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1,047 results for “Salamanders”
Figure 42 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 42. Comparisons of the lower jaws of the primitive living caecilian Epicrionops, A1–C1 [reproduced from Nussbaum (1977)], and the Lower Jurassic caecilian Eocaecilia, A2–C2 [reproduced from F. A. Jenkins, D. Walsh & R. L. Carroll, 2007 (in press)], in lateral, medial, and dorsal views. D, ventral view of the lower jaw of Eocaecilia, showing a groove for the passage of the pterygoideus muscle (g pt m), which extends under the lower jaw to maintain its attachment with the stapes–quadrate against the force of the interhyoideus posterior.
Figure 39 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 39. Chondrocranium of the primitive caecilian Ichthyophis glutinosus. Reproduced from Peter (1898). Note the striking differences from chondrocrania of frogs and salamanders (Fig. 27).
Figure 30 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 30. Patterns of the jaw musculature in the larvae of frogs and salamanders, as seen in lateral view. A, the tadpole of Rana catesbeiana. Reproduced from Cannatella (1999), after Gradwell (1972). B, the salamandrid Taricha granulosa. Reproduced from Deban & Wake (2000).
Figure 28 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 28. Progressive changes in the configuration of the hyobranchial apparatus among anurans. A, Rana. Reproduced from Cannatella (1999). B, Pelodytes. Reproduced from Cannatella (1999). C, Bombina. Reproduced from Rodek (2003).
Figure 27 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 27. Chondrocrania, palatoquadrate, and Meckel's cartilage of a salamander and anurans. A, the chondrocranium, lower jaw, and branchial apparatus of a late larva of the hynobiid Ranodon. Modified from Rose (2003). This presumably represents a primitive pattern for amphibians, as it retains plesiomorphic features of extant members of basal actinopterygian and sarcopterygian groups (deBeer, 1937, 1985). B, an early stage (21) of the primitive anuran Ascaphus truei, showing some resemblance to early larvae of salamanders. Reproduced from Reiss (1997). C, advanced larval stage of Ascaphus truei, showing the anterior extension of the palatoquadrate and Meckel's cartilage, and the large suprarostral and infrarostral cartilages. Reproduced from Pusey (1943). D, advanced tadpole of Rana temporaria. Reproduced from Pusey (1938). E, larva of Rana temporaria, approaching metamorphosis, showing features in common with the larva of Ranodon. Reproduced from Pusey (1938).
Figure 33 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 33. Lateral view showing the change in orientation of the jaw muscles of anurans between the larval condition (A), and a metamorphosed frog (B). Reproduced from de Jongh (1968).
Figure 57 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 57. Branchial denticles in Palaeozoic branchiosaurs and a modern salamander. A, branchial tooth plates with attached denticles from the micromelerpetontid Micromelerpeton credneri from Odernheim, Geological and Palaeontological Institute of Mainz, specimen number N226. This typified the primitive pattern for temnospondyls. B, branchial denticles in the branchiosaurid Apateon (Royal Ontario Museum, Canada, 44276). C, reconstruction of hyobranchial elements and branchial denticles of the branchiosaurid Apateon. Reproduced from Boy & Sues (2000). D, branchial denticles associated with the gill slits in Ambystoma tigrinum (Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, 7255).
Figure 59 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 59. Sequence of ossification of the bones of the forelimb and hindlimb of Apateon. A, stage V, ATD 264, hindlimb only. B, stage VI, specimen number 16258, Staatl. Museum für Naturkunde, Stuttgart.
Figure 26 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 26. Two larval stages of the Lower Jurassic pipoidea frog Shomronella jordanica from the Lower Cretaceous. Reproduced from Chipman & Tchernov (2002).
Figure 25. A, B in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 25. A, B, pectoral and pelvic girdles of modern anurans. Reproduced from Duellman & Trueb (1986). This general pattern applies back to the Jurassic. C, D, manus and pes of the primitive living anuran Ascaphus truei. Reproduced from Ritland (1955). E, carpus of the Late Jurassic Notobatrachus degiustoi. Reproduced from Estes & Reig (1973).
Figure 22 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 22. Changes in the hyobranchial apparatus during metamorphosis in the primitive living frog Pelodytes. Reproduced from Cannatella (1999).
Figure 49. Karaurus, a in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 49. Karaurus, a caudate from the Upper Jurassic of Russia that lies outside the crown-group urodeles. Note sculptured surface of the squamosal, which would preclude the extension of the adductor mandibulae internus out of the adductor chamber. Note also the very close similarity of the configuration of the hyoid apparatus with that of Chunerpeton (Fig. 47B).
Figure 29 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 29. Mechanics of the buccopharyngeal region in salamanders and frogs. A, B, lateral views of the skull and branchial region of a modern salamander. The movement of the hyobranchial apparatus is primarily posteroventral during inspiration. Reproduced from Deban & Wake (2000). C, lateral view of the chondrocranium of the tadpole of the primitive living frog Alytes obstetricans, showing the essentially vertical orientation of the major muscles that lower the midportion of the ceratohyals and so expand the buccal cavity. Reproduced from Sanderson & Kupferberg (1999), after Wassersug & Hoff (1982). D, E, diagrammatic anterior view of the buccal cavity, showing the antagonistic actions of the muscles that drive the major pumping apparatus in tadpoles. Reproduced from Cannatella (1999).
Figure 45. Caecilian vertebrae. A in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 45. Caecilian vertebrae. A, atlas vertebra of Ichthyophis mindanaoensis in right lateral and anterior views. B, atlas of the Lower Cretaceous Rubricacaecilia monbaroni. C, right lateral view of anterior trunk vertebra of Rubricacaecilia monbaroni. D, atlas of the Lower Jurassic Eocaecilia macropoda. A–D, reproduced from Evans & Sigogneau-Russell (2001). E, lateral views of atlas and posterior trunk vertebra of Typhlonectes natans. Reproduced from Wake (2003).
Figure 21 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 21. Evolution of the anuran hyoid over 245 million years. A, the primitive living frog Leiopelma (Duellman & Trueb, 1986). B, the Lower Cretaceous Eodiscoglossus. Reproduced from Rodek (2000). C, the Lower Jurassic Vieraella. Reproduced from Báez & Basso (1996). D, Triadobatrachus, from the Lower Triassic. Reproduced from Rodek & Rage (2000).
Figure 19 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 19. Sequence of ossification of the cranial bones of the pelobatid frog Spea bombifrons. Reproduced from Wiens (1989).
Figure 53. A in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 53. A, pattern of skull roof ossification in the smallest adequately known specimen of the osteolepiform fish Eusthenopteron, in which the dermal bones of the skull ossify essentially simultaneously. Reproduced from Schultze (1984). B, the skeleton of a very small specimen of the branchiosaur Micromelerpeton, in which the skull bones also ossify simultaneously. Scale bars 5 mm in length. Reproduced from Schoch & Carroll (2003).
Figure 23 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 23. Tongue and hyoid apparatus in frogs. A, cutaway of hyoid and tongue musculature of Bufo marinus at the beginning of the tongue-flip sequence. Reproduced from Gans & Gorniak (1982). B, major muscles of the buccal floor of frogs in oblique dorsal view. Reproduced from Liem (1985).
Figure 56 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 56. Neotenic adult of Apateon from the Lower Permian of Odernheim (Geological and Palaeontological Institute of Mainz, N800). A, complete skull showing calcified or ossified ceratobranchials (cb), with attached branchial denticles. B, enlarged view of teeth from the right dentary as seen through the orbit. Note the clear demarcation between the base and the crown (white arrows). The teeth in larval individuals are slender pegs, showing no trace of pedicellate structure. Scale bars: A, 5 mm; B, 1 mm.
Figure 41 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 41. Changes in the ossification of the skull between advanced larvae and adults of primitive caecilians. A–C, dorsal, palatal, and lateral views of a larva of the primitive caecilian Epicrionops bicolor. Shaded areas show the bones that are exposed due to the long delay in ossification of the cheek region. D–F, dorsal, palatal, and lateral views of the adult of Epicrionops bicolor. Note the retention of a large dorsal opening between the squamosal and the parietal, and the posterior extension of the maxillary portion of the maxillopalatine. G, H, lateral views of the skull of the larva and adult of Ichthyophis sp. Modified from Wake (2003).
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