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Fig. 6. A. Peraiocynodon major, attributed right upper molar BMNH J. 576 in Docodonts from the British Mesozoic
Fig. 6. A. Peraiocynodon major, attributed right upper molar BMNH J. 576, in labial (A1), lingual (A2), anterior (A3), posterior (A4), and two occlusal (A5, A6) views (one shaded). B. Peraiocynodon major sp. nov., attributed left upper canine BMNH J.212, in labial (B1), lingual (B2), and occlusal (B3) views. Scale bar 1 mm.
Fig. 5. A in Docodonts from the British Mesozoic
Fig. 5. A. Krusatodon kirtlingtonensis gen. et sp. nov., attributed left upper molar BMNH J. 667, in labial (A1), lingual (A2), anterior (A3), posterior (A4), and occlusal (A5) views. B. Krusatodon kirtlingtonensis gen. et sp. nov., attributed left upper molar BMNH J. 437, in occlusal view. C. Krusatodon kirtlingtonensis gen. et sp. nov., attributed left upper molar BMNH J.222, in occlusal view. D.?Krusatodon kirtlingtonensis gen. et sp. nov., left upper?milk molar BMNH J. 199, in occlusal (D1) and posterior (D2) views. Scale bar 1 mm. E. Tentative occlusion between lower and attributed upper molars of Krusatodon kirtlingtonensis; arrow points anteriorly; lingual occlusion (E1), end of centric occlusion (E2).
Fig. 4. A. Borealestes serendipitus, attributed right upper molar BMNH J. 580 in Docodonts from the British Mesozoic
Fig. 4. A. Borealestes serendipitus, attributed right upper molar BMNH J. 580, in labial (A1), lingual (A2), anterior (A3), posterior (A4), and occlusal (A5) views. B. Borealestes mussetti sp. nov., attributed left upper molar BMNH J.404, in lingual (B1), anterior (B2), posterior (B3), and occlusal (B4) views. C. Borealestes sp., left upper molar BMNH J.455, in labial (C1), lingual (C2), anterior (C3), posterior (C4), and occlusal (C5) views. Scale bar 1 mm.
Fig. 3. A in Docodonts from the British Mesozoic
Fig. 3. A. Krusatodon kirtlingtonensis gen. et sp. nov., left lower molar BMNH J. 784, in lingual (A1), labial (A2), occlusal (A3), anterior (A4), and posterior (A5) views. B. Krusatodon kirtlingtonensis gen. et sp. nov., right lower molar BMNH J. 526, in occlusal view. C. Peraiocynodon inexpectatus, holotype lower molariforms BMNH M 48248, in lingual view, drawn from cast. D. Peraiocynodon major sp. nov. holotype left lower molariform BMNH J. 693 in lingual (D1), labial (D2), anterior (D3), posterior (D4), and occlusal (D5) views. Upper scale bar is for A–C, lower for D. Scale bars 1 mm.
Fig. 2. A. Borealestes serendipitus, left M3 in Docodonts from the British Mesozoic
Fig. 2. A. Borealestes serendipitus, left M3 of the holotype left lower jaw UBGM 20570, in lingual (A1), labial (A2), and occlusal (A3) views. B. Borealestes serendipitus, left lower molar BMNH J.791 in lingual (B1), labial (B2), anterior (B3), posterior (B4), and occlusal (B5) views. C. Borealestes mussetti sp. nov. holotype right lower molar BMNH J. 495 in lingual (C1), labial (C2), anterior (C3), posterior (C4), and occlusal (C5) views. D. Borealestes mussetti sp. nov. right lower molar BMNH J. 836 in lingual (D1), labial (D2), anterior (D3), posterior (D4), and occlusal (D5) views. Scale bar 1 mm.
Fig. 1. A in Docodonts from the British Mesozoic
Fig. 1. A. Nomenclature of cusps (A1) and crests (A3) of docodont lower molars; lower molar of Cyrtlatherium (A2). B. Nomenclature of cusps (B1) and crests (B2) of docodont upper molars. Anterior at left.
FIGURE 2 in First early Eocene lizards from Spain and a study of the compositional changes between late Mesozoic and early Cenozoic Iberian lizard assemblages
FIGURE 2. Paleogeographic map of Western Europe during the early Eocene (modified from Marandat et al., 2012) and situation of the Catalan localities yielding material described in the text and other contemporaneous European fossil sites. Note that the localities of the Southern Pyrenean Basin (Escarlà, La Roca, Masia de l'Hereuet, Barranc del Fusteró and Font del Torricó) are geographically very close, although situated in different sub-basins (see text).
FIGURE 1. Selected lizard and amphisbaenian material from studied localities. 1-2 in First early Eocene lizards from Spain and a study of the compositional changes between late Mesozoic and early Cenozoic Iberian lizard assemblages
FIGURE 1. Selected lizard and amphisbaenian material from studied localities. 1-2, Geiseltaliellus sp.: 1, left dentary (IPS 49740); 2, maxilla (IPS 83552); 3-4, Iguanidae indet.: 3, fragment of dentary (IPS 83535) with one preserved tooth, 4, fragment of?maxilla with four preserved teeth (IPS 49756); 5-6, Agamidae indet.: 5, Fragment of toothbearing bone preserving one tooth (IPS 83546), 6, fragment of dentary preserving two teeth (IPS 83543). 7-8, Gekkota indet.: 7, posterior portion of left dentary (IPS 59559), 8, anterior portion of left dentary (IPS 83520); 9, Scincoidea (?Scincidae) indet., fragment of right dentary (IPS 49752); 10,?Lacertidae indet., fragment of tooth-bearing bone perserving two teeth (IPS 49762); 11, Amphisbaenia indet., vertebra (IPS 59529); 12, cf. Placosaurus sp., partial parietal with fused osteoderms (IPS 59567); 13, Glyptosaurini indet., skull osteoderm (IPS 83532); 14, Glyptosaurinae indet., body osteoderm (IPS 83533); 15-18, Anguinae indet.: 15, keeled body osteoderm (IPS 83540), 16, unkeeled body osteoderm (IPS 83533), 17, partial parietal (IPS 83557), 18, vertebra (IPS 59538); 19-20, "Necrosauridae" indet.: 19, partial left dentary (IPS 83545), 20, osteoderm (IPS 49741). 1, 2, 5, 6, 11, 15 and 17-20 from Masia de l'Hereuet (MP8+9); 3, 4, 7, 8, 10 and 14 from La Morera (MP10); 12 from Escarlà (MP10); 13 and 16 from Font del Torricó. 1-10 and 19 in labial view; 11-12, 17 in dorsal view; 13-16 and 20 in external view; 18 in ventral view.
FIGURE 3 in First early Eocene lizards from Spain and a study of the compositional changes between late Mesozoic and early Cenozoic Iberian lizard assemblages
FIGURE 3. Distribution of lizard and amphisbaenian taxa from the latest Cretaceous to the late Eocene in the Iberian Peninsula. Records from Font del Torricó are omitted because its exact age inside the early Eocene is unknown. Black squares indicate unambiguous records, whereas grey squares indicate uncertainty. LaMa: Late Maastrichtian; eLaMa: earliest Late Maastrichtian; E/LaMa: Early or Late Maastrichtian; Late Campanian.
Fig. 3. A in First post-Mesozoic record of Crocodyliformes from Chile
Fig. 3. A. Indeterminate crocodilian right tibia (SGO−PV−833, Bahía Inglesa, Chile, late Miocene) in proximal (A1), medial (A2), and lateral (A3) aspects. Note the spiral fractures in A2 and A3. Such fractures involve torsional stress and indicate that the bone was fresh when the fracture occurred (see Lyman 1994 for a review of spiral fracture aetiology). Since impact during wave action or burial compaction seem unlikely to have caused the fracture, it may be direct evidence for predation or scavenging by other crocodyliforms. B. Indeterminate crocodilian tooth (SGO−PV−836, Bahía Inglesa, Chile, late Miocene). A1 and A2 are pencil drawings, A3 and B are photographs.
Fig. 2 in First post-Mesozoic record of Crocodyliformes from Chile
Fig. 2. Indeterminate crocodilian right dentary fragment (SGO−PV 834, Bahía Inglesa, Chile, late Miocene) in lateral (A), occlusal (B), medial (C), and caudal (D) aspects. Dashed line in white (in C) indicates position of Meckel's groove.
Fig. 1. A. Site location. B in First post-Mesozoic record of Crocodyliformes from Chile
Fig. 1. A. Site location. B. Generalised stratigraphic log of the Bahía Inglesa Formation. 1, Morro Member. Medium/coarse sands with Skolithos and crossbedding. Sands intercalated with coquinas, grading into pale fish−bearing siltstones to the north−east. Conglomerates present at some levels; 2, Bahía Inglesa Formation Bonebed Member. Phosphorites intercalated with fine/medium sands. The Bahía Inglesa Formation Bonebed marks the base; 3, Lechero Member. As Bahía Inglesa Formation Bonebed Member, but without phosphorites; 4, Early Pleistocene marine terrace downcuts toward bay. ssgc, sedimentary clast size division: silt, sand, gravel, and cobbles.
Fig. 1. Mesozoic thylacocephalans. A–C. Dollocaris ingens Van Straelen, 1923 in The Early Cambrian origin of thylacocephalan arthropods
Fig. 1. Mesozoic thylacocephalans. A–C. Dollocaris ingens Van Straelen, 1923, Callovian, La Voulte, France. FSL 170759, general view (A1) and detail (A2) of visual surface. B. Three−dimensionally preserved specimen showing a pair of bulbous eyes, in left lateral (B1) and frontal (B2) views (collection of the Musée d'Histoire Naturelle, Lyon, specimen number in−progress). C. IPM R 62002, specimen showing well−preserved raptorial appendages. D. Mayrocaris bucculata Polz, 1994, general view of paratype (specimen 93032701 from Polz 1994: pl. 1: 3, courtesy S. Secrétan).
Figure 6 in Turtle shell bone and osteoderm histology of Mesozoic and Cenozoic stem-trionychian Adocidae and Nanhsiungchelyidae (Cryptodira: Adocusia) from Central Asia, Mongolia, and North America
Figure 6. Bone histology of Trionychidae indet. (ZIN PH 11/101). Images (a), (b), (f), and (g) are in polarised light, images (c) and (e) in normal transmitted light, and image (d) in polarised light applying a lambda compensator. (a) Composite overview image assembled from several images and transferred on a black background. Note distally tapering of the internal cortex. (b) Close-up of cancellous bone and internal cortex, the latter being composed of parallel-fibred bone tissue. (c, d) Close-up of distal end of the specimen. The cancellous bone is subsequently substituted by a loose meshwork of longitudinal coarse fibre bundles. (e, f) Close-up of the proximal part of external cortex, showing a thick, more external zone of predominantly parallel trending interwoven structural fibres (mirroring parallel-fibred bone tissue arrangement), overlying a thin plywood-like system of the more internal zone. Note oblique coarser Sharpey's fibres extending over the plies. (g) Close-up of a more distally situated part the external cortex, where the individual plies of the more internal zone have increased to about twice the thickness seen in the more proximal part of the cortex. The interwoven structural fibre bundles of the more external zone show a more homogeneous distribution instead of dominance of horizontally arranged fibre bundles. Abbreviations: CB, cancellous bone; EC, erosion cavity; ECO; external cortex; EZ, more external zone; GM, growth mark; ICO, internal cortex; IZ, more internal zone, ISF, interwoven structural fibre bundles; lsFB, longitudinally sectioned fibre bundle; PC, primary vascular canal; PFB, parallel-fibred bone; ShF, Sharpey's fibres.
Figure 4 in Turtle shell bone and osteoderm histology of Mesozoic and Cenozoic stem-trionychian Adocidae and Nanhsiungchelyidae (Cryptodira: Adocusia) from Central Asia, Mongolia, and North America
Figure 4. Shell bone histology of Basilemys sp. from North America. Image (a) is in normal transmitted light, and images (b–f) are in polarised light. (a, b) Section of the external cortex of the peripheral YPM 9703 showing characteristic spindle-shaped organisation of growth marks and the "pock-mark" sculpturing pattern of the bone surface. Note "lateral" shift between successive layers causing phasedelayed "saddle and valley" ornamentation pattern. (c) Close-up of the trabecular meshwork of interior cancellous bone of YPM 9703. Note interstitial primary bone matrix in trabecular nodes. (d) Close-up of the internal cortex of the peripheral shell fragment FM P27371. Parallel-fibred bone is vascularised by scattered primary osteons and simple vascular canals. (e) Close-up of the apical external cortex of the spiked osteoderm TMP 80.08.296, showing the external "pock-mark" sculpturing pattern and the spindle-shaped arrangement of bone tissue. (f) Close-up of the internal and lateral cortex of TMP 80.08.296. Note regular arrangement of transversely and longitudinally sectioned interwoven structural fibre bundles. Abbreviations: CB, cancellous bone; ISF, interwoven structural fibre bundles; LB, lamellar bone; lsFB, longitudinally sectioned fibre bundle; PC, primary vascular canal; PO, primary osteon, PFB, parallel-fibred bone; SO, secondary osteon; trFB, transversely sectioned fibre bundle.
Figure 3 in Turtle shell bone and osteoderm histology of Mesozoic and Cenozoic stem-trionychian Adocidae and Nanhsiungchelyidae (Cryptodira: Adocusia) from Central Asia, Mongolia, and North America
Figure 3. Bone histology of Nanhsiungchelyidae from Central Asia and Mongolia. Images (a) and (e) are in normal transmitted light, images (c) and (f) in polarised light, and (b) and (d) in polarised light applying a lambda compensator. (a, b) Close-up of external cortex of ZIN PH 38/80 (Nanhsiungchelyidae indet.). The more external zone shows growth marks, representing resorption lines in the cortical tissue. The more internal zone shows interwoven structural fibre bundles, vascularised by primary osteons and simple vascular canals. Note scattered secondary osteons. (c, d) Close-up of the external cortex of PIN 3458 (Hanbogdemys orientalis). Note presence of fibres extending perpendicular to the bone surface and subparallel growth marks in the external-most layers. Isolated primary vascular canals open up to the bone surface as small foramina. Note succession of resorption lines in the cortex. (e, f) Close-up of the interior cancellous bone and internal cortex of PIN 3458 (Hanbogdemys orientalis). The cortical parallel-fibred bone tissue is increasingly invaded by erosion cavities, only in parts lined with centripetally deposited secondary lamellar bone. Abbreviations: EC, erosion cavity; GM, growth mark; ISF, interwoven structural fibre bundles; OP, ornamentation pattern; PC, primary vascular canal; PFB, parallel-fibred bone; RL, resorption line; SO, secondary osteon; TR, trabecular bone.
Figure 5 in Turtle shell bone and osteoderm histology of Mesozoic and Cenozoic stem-trionychian Adocidae and Nanhsiungchelyidae (Cryptodira: Adocusia) from Central Asia, Mongolia, and North America
Figure 5. Bone histology of Trionychidae indet. (ZIN PH 3/75). Images (a) and (e) are in normal transmitted light, images (b) and (f) in polarised light, and (c) and (d) in polarised light applying a lambda compensator. (a–c) Close-up of the external cortex showing the plywoodlike system below the external ornamentation pattern. Note internal organisation of plies into fibre bundle quadrangles (see Scheyer et al., 2007), visible as alternating light and dark bundles (b) or yellow-orange and blue-violet bundles (c). Internal to the ply system the bone is coarsely cancellous. (d) Close up of the plywood-like system showing the longitudinally trending plies separating the plies, which show the alternating longitudinally sectioned (yellow-orange) and cross-sectioned (blue-violet) fibre bundle quadrangles. (e) Interior cancellous bone showing predominantly remodelled trabeculae and horizontally oblong intertrabecular cavities. (f) Close-up of the internal cortex showing lamellar zonal bone grading into parallel-fibred bone. Abbreviations: CCB, coarse cancellous bone; FBQ, fibre bundle quadrangles; ISF, interwoven structural fibre bundles; LSO, longitudinally sectioned secondary osteon; LZB-PFB, lamellar zonal bone-parallel-fibred bone; OP, ornamentation pattern; PC, primary vascular canal; PFB, parallel-fibred bone; ShF, Sharpey's fibres; TR, trabecular bone.
Figure 2 in Turtle shell bone and osteoderm histology of Mesozoic and Cenozoic stem-trionychian Adocidae and Nanhsiungchelyidae (Cryptodira: Adocusia) from Central Asia, Mongolia, and North America
Figure 2. Bone histology of Adocidae from Central Asia and Mongolia. Images (a), (c), and (e) are in normal transmitted light, images (b), (d), and (f) in polarised light. (a) Close-up of the external cortex of ZIN PH 84/87 ("Ferganemys" itemirensis). Growth marks are visible in the more external zone, whereas the more internal zone is dominated by an extensive reticular vascularisation pattern. (b) Close-up of the external cortex of ZIN PH 2/116 (Shachemys sp., xiphiplastron: external bone surface is in lower part of image). The more external zone shows highly birefringent growth marks, whereas the more internal zone is increasingly remodelled by secondary osteons. (c) Close-up of the external cortex of ZIN PH 92 (Adocus dzhurtasensis). Note absence of the more external zone. (d) Interior coarse cancellous bone of ZIN PH 593/64 (Adocus foveatus). (e) Close-up of the interior trabecular bone of ZIN PH 2/91 (Adocus sp.). (f) Close-up of the internal cortex of ZIN PH 37/86 ("Ferganemys" itermirensis, plastron fragment) showing parallel-fibred bone grading into lamellar bone. Note the light and dark extinction pattern of the tissue. Abbreviations: EC, erosion cavities; GM, growth mark; ISF, interwoven structural fibre bundles; PFBLZB, parallel-fibred bone-lamellar zonal bone; PC, primary vascular canal; RVP, reticular vascularisation pattern; SO, secondary osteon; TR, trabecular bone.
Figure 1 in Turtle shell bone and osteoderm histology of Mesozoic and Cenozoic stem-trionychian Adocidae and Nanhsiungchelyidae (Cryptodira: Adocusia) from Central Asia, Mongolia, and North America
Figure 1. Shell bone histology of Adocus sp. from North America. Image (a) is in normal transmitted light, and images (b–d) are in polarised light. Close-up of the interwoven structural fibre bundles of external cortex of the peripheral UCMP V87101/150201. (a, b) Note presence of growth marks and perpendicular fibre bundles in the more external zone. The more internal zone shows fine-fibred homogeneous structure of the ISF. (c) Close-up of interior trabecular and coarse cancellous bone of the costal UCMP V87101/150200. (d) Close-up of parallel-fibred bone of internal cortex of the costal UCMP V87101/150200. The bone tissue is vascularised by few scattered primary vascular canals only. Abbreviations: EC, erosion cavities; GM, growth mark; ISF, interwoven structural fibre bundles; LB, lamellar bone; PC, primary vascular canal; PFB, parallel-fibred bone; SO, secondary osteon.
Figs. 94–103. Taxa excluded from the hydrophilid lineage. 94–99 in Revision of Mesozoic fossils of the helophorid lineage of the superfamily Hydrophiloidea (Coleoptera: Polyphaga)
Figs. 94–103. Taxa excluded from the hydrophilid lineage. 94–99 – 'Mesohelophorus' mongolicus Ponomarenko, 1986 (94–95 – PIN 3152/4355, holotype, piece and counterpiece; 96, 99 – PIN 3152/4312, piece and counterpiece; 97 – same specimen, detail of head in dorsal view; 99 – head and prosternum of the holotype). 100 – 'Mesosperchus' angulatus Ponomarenko, 1985, holotype; 101 – 'Mesosperchus' schultzi Ponomarenko, 1985, holotype, piece; 102–103 – 'Mesosperchus' notatus Ponomarenko, 1977, holotype (102 – general view; 103 – detail of elytral structure). Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
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