetle boring.
Do annual and perennial populations of an insect-pollinated plant species differ in mating system?
<p><strong>Background and Aims</strong> Theory predicts that outcrossing should be more prevalent among perennials than annuals, a pattern confirmed by comparative evidence from diverse angiosperm families. However, intraspecific comparisons between annual and perennial populations are few because such variation is uncommon among flowering plants. Here, we test the hypothesis that perennial populations outcross more than annual populations by investigating Incarvillea sinensis, a wide-ranging insect-pollinated herb native to China. The occurrence of both allopatric and sympatric populations allows us to examine the stability of mating system differences between life histories under varying ecological conditions.</p> <p><strong>Methods </strong>We estimated outcrossing rates and biparental inbreeding in 16 allopatric and five sympatric popula- tions in which both life histories coexisted using 20 microsatellite loci. In each population we measured height, branch number, corolla size, tube length and herkogamy for ~30 individuals. In a sympatric population, we re- corded daily flower number, pollinator visitation and the fruit and seed set of annual and perennial plants.</p> <p><strong>Key Results </strong>As predicted, outcrossing rates (t) were considerably higher in perennial (mean = 0.76) than annual (mean = 0.09) populations. This difference in mating system was also maintained at sympatric sites where plants grew intermixed. In both allopatric and sympatric populations the degree of herkogamy was consistently larger in outcrossing than selfing plants. Perennials were more branched, with more and larger flowers than in annuals. In a sympatric population, annuals had a significantly higher fruit and seed set than perennials.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions </strong> Genetically based differences in herkogamy between annuals and perennials appear to play a key role in governing outcrossing rates in populations, regardless of variation in local ecological conditions. The maintenance of mating system and life history trait differentiation between perennial and annual populations of I. sinensis probably results from correlated evolution in response to local environmental conditions.</p>
Figure 9 from: Bauer RT, Okuno J, Thiel M (2014) Inferences on mating and sexual systems of two Pacific Cinetorhynchus shrimps (Decapoda, Rhynchocinetidae) based on sexual dimorphism in body size and cheliped weaponry. In: Wehrtmann IS, Bauer RT (Eds) Proceedings of the Summer Meeting of the Crustacean Society and the Latin American Association of Carcinology, Costa Rica, July 2013. ZooKeys 457: 187-209. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.457.6512
Figure 9 - Fecundity in Cinetorhynchus species A and B. The log10 number of embryos per brood are plotted against log10 female size (carapace length, mm).
Figure 2 from: Bauer RT, Okuno J, Thiel M (2014) Inferences on mating and sexual systems of two Pacific Cinetorhynchus shrimps (Decapoda, Rhynchocinetidae) based on sexual dimorphism in body size and cheliped weaponry. In: Wehrtmann IS, Bauer RT (Eds) Proceedings of the Summer Meeting of the Crustacean Society and the Latin American Association of Carcinology, Costa Rica, July 2013. ZooKeys 457: 187-209. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.457.6512
Figure 2 - Photographs of living Cinetorhynchus species from Coconut Island, Hawaii. A Cinetorhynchus sp. B male with subchelate first chelipeds (pereopod 1) B Cinetorhynchus sp. B male with cheliped intermediate between chelate and subchelate C Cinetorhynchus sp. A male with subchelate chelipeds D Cinetorhynchus sp. B female E Cinetorhynchus sp. A female. C1 cheliped 1; C2 cheliped 2; M3 third maxilliped. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
Figure 8 from: Bauer RT, Okuno J, Thiel M (2014) Inferences on mating and sexual systems of two Pacific Cinetorhynchus shrimps (Decapoda, Rhynchocinetidae) based on sexual dimorphism in body size and cheliped weaponry. In: Wehrtmann IS, Bauer RT (Eds) Proceedings of the Summer Meeting of the Crustacean Society and the Latin American Association of Carcinology, Costa Rica, July 2013. ZooKeys 457: 187-209. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.457.6512
Figure 8 - Puncture wounds (unmarked arrows) on the propodi of the major chelipeds of three large Cinetorhynchus males. A Cinetorhynchus sp. A B and C Cinetorhynchus sp. B D Regenerating major cheliped of a male Cinetorhynchus sp. B; only two articles plus a rudimentary cheliped with underdeveloped propodus and dactyl have formed. d dactyl (movable finger); p propodus. Scale bars represent 3 mm.
Figure 5 from: Bauer RT, Okuno J, Thiel M (2014) Inferences on mating and sexual systems of two Pacific Cinetorhynchus shrimps (Decapoda, Rhynchocinetidae) based on sexual dimorphism in body size and cheliped weaponry. In: Wehrtmann IS, Bauer RT (Eds) Proceedings of the Summer Meeting of the Crustacean Society and the Latin American Association of Carcinology, Costa Rica, July 2013. ZooKeys 457: 187-209. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.457.6512
Figure 5 - Comparison of third maxillipeds in male and female Cinetorhynchus species. A Maxilliped 3 size (measured as length of terminal article) plotted against body size (carapace length, CL) B Number of corneous spines on the terminal article of maxilliped 3 plotted against body size (CL). In B number of observations is the same as A, except for Cinetorhynchus sp. B males (n=45) and Cinetorhynchus sp. B females (n=13) because spinous portions of the terminal article of some individuals were damaged.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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