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Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest. in Suidae

Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest.

FIG. 2 in Chalarosthrix gen. nov., a new taxon of the Sphingothrix-Triathrix clade (Harpacticoida: Cletodidae) from the Province of Cortez, Eastern Mexican Pacific

FIG. 2. Chalarosthrix bisetosa gen. et sp. nov., female holotype. A, urosome, ventral (P5-bearing somite omitted); B, P5, anterior.

FIG. 4 in Chalarosthrix gen. nov., a new taxon of the Sphingothrix-Triathrix clade (Harpacticoida: Cletodidae) from the Province of Cortez, Eastern Mexican Pacific

FIG. 4. Chalarosthrix bisetosa gen. et sp. nov., female holotype. A, mandible; B, maxillule; C, maxilla; D, maxilliped.

FIG. 1 in Chalarosthrix gen. nov., a new taxon of the Sphingothrix-Triathrix clade (Harpacticoida: Cletodidae) from the Province of Cortez, Eastern Mexican Pacific

FIG. 1. Chalarosthrix bisetosa gen. et sp. nov., female holotype. A, habitus, dorsal; B, anal somite and caudal rami, dorsal (Roman numerals indicate each caudal seta); C, habitus, lateral; D, anal somite and left caudal ramus (Roman numerals indicate each caudal seta).

FIG. 7 in Chalarosthrix gen. nov., a new taxon of the Sphingothrix-Triathrix clade (Harpacticoida: Cletodidae) from the Province of Cortez, Eastern Mexican Pacific

FIG. 7. "Allcompat" consensus tree of the Bayesian analysis (equivalent to the majority-rule consensus tree) using MrBayes showing the most probable relationships amongst Sphingothrix, Triathrix, and Chalarosthrix. Numbers indicate the Bayesian Posterior Probability values (BPP %).

FIGURES 25–28 in From the Ethiopian Bale Mountains hotspot-Filopalpinae subfam. nov., a new taxon of Laniatorean harvestmen based on external and genital morphology (Arachnida, Opiliones, Assamiidae)

FIGURES 25–28. Filopalpus kakaensis sp. nov. Male holotype (25–26); female paratype (27–28). Body lateral view (25, 27) and dorsal view (26, 28), Scale: 1 mm.

FIGURES 1–6 in From the Ethiopian Bale Mountains hotspot-Filopalpinae subfam. nov., a new taxon of Laniatorean harvestmen based on external and genital morphology (Arachnida, Opiliones, Assamiidae)

FIGURES 1–6. Filopalpus joschmidti sp. nov. Body dorsal view. 1–3, 5. Male; 4, 6 female. 1–2. Left pedipalp stretched out and surpassing length of leg II; 1. and 2–3. represent different males (note different equipment of apophyses of rear end of opisthosoma). 4. Female with short pedipalp; 5–6. Distal part of prosoma; note cover of hedgehog-like tubercles with seta on top. A and b in Figs 1 and 2 indicate the pedipalp (a) and leg II (b). Photographs by Jean Severin (1) and Joachim Schmidt (2–6).

FIGURES 11–24 in From the Ethiopian Bale Mountains hotspot-Filopalpinae subfam. nov., a new taxon of Laniatorean harvestmen based on external and genital morphology (Arachnida, Opiliones, Assamiidae)

FIGURES 11–24. Filopalpus joschmidti sp. nov. Male holotype (11–17; 21–23) and female paratype (18–20; 24). 11–12. Penis dorsal and lateral views. 13–15. Glans dorsal, ventral and lateral views. 16–19. Chelicera pro-lateral and retro-lateral views. 20. Pedipalpus retro-lateral view. 21. Pedipalpal femur-patella joint, retro-lateral view male. 22. Pedipalp retro-lateral view. 23. Pedipalpal tibia and tarsus. 24. Ovipositor distal part. Scales: 11–12: 0.3 mm, 13–19: 0.1 mm, 20: 0.5 mm, 21: 0.13 mm, 22: 0.25 mm, 23: 0.5 mm, 24: 0.05 mm.

FIGURES 40–50 in From the Ethiopian Bale Mountains hotspot-Filopalpinae subfam. nov., a new taxon of Laniatorean harvestmen based on external and genital morphology (Arachnida, Opiliones, Assamiidae)

FIGURES 40–50. Filopalpus bale sp. nov. Male holotype (40–48) and female paratype (49–50). 40–41. Penis dorsal and lateral view. 42–45. Glans ventral, dorsal and lateral view, in 39 and 40 seen from different angles. 46–50. Habitus, lateral view (46–49), dorsal view (47, 50) and ventral view (48). Scales: 40–41: 0.3 mm, 42–45: 0.05 mm, 46–50: 1.2 mm.

FIGURES 7–10 in From the Ethiopian Bale Mountains hotspot-Filopalpinae subfam. nov., a new taxon of Laniatorean harvestmen based on external and genital morphology (Arachnida, Opiliones, Assamiidae)

FIGURES 7–10. Filopalpus joschmidti sp. nov. 7–8. Female paratype; 9–10. Male holotype. Body dorsal view (8), lateral view (7, 10) and ventral view (9). Scale: 1 mm.

FIGURES 29–39 in From the Ethiopian Bale Mountains hotspot-Filopalpinae subfam. nov., a new taxon of Laniatorean harvestmen based on external and genital morphology (Arachnida, Opiliones, Assamiidae)

FIGURES 29–39. Filopalpus kakaensis sp. nov. Male holotype (29–32, 34–37) and female paratype (33, 38–39). 29–30. Penis, dorsal and lateral view. 31–32. Glans dorsal and lateral view. 33. Pedipalp retro-lateral view. 34. Pedipalpal trochanter and base of femur. 35. Pedipalpal tibia and tarsus, retro-lateral view. 36–39. Chelicera retro-lateral (36, 38) and pro-lateral view (37–39). Scales: 29–39: 0.3 mm.

FIGURES 66–70 in From the Ethiopian Bale Mountains hotspot-Filopalpinae subfam. nov., a new taxon of Laniatorean harvestmen based on external and genital morphology (Arachnida, Opiliones, Assamiidae)

FIGURES 66–70. Filopalpus niger sp. nov. Female paratype. Habitus in lateral view (66) and dorsal view (67). 68. Pedipalp in retro-lateral view. 69–70. Chelicera in retro-lateral view (69) and pro-lateral view (70). Scales: 66–67: 0.6 mm, 68: 0.5 mm, 69–70: 0.3 mm.

FIGURES 58–65 in From the Ethiopian Bale Mountains hotspot-Filopalpinae subfam. nov., a new taxon of Laniatorean harvestmen based on external and genital morphology (Arachnida, Opiliones, Assamiidae)

FIGURES 58–65. Filopalpus altomontanus sp. nov. Female holotype. 58–60. Habitus in dorsal (58), ventral (59) and lateral view (60). 61–62. Chelicera in pro-lateral-view (61) and retro-lateral view (62). 63. Pedipalp, retro-lateral view. 64. Pedipalpal tibia and tarsus, retro-lateral view. 65. Apophysis and sensory hair on pedipalpal tarsus. Scales: 58–60: 0.6 mm, 61–62: 0.3 mm, 63: 0.5 mm, 65: 0.025 mm.

opennotspecifiedOct 2019View details →

Subspecies and Distribution. N.a.albwenterJ.E.Gray,1863—NMoluccas(Morotai,Halmahera,Bacan,andObi)andRajaAmpatIs(Waigeo,Batanta,andSalawati). N. a. papuanus K. Andersen, 1910 — lowland New Guinea and N Aru Is. Populations on Kai Is, Admiralty Is, and Bismarck Archipelago are not currently assigned to either taxon. in Pteropodidae

Subspecies and Distribution. N.a.albwenterJ.E.Gray,1863—NMoluccas(Morotai,Halmahera,Bacan,andObi)andRajaAmpatIs(Waigeo,Batanta,andSalawati). N. a. papuanus K. Andersen, 1910 — lowland New Guinea and N Aru Is. Populations on Kai Is, Admiralty Is, and Bismarck Archipelago are not currently assigned to either taxon.

opennotspecifiedSep 2022View details →

FIGURE 1 in Rubus neohunanensis, a new name for a bramble taxon misidentified as R. hunanensis in previous Chinese taxonomic literature

FIGURE 1. Type specimens of the four Rubus species. A. R. hunanensis (holotype); B. R. neohunanensis (holotype); C. R. lambertianus (holotype); D. R. buergeri (lectotype).

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2016View details →

Supplementary material 1 from: Silva GSC, Roxo FF, Luz E. Ochoa LE, Oliveira C (2016) Description of a new catfish genus (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) from the Tocantins River basin in central Brazil, with comments on the historical zoogeography of the new taxon. ZooKeys 598: 129-157. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.598.7400

Table S1 : Explanation note: Species included in the present study with voulchers and GenBank accession numbers.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2016View details →

Supplementary material 2 from: Silva GSC, Roxo FF, Luz E. Ochoa LE, Oliveira C (2016) Description of a new catfish genus (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) from the Tocantins River basin in central Brazil, with comments on the historical zoogeography of the new taxon. ZooKeys 598: 129-157. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.598.7400

Table S2 : Explanation note: Models tested to estimate distribution ranges inherited by the descending lineages at each node of the tree.

opennotspecifiedSep 2018View details →

FIGURE 6 in The genus Zelentia is an amphi-boreal taxon expanded to include three new species from the North Pacific and Atlantic oceans (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia: Trinchesiidae)

FIGURE 6. Zelentia pustulata (Alder & Hancock, 1854), A. Living animal, White Sea, Cape Kartesh, 15–20 m, dorsal view; B. Same specimen, ventral view; C. Fixed animal, White Sea, Rugozerskaya Guba, 10–20 m depth, dorsal view; D. Living specimen, Achill Island, Ireland, 25 m, dorsal view; E. Same specimen, ventral view; F. Jaw, specimen from Rugozerskaya Guba, SEM; G. Radular teeth, anterior part, White Sea, Cape Kartesh, SEM; H. Radular teeth, anterior part, Ireland, SEM; I. Radular teeth, specimen from Rugozerskaya Guba, SEM, posterior part; J. Same specimen, posterior part of radula towards middle part; K. Same specimen, anterior part; L. Stylet, specimen from Ireland, SEM; M. Penis with stylet, specimen from Rugozerskaya Guba, SEM; N. Penis with stylet, close up, same specimen, SEM; Scale bars: F—300 µm, G—10 µm, H—10 µm, I–L—30 µm, M—100 µm, N—30 µm. Photos: (A–B) Tatiana Korshunova; (C) Alexander Martynov; (D–E) Bernard Picton. SEM: Alexander Martynov (F–M).

opennotspecifiedSep 2018View details →

FIGURE 7. Reproductive systems. A in The genus Zelentia is an amphi-boreal taxon expanded to include three new species from the North Pacific and Atlantic oceans (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia: Trinchesiidae)

FIGURE 7. Reproductive systems. A. Zelentia willowsi sp. nov. B. Zelentia nepunicea sp. nov. C. Zelentia roginskae sp. nov. D. Zelentia pustulata. Abbreviations: a, ampulla; fgm, female gland mass; fo, female opening; p, penis; pg, "penial" (supplementary) gland; pr, prostate, rsd, distal receptaculum seminis. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.