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Fig. 3. Caviid rodent Neocavia lozanoi Kraglievich, 1932 in Systematic review of Neocavia from the Neogene of Argentina: Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 3. Caviid rodent Neocavia lozanoi Kraglievich, 1932 from the late Miocene–early Pliocene of northwest Argentina, Andalhuala Formation, "Araucanense": Andalhuala locality, Santa María Valley, Catamarca Province, Argentina (A, C) and Encalilla locality, Santa María Valley, Tucumán Province (B). A. MACN-Pv 8400, skull with left P4–M3 and right P4–M2 (A1–A4), right mandibular fragment with incisor p4–m2, and m3 broken (A5–A7). B. PVL 7057, maxillary fragment with left and right P4–M2. C. MACN-Pv 8415, left mandibular fragment with p4–m2. In dorsal (A1), ventral (A2, B1), lateral (A3, A4, B2), labial (A5, C1), lingual (A6, C2), and occlusal (A7, C3) views. Abbreviations: nMpi, notch for the insertion of the tendon of the masseter medialis pars infraorbitalis muscle. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 12 in The Neogene strombid gastropod Persististrombus in the Paratethys Sea

Fig. 12. Distribution of the two extant species of Persististrombus in the Panamic Province and the African−Eastern Atlantic Province (after Meco 1977 and Kreipl and Poppe 1999). The data are plotted on sea surface temperature maps generated with the World−Ocean−Atlas−Data visualization program of the NOAA based on the LEVITUS 1994 data sets (http:// www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/).

Fig. 11 in The Neogene strombid gastropod Persististrombus in the Paratethys Sea

Fig. 11. Principal component analysis based on adult specimens (see text for details) performed with the software package PAST (Hammer et al. 2001). Abbreviations refer to the specimens indicated in SOM: c, P. coronatus; e, P. exbonellii; i, P. inflexus; la, P. lapugyensis; n, P. nodosus; p, P. praecedens; pa, P. pannonicus.

Fig. 9 in The Neogene strombid gastropod Persististrombus in the Paratethys Sea

Fig. 9. Scatter plot of adult specimens of various Persististrombus species based on the apical angle and the relation between total height and the height of the last spire whorl. Abbreviations refer to the specimens indicated in SOM: c, P. coronatus; e, P. exbonellii; i, P. inflexus; la, P. lapugyensis; n, P. nodosus; p, P. praecedens; pa, P. pannonicus.

Fig. 8. Strombid gastropods from Europe. A–C in The Neogene strombid gastropod Persististrombus in the Paratethys Sea

Fig. 8. Strombid gastropods from Europe. A–C. Persististrombus lapugyensis (Sacco, 1893) from the Langhian (Middle Miocene) of Lãpugiu de Sus in Romania. A. NHMW1854/0035/0150. B. NHMW1855/0043/0017. C. NHMW1866/0040/0270, illustrated in Hoernes and Auinger (1884: pl. 18: 1). D, E. Persististrombus pannonicus sp. nov. from the Serravallian of the Oberpullendorf Basin. D. Holotype, NHMW1930/0006/0058, Ritzing, Austria. E. Paratype, NHMW1970/1396/0609, Brennberg, Austria. Note the different angles between the aperture and the axis in both species (A3–E3) and the different spine morphology (A4–E4). In dorsal (A1–E1), ventral (A2–E2), lateral (A3–E3), and apical (A4–E4) views. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 10 in The Neogene strombid gastropod Persististrombus in the Paratethys Sea

Fig. 10. Principal component analysis based on all specimens (see text for details) performed with the software package PAST (Hammer et al. 2001). Abbreviations refer to the specimens indicated in SOM: c, P. coronatus; e, P. exbonellii; i, P. inflexus; la, P. lapugyensis; n, P. nodosus; p, P. praecedens; pa, P. pannonicus.

Fig. 7. Strombid gastropods from Austria and Turkey. A in The Neogene strombid gastropod Persististrombus in the Paratethys Sea

Fig. 7. Strombid gastropods from Austria and Turkey. A. Juvenile specimen with protoconch of Persististrombus exbonellii (Sacco, 1893), NHMW 2013/0299/0002, from the Middle Miocene of Gainfarn in Lower Austria, in ventral (A1, A2), and apical (A3) views. B. Protoconch of Persististrombus inflexus, NHMW 2013/0299/0003, from the Serravallian of Karaman in Turkey, in ventro−apical (B1) and ventral (B2) views. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in The Neogene strombid gastropod Persististrombus in the Paratethys Sea

Fig. 6. Strombid gastropod Persististrombus exbonellii (Sacco, 1893). A–D. Middle Miocene of Gainfarn in Lower Austria. A. NHMW1855/0045/0420. B. NHMW1855/0045/0419. C. NHMW1846/0037/0185. D. NHMW1847/0037/0058. E. NHMW62275, Middle Miocene of Vöslau in Lower Austria. In dorsal (A1–E1), ventral (A2–E2), lateral (A3–E3), and apical (A4–E4) views. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 5 in The Neogene strombid gastropod Persististrombus in the Paratethys Sea

Fig. 5. Strombid gastropod Persististrombus inflexus (Eichwald, 1830) from the Middle Miocene of the Vienna Basin. A. NHMW2012/0080/0001, Vöslau. B. NHMW2012/0081/0001, Enzesfeld. C. NHMW1855/0002/0052, Enzesfeld, illustrated in Hoernes and Auinger (1884: pl. 19: 1). D. NHMW1874/ 00024/0041, Vöslau, illustrated in Hoernes and Auinger (1884: pl. 18: 4). E. NHMW 2012/0081/0002, Enzesfeld. In dorsal (A1–E1), ventral (A2–E2), lateral (A3–E3), and apical (A4–E4) views. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 4. Miocene–Pliocene strombid gastropods from Europe. A–C in The Neogene strombid gastropod Persististrombus in the Paratethys Sea

Fig. 4. Miocene–Pliocene strombid gastropods from Europe. A–C. Persististrombus nodosus (Borson, 1820) from the Burdigalian (Early Miocene). A. NHMW1911/0006/0290, Pelona, France. B. NHMW 2013/0299/001, Saucats, France. C. NHMW1851/0017/0116; Colli Torinesi, Italy. D. Persististrombus praecedens (Schaffer, 1912) from the Burdigalian of Loibersdorf in Lower Austria, NHMW1866/0011/0004. E. Persististrombus coronatus (Defrance, 1827) from the Pliocene of Tresanti in Italy, NHMW A2588. Dorsal (A1–E1), ventral (A2–E2), lateral (A3–E3), and apical (A4–E4) views. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 3 in The Neogene strombid gastropod Persististrombus in the Paratethys Sea

Fig. 3. Measurements used for the statistical analysis. Abbreviations: a, maximum height; b, height of last whorl; c, height of last spire whorl; d, apical angle; e, basal angle; f, dorsal width; g, dorsal width without spines; h, ventral width; i, ventral width without spines.

Fig. 2 in The Neogene strombid gastropod Persististrombus in the Paratethys Sea

Fig. 2. Oligocene–Miocene chronostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, and biostratigraphy after Hilgen et al. (2009) with regional Paratethys stages after Piller et al. (2007). The figure is modified from a chart produced with the Time Scale Creator program, provided by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (available at https://engineering.purdue.edu/Stratigraphy/tscreator/ index/index.php). The ranges of the treated strombid taxa are indicated as grey bars. Abbreviations: CN, calcareous nannoplankton; PF, planktonic Foraminifera.

Fig. 1 in The Neogene strombid gastropod Persististrombus in the Paratethys Sea

Fig. 1. Distribution of the Persististrombus species plotted on a map of the Middle Miocene Paratethys Sea (modified from Harzhauser et al. 2007). Stippled area represents the distribution of Persististrombus inflexus (Eichwald, 1830). 1, Persististrombus exbonellii (Sacco, 1893); 2, Persististrombus pannonicus Harzhauser and Kronenberg nov. sp.; 3, Persististrombus lapugyensis (Sacco, 1893); NAFB, North Alpine Foreland Basin. Note that this map shows an Early Langhian situation, whereas the distribution data unite Langhian and Serravallian occurrences.

Fig. 8 in Recurrent constructional pattern of the crustacean burrow Sinusichnus sinuosus from the Paleogene and Neogene of Spain

Fig. 8. Trace fossils and modern burrows that render some similarities to Sinusichnus crustacean burrow networks. Circle on the right shows grapholglyptids and Cochlichnus at the same scale as the others, except for the burrows of the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. Likewise, all drawings are plan views, except for Gyrolithes which is lateral view. Megagrapton irregulare after Häntzschel 1975; Stereobalanus burrow from Romero-Wetzel 1989; Ophiomorpha irregulaire after Bromley and Ekdale 1998; Eriocheir burrow from Rudnick et al. 2005; Gyrolithes marylandicus, Thalassinoides suevicus, Cosmorhaphe parva, and Protopaleodictyon helicoidea after Seilacher 2007; Cochlichnus anguineus from Gibert and Sáez 2009.

Fig. 9 in Recurrent constructional pattern of the crustacean burrow Sinusichnus sinuosus from the Paleogene and Neogene of Spain

Fig. 9. Depositional setting of the crustacean burrow Sinusichnus sinuosus Gibert, 1996 bearing outcrops in the Vilomara area, Spain. A. Stratigraphic log showing the location of Sinusichnus (indicated by stars) (vf, very fine-grained sand; vc, very coarse-grained sand). B. Correlation panel (from López-Blanco et al. 2000c) showing Sinusichnus occurrences in relation to facies belts on the Sant Llorenç del Munt fan-delta complex and within the regressive sequence set of the Vilomara Composite sequence. Location of A is indicated. C. Panoramic view of the transition from delta front (sandstone beds on the SE) to prodelta (siltstone and mudstone beds on the NW) including Sinusichnus horizons (stars). D. Detail of the tabular alternation of sandstones and siltstone beds on the transition from delta front to prodelta that bears S. sinuosus.

Fig. 7 in Recurrent constructional pattern of the crustacean burrow Sinusichnus sinuosus from the Paleogene and Neogene of Spain

Fig. 7. Graphics illustrating the relation between some measured parameters of the crustacean burrow Sinusichnus sinuosus Gibert, 1996. A. Above, correlation plot of amplitude (A) versus wavelength (λ) for all the specimens measured in the six localities. Below, same diagram for each one of the six localities individually. B. Above, correlation plot of diameter (Ø) versus A/λ ratio for all the specimens measured in the six localities. Below, same diagram for each one of the six localities individually.

Fig. 4. The crustacean burrow Sinusichnus sinuosus Gibert, 1996 in Recurrent constructional pattern of the crustacean burrow Sinusichnus sinuosus from the Paleogene and Neogene of Spain

Fig. 4. The crustacean burrow Sinusichnus sinuosus Gibert, 1996 from the Upper Miocene Dos Hermanas outcrop in the Guadalquivir Basin, Spain. A. Plan view of two intersecting burrow systems (preserved as full-relieves) (A1) and schematic drawing (A2). B. Semi-lateral view of the same systems, where it is possible to observe the thick spreiten. C. Transverse burrow section, showing the heterolithic composition of the spreiten. D. Detail showing the spreiten and the coarser-grained passive infill of the tunnel. Field photographs.

Fig. 3. The crustacean burrow Sinusichnus sinuosus Gibert, 1996 in Recurrent constructional pattern of the crustacean burrow Sinusichnus sinuosus from the Paleogene and Neogene of Spain

Fig. 3. The crustacean burrow Sinusichnus sinuosus Gibert, 1996 from the Middle Miocene of the Waikiki Beach outcrop in the El Camp de Tarragona Basin, Spain. A. Detail of a burrow partially filled with fine-grained sediment from the overlying marly unit. B. Detail of a Y-shaped branching point. C. Partial view of a more extensive network (C 1) showing variations in the sinuosity of tunnels and Y-shaped branching points; schematic drawing (C2). Field photographs.

Fig. 1. Geographic and geologic setting. A in Recurrent constructional pattern of the crustacean burrow Sinusichnus sinuosus from the Paleogene and Neogene of Spain

Fig. 1. Geographic and geologic setting. A. Synthetic geological map of the Guadalquivir Basin and surrounding areas. The black star shows the location of the Alcalá de Guadaíra outcrop, and the white star that of the Dos Hermanas locality. B. Synthetic geological map of Catalonia (NE Spain). The white star shows the location of the Vilomara outcrop in the Ebro Basin, and the black star that of the Waikiki Beach locality in the El Camp de Tarragona Basin. Inset map in between, displays the position of both areas in the Iberian Peninsula.

Fig. 5. The crustacean burrow Sinusichnus sinuosus Gibert, 1996 in Recurrent constructional pattern of the crustacean burrow Sinusichnus sinuosus from the Paleogene and Neogene of Spain

Fig. 5. The crustacean burrow Sinusichnus sinuosus Gibert, 1996 from the Upper Miocene Alcalá de Guadaíra outcrop in the Guadalquivir Basin, Spain. A. General view of an intensely bioturbated horizon, mostly consisting of numerous intersecting Sinusichnus networks. B. Detail of a Y-shaped branching point. Field photographs. Scale bars correspond to 10 cm.