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769 results for “Mosaic”
Simple and complex, sexually dimorphic retinal mosaic of fritillary butterflies
<p>Butterflies have variable sets of spectral photoreceptors that underlie colour vision. The photoreceptor organization may be optimised for the detection of body colouration. Fritillaries (Argynnini) are nymphalid butterflies exhibiting varying degrees of sexual dimorphism in wing colouration. In two sister species, the females have orange (<i>Argynnis </i><i>paphia</i>) and dark wings (<i>A. </i><i>sagana</i>), respectively, while the males of both species have orange wings with large patches of pheromone-producing androconia. In spite of the differences in female colouration, the eyes of both species exhibit an identical sexual dimorphism. The female eyeshine is uniform yellow, while the males have a complex retinal mosaic with yellow and red-reflecting ommatidia. We found the basic set of UV-, blue- and green-peaking photoreceptors in both sexes. Males additionally have three more photoreceptor classes, peaking in the green, yellow and red, respectively. The latter is the basal R9, indirectly measured through hyperpolarisations in the green-peaking R1-2. In many nymphalid tribes, including the closely related Heliconiini, the retinal mosaic is complex in both sexes. We hypothesise that the simple mosaic of female Argynnini is a secondary reduction, possibly driven by the use of olfaction for intraspecific recognition, whereas vision remains the primary sense for the task in the males.</p>
Population genomic consequences of life history and mating system adaptation to a geothermal soil mosaic in yellow monkeyflowers (common garden phenotype data)
<p>Local selection can promote phenotypic divergence despite gene flow across habitat mosaics, but adaptation itself may generate substantial barriers to genetic exchange. In plants, life-history, phenology, and mating system divergence have been proposed to promote genetic differentiation in sympatry. In this study, we investigate phenotypic and genetic variation in <em>Mimulus guttatus</em> (yellow monkeyflowers) across a geothermal soil mosaic in Yellowstone National Park (YNP). Plants from thermal annual and nonthermal perennial habitats were heritably differentiated for life history and mating system traits, consistent with local adaptation to the ephemeral thermal-soil growing season. However, genome-wide genetic variation primarily clustered plants by geographic region, with little variation sorting by habitat. The one exception was an extreme thermal population also isolated by a 200m geographical gap of no intermediate habitat. Individual inbreeding coefficients (F<sub>IS</sub>) were higher (and predicted by trait variation) in annual plants and annual pairs showed greater isolation by distance at local (<1km) scales. Finally, YNP adaptation does not re-use a widespread inversion that underlies <em>M. guttatus</em> life-history ecotypes range-wide, suggesting a novel genetic mechanism. Overall, this work suggests that life history and mating system adaptation strong enough to shape individual mating patterns does not necessarily generate incipient speciation without geographical barriers.</p>
Opponent processing in the retinal mosaic of nymphalid butterflies
<p class="MsoBodyText">The eyes of nymphalid butterflies, investigated with incident illumination, show colourful facet reflection patterns, the eye shine, which is uniform or heterogeneous, dependent on the species. Facet colours suggest that the ommatidia contain different sets of photoreceptors and screening pigments, but how the colours and the cell characteristics are associated has not been clearly established. Here we analyse the retinae of two nymphalids, <em>Apatura ilia</em>, which has a uniform eyeshine, and <em>Charaxes jasius, </em>a species with a heterogeneous eye shine, using single-cell recordings, spectroscopy and optical pupillometry. <em>Apatura</em> has UV, blue and green-sensitive photoreceptors, allocated into three ommatidial types. The UV and blue-sensitive cells are long visual fibres (LVFs), receiving opponent input from the green-sensitive short visual fibres (SVFs). <em>Charaxes</em> has an expanded set of photoreceptors, allocated into three additional, red-reflecting ommatidial types. All red ommatidia contain green-sensitive LVFs, receiving opponent input from red receptors. In both species, the SVFs do not receive any opponent input. The simple retina of <em>Apatura</em> with three ommatidial types and two different colour-opponent channels can support trichromatic vision. <em>Charaxes</em> has six ommatidial types and three different colour-opponent channels. Its expanded receptor set can support tetrachromatic vision.</p>
From nature reserve to mosaic management: improving matrix survival, not permeability, benefits regional populations under habitat loss and fragmentation
<p>Although matrix improvement in fragmented landscapes is a promising conservation measure, matrix permeability (willingness of an organism to enter the matrix) and movement survival in the matrix are usually aggregated. Consequently, it is unknown which matrix property needs to be improved. It also remains unclear whether matrix upgrading from dispersal passage to providing reproduction opportunities has large conservation benefits and whether there are interactive effects between habitat and matrix management.</p> <p>We examined matrix effects on regional populations across a gradient of habitat loss and fragmentation using simulation experiments that integrated demographic processes and movement modeling based on circuit theory. We separately modified the levels of matrix permeability and movement survival to evaluate their individual effects. We also altered the amount and configuration of not only habitat but also improved matrix to assess their effects on population vital rates (size, survival and density).</p> <p>In binary landscapes comprising habitat and unimproved matrix, matrix movement survival had larger effects on population vital rates than matrix permeability. Increasing movement survival increased vital rates, yet, increasing matrix permeability decreased vital rates. Increased permeability required corresponding increased movement survival to offset potential negative population outcomes.</p> <p>When subsets of the matrix functioning as dispersal passage only (where no reproduction opportunities existed) were improved, increasing matrix permeability but holding movement survival constant reduced all vital rates, especially with increasing habitat fragmentation. In contrast, when movement survival increased, vital rates increased given strong habitat fragmentation. The benefits of upgrading dispersal passage to provide reproduction opportunities for population survival were greatest when habitat amount was moderate. We also found synergetic effects between amounts of habitat and improved matrix, and the benefits of matrix improvement were promoted when improvement was achieved in a spatially aggregated manner.</p> <p><em>Synthesis and applications</em>: Matrix improvement and connectivity modeling aimed at increasing movement survival will likely bring larger conservation benefits than those for improving permeability alone. Buffering and connecting habitat remnants with improved matrix could provide benefits as long as movement survival is increased. Simultaneous implementation of habitat management and matrix improvement would yield synergistic conservation benefits.</p>
Stabilized morphological evolution of spiders despite mosaic changes in foraging ecology
<p><span>A prominent question in animal research is how the evolution of morphology and ecology interact in the generation of phenotypic diversity. Spiders are some of the most abundant arthropod predators in terrestrial ecosystems and exhibit a diversity of foraging styles. It remains unclear how spider body size and proportions relate to foraging style, and if the use of webs as prey capture devices correlates with changes in body characteristics. Here we present the most extensive dataset to date of morphometric and ecological traits in spiders. We used this dataset to estimate the change in spider body sizes and shapes over deep time and to test if and how spider phenotypes are correlated with their behavioural ecology. We found that phylogenetic variation of most traits best fitted an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model, which is a model of stabilizing selection. A prominent exception was body length, whose evolutionary dynamics were best explained with a Brownian Motion (free trait diffusion) model. This was most expressed in the araneoid clade (ecribellate orb-weaving spiders and allies) that showed bimodal trends towards either miniaturization or gigantism. Only few traits differed significantly between ecological guilds, most prominently leg length and thickness, and although a multivariate framework found general differences in traits among ecological guilds, it was not possible to unequivocally associate a set of morphometric traits with the relative ecological mode. Long, thin legs have often evolved with aerial webs and a hanging (suspended) locomotion style, but this trend is not general. Eye size and fang length did not differ between ecological guilds, rejecting the hypothesis that webs reduce the need for visual cue recognition and prey immobilization. For the inference of the ecology of species with unknown behaviours, we propose not to use morphometric traits, but rather consult (micro-)morphological characters, such as the presence of certain podal structures. These results suggest that, in contrast to insects, the evolution of body proportions in spiders is unusually stabilized, and ecological adaptations are dominantly realized by behavioural traits and extended phenotypes in this group of predators. This work demonstrates the power of combining recent advances in phylogenomics with trait-based approaches to better understand global functional diversity patterns through space and time.</span></p>
Fig. 11 in Breeding Bird Assemblage In A Mosaic Of Urbanized Habitats In A Cenral European City
Fig. 11. Distribution of occupied territories of Streptopelia decaocto and Columba palumbus.
Fig. 8 in Breeding Bird Assemblage In A Mosaic Of Urbanized Habitats In A Cenral European City
Fig. 8. Distribution of occupied territories of Phoenicurus phoenicurus.
Fig. 10 in Breeding Bird Assemblage In A Mosaic Of Urbanized Habitats In A Cenral European City
Fig. 10. Distribution of occupied territories of Corvus cornix, C. frugilegus and Pica pica.
GeMo : a web-based platform for the visualization and curation of mosaic genomes
<p>Dataset that will be used by TraceAncestor or by VCFHunter.</p> <p><strong>Reference for dataset</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p><a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy199">Baurens,F.-C. et al.(2019) Recombination and Large Structural Variations Shape Interspecific Edible Bananas Genomes. Mol Biol Evol, 36, 97–111.</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.14683">Martin et al., 2020a. Martin G, Cardi C, Sarah G, Ricci S, Jenny C, Fondi E, Perrier X, Glaszmann J-C, D’Hont A, Yahiaoui N. 2020. Genome ancestry mosaics reveal multiple and cryptic contributors to cultivated banana. Plant J. 102:1008–1025.</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz029">Ahmed,D. et al. (2019) Genotyping by sequencing can reveal the complex mosaic genomes in gene pools resulting from reticulate evolution: a case study in diploid and polyploid citrus. Annals of Botany, 123, 1231–1251.</a></p> </li> </ul>
Can fire-age mosaics really deal with conflicting needs of species? A study using population hotspots of multiple threatened birds
<p> Locations that support high densities of a species ("population hotspots") have a disproportionate influence on species' persistence. In fire-prone ecosystems, managers attempting to promote population hotspots of multiple species must understand how hotspot locations might shift with post-fire succession and how much overlap exists in the locations of population hotspots for multiple species. Mangers are then tasked with resolving fire-management conflicts in overlapping locations.</p> <p>We studied three co-occurring threatened bird species in a fire-prone 'mallee' region of south-eastern Australia. We undertook field surveys for each species (1508 surveys; 540 sites; 9-ha each). We used N-mixture models to determine (a) what factors affect species' density (including post-fire succession); (b) species' population sizes; (c) locations of species' current population hotspots and locations that may become population hotspots in the future as the post-fire successional state changes and (d) the degree of overlap in the current and possible future hotspots of species.</p> <p>We found substantial variation in the densities of the three species across the study area, with roughly half of each species' population occurring in only 20 percent of potential habitat (i.e. population hotspots). All species shared a preference for subtle depressions in the landscape, resulting in substantial overlap in their population hotspots. Two species had contrasting responses to post-fire succession in the subtle depressions. As a result, there was only a narrow post-fire period that supported population hotspots of both species, creating a challenge for fire managers in these shared locations.</p> <p><em>Synthesis and Applications.</em> Many studies make vague recommendations for fire-age mosaics that do not provide managers with the detail they need to implement appropriate fire-age mosaics. By contrast, we explicitly quantify, then balance the conflicting post-fire needs of species in locations that support population hotspots of multiple species. Using this approach, we develop principles to guide the implementation of fire-age mosaics in such locations. This approach represents a step towards applying fire-age mosaic theory to support effective species conservation.</p>
Supplementary material (Sanger sequencing photo) of the case of THRB mosaicism presented in Clinically Symptomatic Resistance to Thyroid Hormone β Syndrome Because of THRB Gene Mosaicism of Donnars et al. (https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgac347)
<p>Supplementary material (Sanger photo) of the case of THRB mosaicism presented in "Clinically Symptomatic Resistance to Thyroid Hormone β Syndrome Because of THRB Gene Mosaicism", by Donnars et al. (https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgac347)</p>
Data from: Convergent mosaic brain evolution is associated with the evolution of novel electrosensory systems in teleost fishes
<p><span><span><span><span>Brain region size generally scales allometrically with total brain size, but mosaic shifts in brain region size independent of brain size have been found in several lineages and may be related to the evolution of behavioral novelty. African weakly electric fishes (Mormyroidea) evolved a mosaically enlarged cerebellum and hindbrain, yet the relationship to their behaviorally novel electrosensory system remains unclear. We addressed this by studying South American weakly electric fishes (Gymnotiformes) and weakly electric catfishes (<em>Synodontis</em> spp.), which evolved varying aspects of electrosensory systems, independent of mormyroids. If the mormyroid mosaic increases are related to evolving an electrosensory system, we should find similar mosaic shifts in gymnotiforms and <em>Synodontis</em>. Using micro-computed tomography scans, we quantified brain region scaling for multiple electrogenic, electroreceptive, and non-electrosensing species. We found mosaic increases in cerebellum in all three electrogenic lineages relative to non-electric lineages and mosaic increases in torus semicircularis and hindbrain associated with the evolution of electrogenesis and electroreceptor type. These results show that evolving novel electrosensory systems is repeatedly and independently associated with changes in the sizes of individual brain regions independent of brain size, which suggests that selection can impact structural brain composition to favor specific regions involved in novel behaviors.</span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Mosaic adaptive peak shifts underlie body shape diversification in Pelagiaria fishes (Acanthomorpha: Percomorpha)
<p>Extreme body elongation in fishes is a major evolutionary transformation that extends the boundaries of morphological diversity and alters aspects of function, behavior, and ecology. Prior studies have identified features of the cranial and axial skeleton that characterize elongate fishes, but a lack of detailed reconstructions of anatomical evolution has limited inferences about factors that underlie major shifts in body shape. In this study, we fit multi-peak adaptive (Ornstein-Uhlenbeck) evolutionary models to species body shape and anatomical dimensions in Pelagiaria, a radiation of open-ocean fishes whose species span a continuum from deep-bodied to highly elongate. We inferred an ancestral fusiform adaptive peak that is retained by several major pelagiarian lineages (e.g., Scombridae) and found robust support for multiple transitions to deep-bodied (in the families Stromateidae, Bramidae, and Caristiidae) and elongate-bodied optima (within Trichiuroidei), including two instances of sequential shifts toward increasingly elongate optima that followed distinct paths of anatomical evolution. Within Trichiuridae, initial increases in head length and vertebral number were followed by changes in head and vertebral shape. Within an elongate-bodied subclade of taxa traditionally identified as 'gempylids', shifts in head and vertebral shape as well as number of precaudal vertebrae preceded an increase in number of caudal vertebrae. Altogether, this mosaic of anatomical peak shifts suggests that body shape transformations were associated with differing selective demands and developmental changes.</p>
Variety is the spice of life: flying-foxes exploit a variety of native and exotic food plants in an urban landscape mosaic
<p><span>Generally, urbanization is a major threat to biodiversity; however, urban areas also provide habitats that some species can exploit. Flying-foxes (<em>Pteropus</em> spp.) are becoming increasingly urbanized; which is thought to be a result of increased availability and temporal stability of urban food resources, diminished natural food resources, or both. Previous research has shown that urban-roosting grey-headed flying-foxes (<em>Pteropus</em> <em>poliocephalus</em>) preferentially forage in human-modified landscapes. However, which land-use areas and food plants support its presence in urban areas is unknown. We tracked nine <em>P</em>. <em>poliocephalus</em> roosting in Adelaide, South Australia, between December 2019 and May 2020, using global positioning systems (GPS), to investigate how individuals used the urban landscape mosaic for feeding. The most frequently visited land-use category was "residential" (40% of fixes) followed by "road-side," "reserves" and "primary production" (13–14% each). However, "reserves" were visited four times more frequently than expected from their areal availability, followed by the "residential" and "road-side" categories that were visited approximately twice more than expected each; in contrast, the "primary production" category was visited approximately five times less than expected. These results suggest that while residential areas provide most foraging resources supporting Adelaide's flying-fox population, reserves contain foraging resources that are particularly attractive to <em>P</em>. <em>poliocephalus</em>. Primary production land was relatively less utilized, presumably because it contains few food resources. Throughout, flying-foxes visited an eclectic mixture of diet plants (49 unique species), with a majority of feeding fixes (63%) to locally indigenous Australian native species; however, in residential areas 53% of feeding visits were to non-locally indigenous species, vs only 13% in reserves. Flowering and fruiting phenology records of the food plants visited further indicated that non-locally indigenous species increase the temporal availability of foraging resources for <em>P</em>. <em>poliocephalus</em> in urban Adelaide. Our findings demonstrate the importance of residential areas for urban-roosting <em>P</em>. <em>poliocephalus</em>, and suggest that the anthropogenic mixture of food resources available in the urban landscape mosaic supports the species' year-round presence in urban areas. Our results further highlight the importance of conserving natural habitats within the urban landscape mosaic, and stress the need for accounting for wildlife responses to urban greening initiatives.</span></p>
MARCI Mosaics from MY 29 to MY 35 with the ellipse of best fit drawn
<p>Videos showing the HSV ellipse fit tracking for MY 29 to MY 35 from early spring to late spring using MARCI mosacis </p>
Mining Proteomic Databases of a Model Plant Medicago truncatula for Mosaic Proteins and Other Unconventional Translation Products
<p><strong>How many different proteins can be produced from a single spliced transcript? Genome annotation projects do not consider the coding potential of reading frames other than that of the reference open reading frames (refORFs). Recently, alternative open reading frames (altORFs) and their translational products, alternative proteins (altProts), have been shown to carry out important functions in various organisms. Overlapping altORFs may be involved in one fundamental mechanism so far overlooked. A few years ago, it was proposed that altORFs may act as building blocks for chimeric (mosaic) polypeptides, which are produced via multiple ribosomal frameshifting events from a single mature transcript. We adopt terminology from that earlier discussion and call this mechanism mosaic translation. This way of extracting and combining genetic information may significantly increase proteome diversity. Thus, we hypothesize that this mechanism may have contributed to the flexibility and adaptability of organisms to a variety of environmental conditions. The idea of mosaic translation is a testable hypothesis, although its direct demonstration is technically very challenging. If confirmed, this concept will revolutionize modern genetics. In this project, we would like to follow a unique strategy for the detection of mosaic proteins in proteomic databases publicly available for a very important model plant <em>Medicago truncatula</em>. The proposed analysis will be based on our own preliminary data already generated in the course of an ongoing TÜBİTAK1002 project. Regardless of whether the evidence for mosaic translation is found in this study, this effort will help identify such proteins later when more proteomic data become available. Finally, our approach can reveal unconventional frameshifting products that derive from the omission of several nucleotides by ribosomes (for example, +2 to +16 frameshifts). Regardless of whether such frameshifted products are parts of mosaic proteins, the potential for their detection makes this project very novel, because frameshifts longer than one nucleotide in the forward direction have not been described so far.</strong></p>
Data from: The role of non-natural foods in the nutritional strategies of monkeys in a human-modified mosaic landscape
<p>Many tropical animals inhabit mosaic landscapes including human-modified habitat. In such landscapes, animals commonly adjust feeding behavior, and may incorporate non-natural foods. These behavioral shifts can influence consumers' nutritional states, with implications for population persistence. However, few studies have addressed the nutritional role of non-natural food. We examined nutritional ecology of wild blue monkeys to understand how dietary habits related to non-natural foods might support population persistence in a mosaic landscape. We documented prevalence and nutritional composition of non-natural foods in monkey diets to assess how habitat use influenced their consumption and their contribution to nutritional strategies. While most energy and macronutrients came from natural foods, subjects focused non-natural feeding activity on five exotic plants and averaged about a third of daily calories from non-natural foods. Most non-natural food calories came from non-structural carbohydrates and least from protein. Consumption of non-natural foods related to time in human-modified habitats, which two groups used non-randomly. Non-natural and natural foods were similar in nutrients, and the amount of non-natural food consumed drove variation in nutritional strategy. When more daily calories came from non-natural foods, females consumed a higher ratio of non-protein energy to protein (NPE:P). Females also prioritized protein while allowing NPE:P to vary, increasing NPE while capitalizing on non-natural foods. Overall, these tropical mammals achieved a similar nutrient balance regardless of their intake of non-natural foods. Forest and forest-adjacent areas with non-natural vegetation may provide adequate nutrient access for consumers, and thus contribute to wildlife conservation in mosaic tropical landscapes.</p>
Figure 1 in Circadian activity patterns and temporal overlap among cracids (Aves: Cracidae) within a vegetation mosaic in the Pantanal of Rio Negro, Brazil
Figure 1. Study area and location of the 90 camera trap stations in the Pantanal of Rio Negro, Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
Figure 2 in Circadian activity patterns and temporal overlap among cracids (Aves: Cracidae) within a vegetation mosaic in the Pantanal of Rio Negro, Brazil
Figure 2. Circadian activity patterns of three cracid species in the Pantanal of Rio Negro, Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul. The red line represents the mean circular vector (mμ) with CI95% of the distributions.
Taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity peaks do not coincide along a compositional gradient in forest-grassland mosaics
<p>This is a standard phytocoenological table with trait data for each species. Species are in rows and relevés (plots) are in columns. Habitat codes are according to the caption of Fig. 3 in our paper. Numbers in the relevés are percentage cover values.</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.