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FIGURE 2 in Phylum Echinodermata *

FIGURE 2. Character distribution applied to crown-group asteroids and concentricycloids. Note Infraclasses Neoasteroidea and Concentricycloidea. From Mah (2006) q.v. Published with permission.

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FIGURE 3 in Phylum Echinodermata *

FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic hypothesis of fossil and extant echinoderms. From Mooi (2001), q.v. Published with permission.

FIGURE 12 in The most common sponges on the Great Barrier Reef seabed, Australia, include species new to science (Phylum Porifera)

FIGURE 12. Paracornulum fistulosum sp. nov. (QMG329109 (SBD504571)). A, Multispicular tracts forming plumoreticulation throughout the choanosome (scale bar 300 μm). B, View of spicule arrangement at the ectosome (scale bar 300 μm). C, Acanthostyles echinating the basal skeleton coating biogenic substratum with evidence of bioerosion (scale bar 500 μm). D, Holotype (scale bar 3 cm). E, Tylote (Type I) with smooth tips (scale bar 100 μm). F, Acanthostyle (scale bar 25 μm). G, Tylote (Type II), heavily spined at both ends (scale bar 50 μm). H, Tylote (Type II) (scale bar 100 μm). I, Tylote (Type II) head, showing detailed spination (scale bar 5 μm).

FIGURE 5 in The most common sponges on the Great Barrier Reef seabed, Australia, include species new to science (Phylum Porifera)

FIGURE 5. Dercitus xanthus sp. nov. (QMG329976 (SBD513022)). A, Choanosomal structure displaying a high density of foreign material (scale bar 300 μm). B, Surface of foreign material within the choanosome covered in Sanidasters (scale bar 300 μm). C, External morphology (scale bar 1 mm). D, Holotype (scale bar 2.5 cm). E, Sanidaster (scale bar 10 μm). F, Sanidaster (scale bar 10 μm). G, QMG329977 (SBD513042). Triod calthrops (scale bar 50 μm). H, QMG329977 (SBD513042). Triod calthrops (scale bar50 μm).

FIGURE 8 in The most common sponges on the Great Barrier Reef seabed, Australia, include species new to science (Phylum Porifera)

FIGURE 8. Model distribution map displaying predicted and actual distribution and biomass of Xenospongia patelliformis Gray, 1858 from the Great Barrier Reef seabed, displaying: OTU code for this species (TSQMSB.BRS203863), P-AUC: Area Under the Curve performance diagnostic for the Presence/Absence model; Dev. Ratio: Deviance Ratio (P-AUC) performance diagnostic for the Biomass model; Measuresled: a device factor accounting for the difference in sampling rates between devices; Measuretrawllog(AreaHa) and Measuresledlog(AreaHa): offsets accounting for the swept area sampled by the trawl and sled; and influential predictor variables including: CRS_O2_SD: oxygen (ml/l) standard deviation, GA_SAND: sand grainsize fraction (%), GBR_BATHY: bathymetry.

FIGURE 11 in The most common sponges on the Great Barrier Reef seabed, Australia, include species new to science (Phylum Porifera)

FIGURE 11. Spheciospongia vagabunda (Ridley, 1884) (QMG329980 (SBD527235)). A, Section through the choanosome (scale bar 250 μm). B, View of spicule arrangement at the ectosome (scale bar 250 μm). C, Specimen (scale bar 8 cm). D, Spiraster (Type II) (scale bar 5 μm). E, Spiraster (Type II) (scale bar 20 μm). F, Spiraster (Type I) (5 μm). G, Spiraster (Type I) (scale bar 8 μm). H, Style (Type II) (scale bar 50 μm). I, Style (Type I) (scale bar 120 μm).

FIGURE 7 in The most common sponges on the Great Barrier Reef seabed, Australia, include species new to science (Phylum Porifera)

FIGURE 7. Coscinoderma nardorus (Lendenfeld, 1886) (QMG329979 (SBD500371)). A, Top view of the ectosomal skeleton (scale bar 2 mm). B, Cross section of the skeleton, showing cored primary tracts protruding through the ectosome (scale bar 1 mm). C, Fibre network within the choanosome (scale bar 500 μm). D, QMG330307 (SBD524660). Specimen (scale bar 9 cm).

FIGURE 6 in The most common sponges on the Great Barrier Reef seabed, Australia, include species new to science (Phylum Porifera)

FIGURE 6. Model distribution map displaying predicted and actual distribution and biomass of Coscinoderma nardorus (Lendenfeld 1886) from the Great Barrier Reef seabed, displaying: OTU code for this species (SCQMSB.BRS192537), P-AUC: Area Under the Curve performance diagnostic for the Presence/Absence model; Dev. Ratio: Deviance Ratio (P- AUC) performance diagnostic for the Biomass model; Measuresled: a device factor accounting for the difference in sampling rates between devices; Measuretrawllog(AreaHa) and Measuresledlog(AreaHa): offsets accounting for the swept area sampled by the trawl and sled; and influential predictor variables including: CRS_S_SD: influential predictor variables of standard deviation of salinity (psu), Along: along shelf gradient, GA_MUD/ GA_MUD^2: mud grainsize fraction (%) and its quadratic term.

FIGURE 9. Xenospongia patelliformis Gray, 1858 in The most common sponges on the Great Barrier Reef seabed, Australia, include species new to science (Phylum Porifera)

FIGURE 9. Xenospongia patelliformis Gray, 1858 (QMG331025 (SBD513104)) A, Specimen (scale bar 5 mm) B, Margin of discoid sponge, showing long echinating styles protruding from the tangential ectosomal layer as well as from brushes perpendicular to the surface (scale bar 3 mm). C, Ectosome, displaying the high concentration of asters and arrangement surface brushes (scale bar 500 μm) D, Ectosome in cross section, with long style protruding from ectosomal bundles. Dense, tangential arrangement of styles and highly arenaceous choanosome are also visible (scale bar 1 mm). E, Large oxyaster (scale bar 15 μm). F, Strongylasters (scale bar 10 μm). G, Style (Type II) (scale bar 50 μm). H, Style (Type I) (scale bar 200 μm). I, Style head (Type II) (scale bar10 μm). J, Style tip (Type II) (scale bar 20 μm). K, Style (Type III)(scale bar 250 μm).

FIGURE 10 in The most common sponges on the Great Barrier Reef seabed, Australia, include species new to science (Phylum Porifera)

FIGURE 10. Model distribution map displaying predicted and actual distribution and biomass of Spheciospongia vagabunda (Ridley, 1884) from the Great Barrier Reef seabed, displaying: OTU code for this species (SCQMSB.BRS192794), P-AUC: Area Under the Curve performance diagnostic for the Presence/Absence model; Dev. Ratio: Deviance Ratio (P-AUC) performance diagnostic for the Biomass model; Measuresled: a device factor accounting for the difference in sampling rates between devices; Measuretrawllog(AreaHa) and Measuresledlog(AreaHa): offsets accounting for the swept area sampled by the trawl and sled; and influential predictor variables including: CRS_T_SD: temperature (°C) standard deviation, GA_CRBNT/ GA_ CRBNT ^ 2: carbonate (%) and its quadratic term, TRWL_EFF_I: weighted average annual trawl effort, GBR_SLOPE: slope.

FIGURE 2 in The most common sponges on the Great Barrier Reef seabed, Australia, include species new to science (Phylum Porifera)

FIGURE 2. Colour coding used for defining biomass and standard error for species distribution maps as depicted in figures 4, 6, 8 and 10.

FIGURE 3 in The most common sponges on the Great Barrier Reef seabed, Australia, include species new to science (Phylum Porifera)

FIGURE 3. Substrate composition plot, showing the relative composition of sand, carbonate, gravel and mud for four species (Dercitus xanthus sp. nov., Xenospongia patelliformis Gray, 1858, Coscinoderma nardorus (Lendenfeld, 1886) and Spheciospongia vagabunda (Ridley, 1884)).

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FIGURE 4 in Phylum Tardigrada: A re-evaluation of the Parachela

FIGURE 4. Stylised diagrams of the apophysis for the insertion of the stylet muscles (AISM) (in lateral view, left —dorsal, right—ventral). Hook shaped AISM of Hypsibioidea, Hypsibiidae, Hypsibiinae: A. Hypsibius, simple hooks; B. Borealibius, modified spherical hooks; C. Acutuncus, accentuated hooks. Modified hook shaped AISM of Hypsibioidea, Microhypsibiidae: D. Microhypsibius, accentuated hook and hook with ridge. Modified hook shaped AISM of Hypsibioidea, Calohypsibiidae: E. Calohypsibius, triangular hook and triangular hook with triangular ridge. Modified hook shaped AISM of Hypsibioidea, Ramazzottidae: F. Hebesuncus, asymmetric triangular and basic hook, G. Ramazzottius, asymmetric hooks. Ventral crest ASIM of the Macrobiotoidea, Macrobiotidae: H. Macrobiotus, asymmetric crest, 10 peribuccal lamellae present. Ventral crest ASIM of the Macrobiotoidea, Murrayidae: I. Dactylobiotus, asymmetric crest with hook, 10 peribuccal lamellae present. Ridge shaped AISM of Eohypsibioidea, Eohypsibiidae: J. Eohypsibius, Broad ridges widening mouth with 14 peribuccal lamellae. Ridge shaped AISM of Isohypsibioidea, Isohypsibiidae: K. Isohypsibius, simple triangular ridges, L. Thulinius, simple undulating ridges, 12 peribuccal lamellae present, M. Pseudobiotus, simple undulating ridges, 30 peribuccal lamellae present, N. Mixibius, modified ridges with small gap, and O. Doryphoribius, asymmetric crest ridge.

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FIGURE 3 in Phylum Tardigrada: A re-evaluation of the Parachela

FIGURE 3. Diagrammatic representation of Parachela claw structure and nomenclature. A. Exploded diagram of a parachelan claw to explain component parts. a—accessory spines; b—basal tract; l—lunule (edge may be smooth or dentate); p—primary branch; s—secondary branch. B. Stylised diagram of macrobitid claw (2112). Secondary branch—2; primary branch—1; primary branch—1; secondary branch—2. C. Stylised diagram of a hypsibid claw (2121). Secondary branch—2; primary branch—1; secondary branch—2; primary branch—1. D. Stylised diagram of: i—isohypsibid (basal section and secondary branch at right angles) and h—hypsibid (basal section and secondary branch forming continuous arc) claws. E. Stylised diagram of Eohypsibiidae-type claw—claws are clearly delineated by septa into basal section, secondary branch and primary branch.

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FIGURE 1 in Phylum Tardigrada: A re-evaluation of the Parachela

FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic topology of the Tardigrada. A. Phylogenetic topology of the Tardigrada based on the current systematic knowledge. B. Proposed phylogenetic topology of the Parachela with the new super families.

FIGURE 5 in Using Gordiid cysts to discover the hidden diversity, potential distribution, and new species of Gordiids (Phylum Nematomorpha)

FIGURE 5. Maxent model summary of gordiid infected snail geography showing known occurrence points (black circles) and predicted potential geographic distribution (green areas of streams) in Payne County, Oklahoma. Blue areas of streams are identified as unsuitable. Purple and red arrows indicate locations of free-living adults of Gordius n. sp. and Chordodes morgani, respectively. Note that all Gordius n. sp. were collected in the predicted geographic distribution, and C. morgani was collected from a dog water bowl from a home near a region of a stream with predicted distribution for gordiids. Scale bar = 6.7 km.

FIGURE 4 in Using Gordiid cysts to discover the hidden diversity, potential distribution, and new species of Gordiids (Phylum Nematomorpha)

FIGURE 4. Scanning electron and light microscope micrographs of adult free-living gordiids reared from field collected cysts or collected as free-living adults from Payne County, Oklahoma. (A) Dorsal view of the posterior region of a female Paragordius varius. Note the three posterior tail lobes (Tl). Scale bar = 500 Μm. (B) Ventral view of the posterior region of a male Paragordius varius. Note the two long posterior tail lobes (Tl), cloaca (c), and spines on the ventral midline (white arrows). Scale bar = 200 Μm. (C) Midbody cuticular structures of a male P. varius. Note the hemisphirical structures (Hs). Scale bar = 10 Μm. (D) Tapered anterior end and cuticular patern of a male Chordodes morgani. Scale bar = 100 Μm. (E) Midbody region of a male C. morgani showing the characteristic leopard pattern. Scale bar = 300 Μm. (F) Midbody region of a male C. morgani showing the characteristic crown areole pattern. Scale bar = 100 Μm. (G) Ventral view of the posterior region of a male C. morgaini. Note no tail lobes and an oval cloaca (c). Scale bar = 200 Μm. (H) Cloaca opening surrounded by circumcloacal spines. Scale bar = 10 Μm. (I) Cuticular structures on the posterior region of a male C. morgaini. Note the crown areoles (Ca), bulging areoles (BA), and bristles (white arrow). Scale bar = 8 Μm. (J) Tapered anterior end and cuticular patern of a male Gordius n. sp. Scale bar = 10 Μm. (K) Areole pattern on the posterior body region of a male Gordius n. sp. Note the weakly developed areoles (A) and the presence of bristles (white arrows). Scale bar = 20 Μm. (L) Ventral view of the posterior region of a male Gordius n. sp. Note the two posterior tail lobes (Tl), cloaca (c), and post cloacal crescent (Pcc). Scale bar = 120 Μm.

FIGURE 3 in Using Gordiid cysts to discover the hidden diversity, potential distribution, and new species of Gordiids (Phylum Nematomorpha)

FIGURE 3. (A) Female Acheta domesticus releasing a single female Paragordius varius. (B) A gordian knot of male and female P. var ius after emerging from a female A. domesticus. Note that males are the darker and thiner individuals. Scale bars = 1 cm.

FIGURE 1 in Using Gordiid cysts to discover the hidden diversity, potential distribution, and new species of Gordiids (Phylum Nematomorpha)

FIGURE 1. Photomicrographs of gordiid cyst and larval types recovered from Physa acuta snails collected in Payne County, Oklahoma. (A) Cyst of Gordius sp. Note the lack of spines on the preseptum and tighly double folded larva. Scale bar = 25 Μm. (B) Cyst of Paragordius sp. Note the characterisitc spines on the preseptum (black arrow) and double folding of the postseptum (white arrow) never reaching the posterior end of the preseptum. Scale bar = 15 Μm. (C) Cyst of Chordodes/Neochordodes sp. Note the single folding position of the postseptum and relatively small spines on the preseptum. Scale bar = 10 Μm. (D) Larva of Gordius sp. in the process of folding. Note the characteristic single spine on the posterior end of the postseptum (arrow). Scale bar = 15 Μm. (E) Unencysted larva of Paragordius sp. Note the characteristically long spines of the outer hooks of the preseptum (black arrow) and characteristic granules of the pseudointestine (white arrow). Scale bar = 15 Μm. (F) Unencysted larva of Chordodes/Neochordodes sp. Note the equal length ratio of the prespeptum and postseptum and relatively small spines on the preseptum. Scale bar = 10 Μm.

FIGURE 2 in Using Gordiid cysts to discover the hidden diversity, potential distribution, and new species of Gordiids (Phylum Nematomorpha)

FIGURE 2. Positive (black circles) and negative (white circles) localities for (A) Paragordius spp., (B) Gordius spp., and (C) Chordodes/Neochordodes spp. in Payne County, Oklahoma. Numbers represent names of each site (see Table 1). Scale bars = 6.9 km.