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Fig. 20 in Revision of the morphology, phylogenetic relationships, behaviour and diversity of the Iberian and Italian ant-like Tachydromia Meigen, 1803 (Diptera: Hybotidae)

Fig. 20. Drawings of the tip of stenopterous wings and images obtained by scanning electron microscope (SEM) of the micropterous wings. Males are pictured in the left column, females in the right. A–B. T. ebejeri Gonçalves, Grootaert & Andrade sp. nov. C–D. T. cantabrica Gonçalves, Grootaert & Andrade sp. nov. E–F. T. lusitanica (Grootaert, Shamshev & Andrade, 2009). G–H. T. nigrohirta Gonçalves, Grootaert & Andrade sp. nov. Scale bars: A–B, D, F, H = 10 µm; C, E, G = 50 µm.

Fig. 3 in Revision of the morphology, phylogenetic relationships, behaviour and diversity of the Iberian and Italian ant-like Tachydromia Meigen, 1803 (Diptera: Hybotidae)

Fig. 3. Terminalia of Tachydromia apterygon Plant & Deeming, 2006 from Italy, Lazio, Posta (RBINS). A. Right surstylus and right epandrial lamella. B. Epandrium with cerci. C. Left epandrial lamella and left surstylus. D. Right surstylus. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 1 in Revision of the morphology, phylogenetic relationships, behaviour and diversity of the Iberian and Italian ant-like Tachydromia Meigen, 1803 (Diptera: Hybotidae)

Fig. 1. Currently known distribution of the Iberian ant-like Tachydromia Meigen, 1803. Each dot represents a presence point, with each colour corresponding to a different species. When two species co-occur in the same area, their presence is represented by a smaller dot on top of a dot of regular dimension, each of those with the colour corresponding to the co-occurring species. The dots surrounded by a black circle with a vertical line represent localities previously known.

Fig. 2 in Revision of the morphology, phylogenetic relationships, behaviour and diversity of the Iberian and Italian ant-like Tachydromia Meigen, 1803 (Diptera: Hybotidae)

Fig. 2. Maximum-likelihood tree (ln L = -29397.646621) based on the combined dataset (COI, nontrimmed 28S,12S, AATS and PGD) using Garli ver. 2.01.1067 and the structural alignment for 28S. Bootstrap support values (below) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (above) are depicted at the nodes (only> 50 or> 0.5, respectively). Abbreviations: BS = Bootstrap support values; PP = Bayesian posterior probabilities. A greyscale is used to highlight the ingroup, where the darkest shade of grey highlights the Iberian flightless ant-like species of Tachydromia Meigen, 1803, followed by a lighter shade which includes T. apterygon Plant & Deeming, 2006, hence representing all the flightless species occurring in southern Europe and, finally, the lighter shade covers all Tachydromia analysed, including the macropterous species assigned to different species groups sensu Chvála (1970). The white bar indicates the species originally assigned to genus Pieltainia Arias, 1919, while the grey bars indicate the taxa originally assigned to genus different species-groups sensu Chvála (1970).

Fig. 6 in Nihonella gen. nov., a new troglophilic genus of dwarf spiders from Japan with a discussion on its phylogenetic position within the subfamily Erigoninae (Araneae, Linyphiidae)

Fig. 6. Distribution of Nihonella chika gen. et. sp. nov. in Western Japan. The star refers to the type locality.

Fig. 4 in Nihonella gen. nov., a new troglophilic genus of dwarf spiders from Japan with a discussion on its phylogenetic position within the subfamily Erigoninae (Araneae, Linyphiidae)

Fig. 4. Embolic division and details of the male palp of Nihonella chika gen. et. sp. nov. A. ♂, paratype (NSMT-Ar 20911), embolic division, ventro-retrolateral view. B. Ditto, frontal view. C. Ditto, dorsal view. D. Ditto, ventral view. E. ♂, paratype (NSMT-Ar 20910), palp under SEM microscope, anteroretrolateral view. F. Ditto, detail of the tip of the prolateral tibial apophysis. Abbreviations: see Material and methods.

Fig. 2 in Nihonella gen. nov., a new troglophilic genus of dwarf spiders from Japan with a discussion on its phylogenetic position within the subfamily Erigoninae (Araneae, Linyphiidae)

Fig. 2. Genitalia of Nihonella chika gen. et. sp. nov. A. ♂, holotype (NSMT-Ar 20909), palp, retrolateral view. B. Ditto, prolateral view. C. Ditto, dorsal view. D. Ditto, ventral view. E. ♀, paratype (NSMT- Ar 20910), epigyne, ventral view. F. Ditto, dorsal view. G. Ditto, posterior view. H. Ditto, vulva after being cleared, ventral view. Scale bars: A–D = 0.2 mm; E–H = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 1 in Nihonella gen. nov., a new troglophilic genus of dwarf spiders from Japan with a discussion on its phylogenetic position within the subfamily Erigoninae (Araneae, Linyphiidae)

Fig. 1. Habitus and habitat of Nihonella chika gen. et. sp. nov. A. ♂, holotype (NSMT-Ar 20909), habitus, dorsal view. B. Ditto, ventral view. C. Ditto, lateral view. D. ♀, paratype (NSMT-Ar 20910), habitus, dorsal view. E. Ditto, ventral view. F. Ditto, lateral view. G. Ditto, cephalic region, frontal view. H. Entrance of Anatoyama Cave, type locality of the species. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 3 in Nihonella gen. nov., a new troglophilic genus of dwarf spiders from Japan with a discussion on its phylogenetic position within the subfamily Erigoninae (Araneae, Linyphiidae)

Fig. 3. Nihonella chika gen. et. sp. nov. A. ♂, holotype (NSMT-Ar 20909), palp, retrolateral view. B. Ditto, prolateral view.C. Ditto, ventral view. D. Ditto, palpal tibia, dorsal view. E. ♀, paratype (NSMT- Ar 20910), epigyne, ventral view. F. Ditto, dorsal view. G. Ditto, vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 5 in Nihonella gen. nov., a new troglophilic genus of dwarf spiders from Japan with a discussion on its phylogenetic position within the subfamily Erigoninae (Araneae, Linyphiidae)

Fig. 5. Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree of Erigoninae and other subfamilies of Linyphiidae based on the five concatenated genes discussed in the text. Each color denotes a different subfamily while the Savignia group is indicated in blue. The phylogenetic position of the genus Nihonella gen. nov. is highlighted in red. Numbers at each node denote posterior probability support. Branch lengths are scaled in relation to the number of substitutions per site.

Figs 19–22 in Larval chaetotaxy and morphometry of Oosternum costatum (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) including a discussion of larval characters with phylogenetic relevance

Figs 19–22. Chaetotaxy of third instar larva of O. costatum (LeConte, 1855). 19 – left maxilla, dorsal view; 20 – right stipes, dorsal view; 21 – left maxilla, ventral view; 22 – labium, ventral view (hypopharyngeal lobe not included). Scale bars = 0.02 mm.

Figs 5–8 in Larval chaetotaxy and morphometry of Oosternum costatum (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) including a discussion of larval characters with phylogenetic relevance

Figs 5–8. Chaetotaxy of first instar larva of O. costatum (LeConte, 1855). 5 – detail of clypeolabrum; 6 – left antenna, dorsal view; 7 – left mandible, dorsal view; 8 – right mandible, dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.01 mm.

Figs 15–18 in Larval chaetotaxy and morphometry of Oosternum costatum (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) including a discussion of larval characters with phylogenetic relevance

Figs 15–18. Chaetotaxy of third instar larva of O. costatum (LeConte, 1855). 15 – detail of clypeolabrum; 16 – left antenna, dorsal view; 17 – left mandible, dorsal view; 18 – right mandible, dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.02 mm.

Figs 3–4 in Larval chaetotaxy and morphometry of Oosternum costatum (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) including a discussion of larval characters with phylogenetic relevance

Figs 3–4. Chaetotaxy of first instar larva of O. costatum (LeConte, 1855). 3 – head capsule, dorsal view; 4 – head capsule, ventral view. Scale bar = 0.05 mm.

Figs 1–2 in Larval chaetotaxy and morphometry of Oosternum costatum (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) including a discussion of larval characters with phylogenetic relevance

Figs 1–2. Habitus of third instar larva of O. costatum (LeConte, 1855). 1 – dorsal view; 2 – lateroventral view. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figs 13–14 in Larval chaetotaxy and morphometry of Oosternum costatum (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) including a discussion of larval characters with phylogenetic relevance

Figs 13–14. Chaetotaxy of third instar larva of O. costatum (LeConte, 1855). 13 – head capsule, dorsal view; 14 – head capsule, ventral view. Scale bar = 0.05 mm.

Figs 9–12 in Larval chaetotaxy and morphometry of Oosternum costatum (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) including a discussion of larval characters with phylogenetic relevance

Figs 9–12. Chaetotaxy of first instar larva of O. costatum (LeConte, 1855). 9 – left maxilla, ventral view; 10 – left stipes, dorsal view; 11 – right maxilla, dorsal view; 12 – labium, ventral view. Scale bars = 0.01 mm.

Supplementary material for "The inner ear anatomy of glyptodonts and pampatheres (Xenarthra, Cingulata): functional and phylogenetic implications"

Left_inner_ear_Doedicurus.stl: digital model of the inner ear of Doedicurus in stl format. Left_inner_ear_Glyptodon.stl: digital model of the inner ear of Glyptodon in stl format. Left_inner_ear_Holmesina.stl: digital model of the inner ear of Holmesina in stl format. Left_inner_ear_Panochthus.stl: digital model of the inner ear of Panochthus in stl format. Left_inner_ear_Pseudoplohophorus.stl: digital model of the inner ear of Pseudoplohophorus in stl format. Matrix.nex: Matrix used to perform the phylogenetic analysis of xenarthrans based on inner ear characters. PC1, PC2, PC3 loadings plot.pdf: Figures showing the loadings of the morphometric variables in each of the first three principal components. Principal Components Analysis.xlsx: Spreadsheet  with the results of the Principal Components Analysis: PC summary, PC scores, and PC loadings. Table S1. Deviation from orthogonality.pdf: Deviation from orthogonality (log1090var), and agility categories from Spoor et al. (2007). Tree-PGLS.tre: Tree based on the most recent phylogenetic hypotheses using molecular and morphological data and time-scaled a posteriori, to perform the PGLS analysis with the morphological data of the inner ear.

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Data from: Differential patterns of floristic phylogenetic diversity across a post-glacial landscape

Abstract: Aim: In this study, we explored spatial patterns of phylogenetic diversity and endemism in the flora of Norway and tested hypothesized post-glacial environmental drivers of phylogenetic diversity, including temperature, precipitation, edaphic factors, and time since glacial retreat. Location: Norway. Taxon: Vascular plants (Trachaeophyta). Methods: We produced a multi-locus Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogeny using a combination of newly produced DNA sequences from herbarium specimens and sequences available from public repositories. We combined the phylogeny with species occurrence data to estimate phylogenetic diversity and phylogenetic endemism across Norway, using a spatial randomization to judge statistical significance. We used multiple-model inference to identify environmental variables that contributed the most to the patterns of phylogenetic diversity. Finally, we estimated phylogenetic turnover and used this to identify Norwegian plant assemblages in terms of composition and evolutionary history. Results: Our ML phylogeny contained 87% of all currently described native Norwegian vascular plants. Assemblages were phylogenetically overdispersed in warmer and wetter regions of Norway, as well as in regions with a longer post-glacial history. In cold and dry regions, plant assemblages were phylogenetically clustered, and characterised by neo-endemism, while the mild and wet regions were characterised by both paleo- and neo-endemism. Phylogenetic diversity was positively correlated with summer temperature and habitat heterogeneity, and peaked in the southeast of Norway. Main conclusions: Both contemporary ecological factors (climate and habitat heterogeneity), and post-glacial history seem to have shaped the phylogenetic structure of the flora of Norway. The flora in the far north of Norway appear to be a result of recent diversification while the coastal regions are assemblages of deeper lineages. Our results suggest that there is an evolutionary signal in the distribution of the Norwegian vascular flora.