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Figure 2 in Morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of a new marine urostylid ciliate (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia) from the South China Sea, and a brief overview of the convergent evolution of the midventral pattern within the Spirotrichea

Figure 2. Photomicrographs of Bergeriella ovata gen. et sp. nov. from life. A, ventral view of a specimen. B, C, ventral view of slender and fat forms; the arrow indicates the wide and bright oral field. D, lateral view. E, F, lateral (E) and dorsal (F) views, showing the distribution of the granules; the arrows mark the granule rows near the base of each marginal cirrus, the arrowheads point to the granule rows along with midventral rows, and the double arrowheads mark the granule bands in the gap between the somatic kineties. G, H, showing the cortical granules (arrows), the fibres associated with cirri (arrowheads), and a dorsal cilium (double arrowheads). I, focusing on the oral field; note the paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the endoral membrane (arrow). J, the cortical granules (arrow) near the base of marginal cirri. K, lateral view of the posterior portion; arrows point to the enlarged postoral ventral cirri. L, globular lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. Scale bars: 50 Mm.

Figure 1 in Morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of a new marine urostylid ciliate (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia) from the South China Sea, and a brief overview of the convergent evolution of the midventral pattern within the Spirotrichea

Figure 1. Bergeriella ovata gen. et sp. nov. drawn from life (A–C, E–F) and after impregnation with protargol (D, G–J). A, ventral view of a specimen. B, different body shapes. C, section of the ventral infraciliature, showing the fibres associated with the postoral ventral cirri (double arrowheads) and the obliquely arranged left ventral cirri (arrow). D, distribution of cortical granules (arrow) near the marginal cirri. E, F, distribution of the cortical granules on the ventral (E) and dorsal (F) sides; the arrow indicates the granules along the nonmigratory row, and the arrowheads point to the granular rows along the dorsal kineties. G, left lateral side view of the infraciliature. H–I, ventral (H) and dorsal (I) views of the infraciliature; note the enlarged postoral ventral cirri (dashed lines), the frontal cirri (dashed lines), and the three dorsal kineties (arrows). J, ventral view of an early divider; the arrow indicates the oral primordium of the proter, the arrowheads mark the old endoral membranes in dedifferentiation, and the double arrowhead points to the oral primordium of the opisthe. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirri; DK, dorsal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FC, frontal cirri; LMR, left marginal row; LVR, left ventral rows; MVR, midventral rows; NMR, nonmigratory row; PM, paroral membrane; PVR, postoral ventral rows; RMR, right marginal row. Scale bars: 40 Mm (A–C, F–J); 15 Mm (E).

Figure 5 in Morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of a new marine urostylid ciliate (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia) from the South China Sea, and a brief overview of the convergent evolution of the midventral pattern within the Spirotrichea

Figure 5. Photomicrographs of regeneration in Bergeriella ovata gen. et sp. nov. after impregnation with protargol. A, B, ventral views of middle reorganizers, showing the oral primordium (arrow in A), fronto-ventral-transverse (FVT) anlagen (arrowheads), and the anlagen for the nonmigratory row (double arrowhead); the arrow in (B) points to the undulating membrane anlagen. C, a middle-stage reorganizer; the arrow marks the first frontal cirrus generated from the undulating membrane anlagen, and the arrowheads indicate the anlagen for the nonmigratory row. D, dorsal view of the same specimen, showing the anlagen for the left marginal row (arrow) and the dorsal kinety anlagen (arrowheads).

Figure 4 in Morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of a new marine urostylid ciliate (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia) from the South China Sea, and a brief overview of the convergent evolution of the midventral pattern within the Spirotrichea

Figure 4. Photomicrographs of Bergeriella ovata gen. et sp. nov. after impregnation with protargol. A, infraciliature of the ventral posterior portion, showing the nonmigratory row (arrow), the postoral (arrowheads), and the left ventral cirri (double arrowheads). B, infraciliature of an anterior portion, showing the frontal cirri (arrows), buccal cirri (arrowhead), and the undulating membranes (double arrowheads). C, left lateral view, showing the left ventral rows, and the left marginal row (arrow). D, dorsal kineties, in which kinetosomes become more densely spaced from left to right (arrows). E, dorsal view, showing the anterior portion of the nonmigratory row (arrowhead) and the right marginal row (arrow). F, nuclear apparatus, some with replication bands can be seen. G, H, ventral and dorsal views of an early stage divider, showing the undulating membrane anlagen (arrow in G), FVT anlagen (arrowheads), and the anlagen for the nonmigratory row, which come from the posteriormost FVT streak (double arrowheads) of the opisthe. The arrows in (H) indicate the dorsal kineties anlagen. I, early divider showing the appearance of the oral primordium (arrow) and the enlarged macronuclear nodules of the proter. J, separating ellipsoid macronuclear nodules. K, L, ventral views of a late-stage divider (same specimen), showing the developed cirri of the proter (K) and the opisthe (L); the arrows indicate the migrating postoral and left ventral cirri, and the arrowheads indicate the anlagen for the nonmigratory row. M, dorsal view of the same specimen shown in (K) and (L), showing the anlagen of the marginal rows (arrows) and the new dorsal kineties.

Figure 39 in Molecular phylogeny, analysis of character evolution, and submersible collections enable a new classification of a diverse group of gobies (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Nes subgroup), including nine new species and four new genera

Figure 39. Varicus veliguttatus papillae pattern, drawn from paratype, USNM 406372. Illustration by J.L. Van Tassell.

Figure 36 in Molecular phylogeny, analysis of character evolution, and submersible collections enable a new classification of a diverse group of gobies (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Nes subgroup), including nine new species and four new genera

Figure 36. Varicus nigritus papillae pattern, drawn from holotype, USNM 427233. Illustration by J.L. Van Tassell.

Figure 37 in Molecular phylogeny, analysis of character evolution, and submersible collections enable a new classification of a diverse group of gobies (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Nes subgroup), including nine new species and four new genera

Figure 37. Varicus veliguttatus; (A) paratype, 39.2 mm SL, USNM 406372, prior to preservation; (B) paratype, 41.5 mm SL, USNM 431697, prior to preservation; (C) paratype, 27.7 mm SL, USNM 436648, prior to preservation; (D) paratype, USNM 436648, live; photos by D.R. Robertson and C. Baldwin (A–C) and Barry Brown (D).

Figure 35 in Molecular phylogeny, analysis of character evolution, and submersible collections enable a new classification of a diverse group of gobies (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Nes subgroup), including nine new species and four new genera

Figure 35. Varicus nigritus, holotype, 35.4 mm SL, USNM 427233; (A) preserved, photographed in 2014, photo by J.L. Van Tassell; (B) preserved, photographed several days after collection, photo by R.G. Gilmore.

Figure 33 in Molecular phylogeny, analysis of character evolution, and submersible collections enable a new classification of a diverse group of gobies (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Nes subgroup), including nine new species and four new genera

Figure 33. Varicus decorum papillae pattern, drawn from paratype, USNM 426692. Illustration by J.L. Van Tassell.

Figure 32 in Molecular phylogeny, analysis of character evolution, and submersible collections enable a new classification of a diverse group of gobies (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Nes subgroup), including nine new species and four new genera

Figure 32. Varicus decorum, paratype, 40.2 mm SL, USNM 426692, preserved. Photo by J.L. Van Tassell.

Figure 16 in Molecular phylogeny, analysis of character evolution, and submersible collections enable a new classification of a diverse group of gobies (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Nes subgroup), including nine new species and four new genera

Figure 16. Pinnichthys saurimimica papillae pattern, drawn from holotype, USNM 427228. Illustration by J.L. Van Tassell.

Figure 12. Pinnichthys aimoriensis papillae pattern, composite from AMNH 265020 and CIUFES 2414 in Molecular phylogeny, analysis of character evolution, and submersible collections enable a new classification of a diverse group of gobies (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Nes subgroup), including nine new species and four new genera

Figure 12. Pinnichthys aimoriensis papillae pattern, composite from AMNH 265020 and CIUFES 2414. Illustration by J.L. Van Tassell.

Figure 13 in Molecular phylogeny, analysis of character evolution, and submersible collections enable a new classification of a diverse group of gobies (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Nes subgroup), including nine new species and four new genera

Figure 13. Pinnichthys saurimimica, illustration of live holotype, 55.5 mm SL, USNM 427228 by R.G. Gilmore.

Figure 7 in Molecular phylogeny, analysis of character evolution, and submersible collections enable a new classification of a diverse group of gobies (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Nes subgroup), including nine new species and four new genera

Figure 7. Ancestral character estimation for (A) the presence/absence of body scales (not including basicaudal scales) and (B) and presence/absence of modified basicaudal scales. Pies at nodes represent posterior probabilities for ancestor's character state. Species from the eastern Pacific are denoted with "(P)".

Figure 29 in Molecular phylogeny, analysis of character evolution, and submersible collections enable a new classification of a diverse group of gobies (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Nes subgroup), including nine new species and four new genera

Figure 29. Varicus cephalocellatus, preserved. (A) holotype, 28.2 mm SL, USNM 427232; (B) paratype, 37.1 mm SL, USNM 427227. Photos by J.L. Van Tassell.

Figure 24. Varicus adamsi, 61.0 in Molecular phylogeny, analysis of character evolution, and submersible collections enable a new classification of a diverse group of gobies (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Nes subgroup), including nine new species and four new genera

Figure 24. Varicus adamsi, 61.0 mm SL, USNM 427225, in situ at 435 m, Bahamas, photo by R.G. Gilmore and Michael Adams from the Johnson Sea Link II submersible (original photo out of focus – no additional photos available).

Figure 3 in Molecular phylogeny, analysis of character evolution, and submersible collections enable a new classification of a diverse group of gobies (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Nes subgroup), including nine new species and four new genera

Figure 3. Examples of papillae patterns in which rows 5i and 5s are connected (A–C) or distinctly separate (D–F). (A) Varicus bucca, UMML 7119; (B) Pinnichthys prolata, AMNH 87272; (C) Psilotris celsa, USNM 98429; (D) Chriolepis minutilla, USNM 322595; (E) Chriolepis zebra, CAS 31001; (F) Gobulus crescentalis, USNM 48258.

Figure 4 in Molecular phylogeny, analysis of character evolution, and submersible collections enable a new classification of a diverse group of gobies (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Nes subgroup), including nine new species and four new genera

Figure 4. Variation in branching pattern of pelvic rays 1–4 in the Nes subgroup. (A) branched but united at tips as a flattened, spatulate fleshy pad, Varicus adamsi, USNM 220985; (B) branched to the tips, some branches with minute fleshy tips, Varicus vespa, paratype (USNM 221524); (C) rays unbranched, or branched internally and re-fused (as in ray 3), tips with fleshy pads, Varicus bucca, holotype ANSP 93083; (D) rays branched, mostly internally and re-fused, tips with fleshy pads, Varicus sp., USNM 199060; (E) all rays unbranched without fleshy tips, Varicus veliguttatus USNM 220982; (F) all rays branched, not re-fused and no fleshy tips, Psilotris boehlkei, USNM 427234.

Figure 2 in Molecular phylogeny, analysis of character evolution, and submersible collections enable a new classification of a diverse group of gobies (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Nes subgroup), including nine new species and four new genera

Figure 2. Anal-fin pterygiophore insertion patterns. (A) One anal-fin pterygiophore inserted anterior to first haemal spine (Varicus cephalocellatus paratype, USNM 427227); (B) rare pattern in which haemal spine on vertebra 12 is reduced, and first elongate haemal spine appears on vertebra 13, giving the appearance of two anal-pterygiophores inserted before first haemal spine. This pattern is considered homologous to pattern depicted in A, and occurs only in species in which the pattern from A is also observed (Varicus cephalocellatus paratype, USNM 427227); (C) two anal-fin pterygiophores inserted anterior to first haemal spine (Chriolepis lepidota holotype USNM 211456).

Figure 5 in Molecular phylogeny, analysis of character evolution, and submersible collections enable a new classification of a diverse group of gobies (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Nes subgroup), including nine new species and four new genera

Figure 5. Bayesian phylogeny from MrBayes analysis of the Gobiosomatini. Tip labels follow classification recognized prior to this study. Red bars indicate new classification from this study (Table 2). Support values at nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities. The "?" for Chriolepis cf. fisheri refers to the incertae sedis status of this species (see "Remarks" section for Chriolepis). Species from the eastern Pacific are denoted with "(P)".