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РИС. 5. Местообитание, характерное длЯ H. zangezurica (А), и половоЗрелаЯ особь, обнаруженнаЯ во времЯ откладки Яиц (B). Обе фотографии сделаны в типовом местонахождении. in Harmozica zangezurica (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Hygromiidae) - a cryptic species of land molluscs from southern Armenia

РИС. 5. Местообитание, характерное длЯ H. zangezurica (А), и половоЗрелаЯ особь, обнаруженнаЯ во времЯ откладки Яиц (B). Обе фотографии сделаны в типовом местонахождении.

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РИС. 2. ПоловаЯ система двух конхологически cхожих видов. A. Harmozica pisiformis по Шилейко (1978). B. Голотип H. zangezurica по Gural-Sverlova et al. (2017b). Стрелками покаЗаны вагинальные придатки. in Harmozica zangezurica (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Hygromiidae) - a cryptic species of land molluscs from southern Armenia

РИС. 2. ПоловаЯ система двух конхологически cхожих видов. A. Harmozica pisiformis по Шилейко (1978). B. Голотип H. zangezurica по Gural-Sverlova et al. (2017b). Стрелками покаЗаны вагинальные придатки.

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Рис. 2. Laternula elliptica: А – раковина вЗрослого моллюска иЗ морЯ Дейвиса, L=87 мм, вид сбоку; Б – вид с дорсальной стороны (по: Егорова [1982]); В – расположение пустых раковин Laternula elliptica в осыпаюЩемсЯ песчаном грунте на склоне подводного холма (по рисунку иЗ полевого дневника Б.И. Сиренко, ЗИН РАН); Г – наружные отверстиЯ вводного и выводного сифонов Laternula elliptica (King, 1832) на поверхности грунта. Fig. 2. Laternula elliptica: А – shell of adult mollusc from the Davis Sea, L=87 mm, lateral view; Б – dorsal view (after: Егорова [1982]); В – empty shells of Laternula elliptica in friable sand on a slope of underwater hill (after sketch in the field journal of Dr. B.I. Sirenko, Zool. Inst. RAS); Г – external openings of inhalant and exhalant siphons of Laternula elliptica on surface of bottom deposits. in Species of warm-water origin Laternula elliptica (King, 1832) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Laternulidae), a widespread mollusk in recent Antarctica

Рис. 2. Laternula elliptica: А – раковина вЗрослого моллюска иЗ морЯ Дейвиса, L=87 мм, вид сбоку; Б – вид с дорсальной стороны (по: Егорова [1982]); В – расположение пустых раковин Laternula elliptica в осыпаюЩемсЯ песчаном грунте на склоне подводного холма (по рисунку иЗ полевого дневника Б.И. Сиренко, ЗИН РАН); Г – наружные отверстиЯ вводного и выводного сифонов Laternula elliptica (King, 1832) на поверхности грунта. Fig. 2. Laternula elliptica: А – shell of adult mollusc from the Davis Sea, L=87 mm, lateral view; Б – dorsal view (after: Егорова [1982]); В – empty shells of Laternula elliptica in friable sand on a slope of underwater hill (after sketch in the field journal of Dr. B.I. Sirenko, Zool. Inst. RAS); Г – external openings of inhalant and exhalant siphons of Laternula elliptica on surface of bottom deposits.

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Fig. 5 in Opisthobranch molluscs of «Cylichna occulta group» (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia: Cylichnidae) from the Chukchi Sea and adjacent waters

Fig. 5. Cylichnoides occultus: radula (A – internal lateral teeth, B – F, H – rachidian teeth, G – outer lateral teeth) and shell sculpture (I) of the specimens collected in the Chukchi Sea, Wrangel Isl. (A–E, I – 1976; F–H – 1924). Cylichnoides sp. 1: radula (J, K, N – rachidian teeth, L – outer lateral teeth, M – internal lateral teeth) and shell sculpture (O). Scale bar: A, G, K, L – 50 µm; B, C, H – 30 µm; D, E, N – 10 µm; F, J – 20 µm; I – 200 µm; M – 40 µm; O – 100 µm.

Fig. 7 in A study on benthic molluscs and stable isotopes from Kutch, western India reveals early Eocene hyperthermals and pronounced transgression during ETM2 and H2 events

Fig. 7 Histogram showing the frequency distribution of bulk sediment organic matter δ13C values. Red line marks the mean value (− 26.87‰). Yellow lines demarcate the standard deviation (1σ)

Fig. 6 a in A study on benthic molluscs and stable isotopes from Kutch, western India reveals early Eocene hyperthermals and pronounced transgression during ETM2 and H2 events

Fig. 6 a Lithostratigraphic section of Umarsar mine. b Bulk sediment organic matter δ13C stratigraphy; hyperthermal events are demarcated. c Molluscan shell carbonate c δ13C and c δ18O curve for unit 3. d Variation in TOC and e relative sea level 1 2

Fig. 5 Mollusc fossils from unit 3 a in A study on benthic molluscs and stable isotopes from Kutch, western India reveals early Eocene hyperthermals and pronounced transgression during ETM2 and H2 events

Fig. 5 Mollusc fossils from unit 3 a Broken shell of Pteria sp. b Partially preserved Anomia sp. c–e Nuculana sp. c within green shale, d external view of left valve, e internal view of left valve. f Articulated specimen of Caestocorbula sp. g Aphrodina sp. (white arrow) and Claibornicardia sp. (yellow arrow) in shell limestone h–j Claibornicardia sp. h internal view of left valve, i external view of left valve, j internal view of right valve. k, l Turritella sp. Scale bars 10 mm

Fig. 4 in A study on benthic molluscs and stable isotopes from Kutch, western India reveals early Eocene hyperthermals and pronounced transgression during ETM2 and H2 events

Fig. 4 Relative abundance of mollusc fossils in different layers shown along with the lithostratigraphic column of unit 3

Fig. 2 in A study on benthic molluscs and stable isotopes from Kutch, western India reveals early Eocene hyperthermals and pronounced transgression during ETM2 and H2 events

Fig. 2 Lithostratigraphic section of the Umarsar mine as revealed from the 103 no. drill-core. The four informal units of the succession are marked. Relative quantities of amber, plant matter, pyrite and glauconite in different levels are indicated

Fig. 1 in A study on benthic molluscs and stable isotopes from Kutch, western India reveals early Eocene hyperthermals and pronounced transgression during ETM2 and H2 events

Fig. 1 Map of the study area in Kutch, India. a Map of India. b Position of the study area. c Location of the Umarsar and Panandhro mines. Nareda village, the type locality of the Naredi Formation is also shown

Fig. 8 X in A study on benthic molluscs and stable isotopes from Kutch, western India reveals early Eocene hyperthermals and pronounced transgression during ETM2 and H2 events

Fig. 8 X-ray diffractograms of a Aphrodina sp. b Claibornicardia sp. and c Caestocorbula sp. Aragonite (Ara) is detected in the composition of all the analysed bivalve genera. Blue lines indicate the obtained curves of the respective samples and green lines indicate the standard d-spacings of aragonite (based on Profex 5.0.2 software)

Fig. 4 in Mollusc fauna associated with the Cystoseira algal associations in the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic Sea)

Fig. 4: Comparison of mean mollusc richness (S) and abundance (N) per 400 cm2 in logarithmic scale with standard error bars (±SE) in different algal species (A) and at different depths (B) at sites investigated in 2012. Samples with C. barbata were: MBP1-5, PI4, PA1-5, STR1-4, FI1-2; with C. compressa were PI1-3.5, CM1-3, PO1-3, with C. corniculata were RR1-5; with H. incurva DR 1-5. Samples collected between 1 and 1.9 m were: DR3-4, MBP-1, PI1-4, PA3-5; between 2 and 2.9 m were: DR1- 2, 5, MBP2-5; PI2-3.5, PA1-2; STR 1-4, FI1-2; CM1-3, PO1-3, more than 3m were RR 1-5.

Fig. 1 in Mollusc fauna associated with the Cystoseira algal associations in the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic Sea)

Fig. 1: The study area with sampling sites. Five sites were sampled in 2012 [DR Debeli rtič], RR (Cape Ronek), PA (Pacug), MBP (Marine Biology Station), and PI (Piranček)). Four sites were sampled in 2008 (STR (Natural Reserve Strunjan), FI (Fiesa), CM (Cape Madona Natural Monument) and PO Izola)].

Fig. 3 in Mollusc fauna associated with the Cystoseira algal associations in the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic Sea)

Fig. 3: Comparison of the proportions of mollusc feeding guilds among sampling sites investigated in 2012, in terms of mean abundance (A) and richness (B) per 400 cm2.

Fig. 2 in Mollusc fauna associated with the Cystoseira algal associations in the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic Sea)

Fig. 2: K-dominance curve for sampling sites investigated in 2012. The graph shows the distribution of species abundances in the assemblage, plotted as a percentage of cumulative abundance (y axis) as a function of rank (x axis). Curves with low initial dominance reaching the asymptote slowly represent assemblages with homogeneous abundances and with high diversity.

Fig. 5 in Mollusc fauna associated with the Cystoseira algal associations in the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic Sea)

Fig. 5: Cluster of samples associated with four canopy-forming algal species (H_inc=H. incurva; C_corn=C. corniculata; C_ bar=C. barbata; C_comp=C. compressa), based on mollusc abundance data. Groups were formed with a cut at 20% of similarity.

Fig. 9 in Muscle attachment scars in helcionelloids from Denmark cast light on mollusc evolution in the Cambrian

Fig. 9. Muscle scars on internal mould of the rostroconch Ribeiria Sharpe, 1853, in lateral view. Both the anterior and posterior median muscle scars lie across the median dorsal plane of symmetry, the former attached to the transverse pegma preserved as a deep cleft on the internal mould. The posterior scar is a uniform attachment area, often ornamented with transverse growth lines, unlike the multiple small scars of Eotebenna (based on Pojeta and Runnegar 1976; Polechova 2015).

Fig. 7 in Muscle attachment scars in helcionelloids from Denmark cast light on mollusc evolution in the Cambrian

Fig. 7. Muscle scars on internal moulds of Palaeozoic bivalves. A. Left valve of Babinka Barrande, 1881, from the Lower Ordovician of Öland, Sweden (after Soot-Ryen 1969, length of specimen about 20 mm). B. Left valve of Palaeoneilo musculosa (Knod, 1908) from the Devonian of Bolivia (after Babin and Farjat 1994, length of specimens about 20 mm). C, D. Sketches in apical view showing asymmetry between pedal muscle scars (black) on internal molds of Palaeoneilo musculosa between left and right valves, and variation in pattern of pedal muscle between specimens (after Babin and Farjat 1994). Abbreviation: am, anterior adductor muscle scar.

Fig. 8 in Muscle attachment scars in helcionelloids from Denmark cast light on mollusc evolution in the Cambrian

Fig. 8. Muscle scars on internal moulds of helcionelloids. All sketches oriented in lateral view with the apex to the right. A. Vendrascospira frykmani Peel and Kouchinsky, 2022 (after Peel 2023). B. Anhuiconus microtuberus Zhou and Xiao, 1984 (after Parkhaev 2002). C. Hensoniconus siku (Peel and Kouchinsky, 2022) (after Peel 2023). D. Bemella communis Parkhaev, 2001 showing three pairs of muscle scars (black, after Parkhaev 2014b); Li et al. 2021) considered the two pairs of scars on the supra-apical surface (joined by grey) to be traces of a single pair of scars. E. Yochelcionella (based on outline of Yochelcionella ostentata Runnegar and Jell, 1974) showing pair of apical muscle scars described by Vendrasco et al. (2010) in Yochelcionella snorkorum Vendrasco, Porter, Kouchinsky, Li, and Fernandez, 2010. F. Eotebenna danica sp. nov., with multiple scars forming a muscle attachment area at the apex.

Fig. 6 in Muscle attachment scars in helcionelloids from Denmark cast light on mollusc evolution in the Cambrian

Fig. 6. Surface textures on internal mould of a helcionelloid mollusc Vendrascospira frykmani Peel and Kouchinsky, 2022, PMU 39208 from GGU sample 271492, Henson Gletscher Formation, Løndal, Peary Land, North Greenland, Miaolingian, middle Cambrian. A1. Lateral view with one muscle attachment scar from each of the two pairs of muscle scars (arrows). A2. Dorsal view showing pair of symmetrically placed muscle scars (arrows) on the supra-apical surface (right side of A1). The muscle scars lie on each side of the median area with botryoidal surface texture. A3. Detail of muscle scar (left scar in A1). A4. Detail of finely imbricate shell structure from the median area of A2.