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FIG. 36 in Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Tazoudasaurus naimi (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the late Early Jurassic of Morocco
FIG. 36. — Tazoudasaurus naimi, ungual phalanx I in lateral view (To1-94). Scale bar: 5 cm.
Data from: A basal lithostrotian titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) with a complete skull: implications for the evolution and paleobiology of Titanosauria
We describe Sarmientosaurus musacchioi gen. et sp. nov., a titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Turonian) Lower Member of the Bajo Barreal Formation of southern Chubut Province in central Patagonia, Argentina. The holotypic and only known specimen consists of an articulated, virtually complete skull and part of the cranial and middle cervical series. Sarmientosaurus exhibits the following distinctive features that we interpret as autapomorphies: (1) maximum diameter of orbit nearly 40% rostrocaudal length of cranium; (2) complex maxilla–lacrimal articulation, in which the lacrimal clasps the ascending ramus of the maxilla; (3) medial edge of caudal sector of maxillary ascending ramus bordering bony nasal aperture with low but distinct ridge; (4) 'tongue-like' ventral process of quadratojugal that overlaps quadrate caudally; (5) separate foramina for all three branches of the trigeminal nerve; (6) absence of median venous canal connecting infundibular region to ventral part of brainstem; (7) subvertical premaxillary, procumbent maxillary, and recumbent dentary teeth; (8) cervical vertebrae with 'strut-like' centroprezygapophyseal laminae; (9) extremely elongate and slender ossified tendon positioned ventrolateral to cervical vertebrae and ribs. The cranial endocast of Sarmientosaurus preserves some of the most complete information obtained to date regarding the brain and sensory systems of sauropods. Phylogenetic analysis recovers the new taxon as a basal member of Lithostrotia, as the most plesiomorphic titanosaurian to be preserved with a complete skull. Sarmientosaurus provides a wealth of new cranial evidence that reaffirms the close relationship of titanosaurs to Brachiosauridae. Moreover, the presence of the relatively derived lithostrotian Tapuiasaurus in Aptian deposits indicates that the new Patagonian genus represents a 'ghost lineage' with a comparatively plesiomorphic craniodental form, the evolutionary history of which is missing for at least 13 million years of the Cretaceous. The skull anatomy of Sarmientosaurus suggests that multiple titanosaurian species with dissimilar cranial structures coexisted in the early Late Cretaceous of southern South America. Furthermore, the new taxon possesses a number of distinctive morphologies—such as the ossified cervical tendon, extremely pneumatized cervical vertebrae, and a habitually downward-facing snout—that have rarely, if ever, been documented in other titanosaurs, thus broadening our understanding of the anatomical diversity of this remarkable sauropod clade. The latter two features were convergently acquired by at least one penecontemporaneous diplodocoid, and may represent mutual specializations for consuming low-growing vegetation.
Data from: Body size evolution in Titanosauriformes (Sauropoda, Macronaria)
Titanosauriformes is a conspicuous and diverse group of sauropod dinosaurs that inhabited almost all land masses during Cretaceous times. Besides the diversity of forms, the clade comprises one of the largest land animals found so far, Argentinosaurus, as well as some of the smallest sauropods known to date, Europasaurus and Magyarosaurus. They are therefore good candidates for studies on body size trends such as the Cope's rule, the tendency towards an increase in body size in an evolutionary lineage. We used statistical methods to assess body size changes under both phylogenetic and nonphylogenetic approaches to identify body size trends in Titanosauriformes. Femoral lengths were collected (or estimated from humeral length) from 46 titanosauriform species and used as a proxy for body size. Our findings show that there is no increase or decrease in titanosauriform body size with age along the Cretaceous and that negative changes in body size are more common than positive ones (although not statistically significant) for most of the titanosauriform subclades (e.g. Saltasaridae, Lithostrotia, Titanosauria and Somphospondyli). Therefore, Cope's rule is not supported in titanosauriform evolution. Finally, we also found a trend towards a decrease of titanosauriform mean body size coupled with an increase in body size standard deviation, both supporting an increase in body size variation towards the end of Cretaceous.
FIGURE 6 in Barrosasaurus casamiquelai gen. et sp. nov., a new titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Anacleto Formation (Late Cretaceous: early Campanian) of Sierra Barrosa (Neuquén, Argentina)
FIGURE 6. Barrosasaurus casamiquelai gen. et sp. nov., holotype. Dorsal centra in ventral view: A, MCF-PVPH-447/ 3; B, MCF-PVPH-447/1; MCF-PVPH-447/2. Abbreviation: vk, ventral keel. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
FIGURE 5 in Barrosasaurus casamiquelai gen. et sp. nov., a new titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Anacleto Formation (Late Cretaceous: early Campanian) of Sierra Barrosa (Neuquén, Argentina)
FIGURE 5. Barrosasaurus casamiquelai gen. et sp. nov., holotype (MCF-PVPH-447/2). Posterior dorsal (ninth or tenth) vertebra in anterior (A), posterior (B), left (C), and right lateral (D) views. Abbreviations: acpl, anterior centroparapophyseal lamina; alp, aliform process; apcdl, accesory posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; aspdl, anterior spinodiapophyseal lamina; f, fossa; nc, neural canal; p, pleurocoel; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pcpl, posterior centroparapophyseal lamina; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; posl, postspinal lamina; prsl, prespinal lamina; prz, prezygapophysis; pz, postzygapophysis; r, rib; spol, spinoposztzygapophyseal lamina; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; tl, transverse lamina. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
FIGURE 2. A in Barrosasaurus casamiquelai gen. et sp. nov., a new titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Anacleto Formation (Late Cretaceous: early Campanian) of Sierra Barrosa (Neuquén, Argentina)
FIGURE 2. A) Photograph of the holotype material of Barrosasaurus casamiquelai gen. et sp. nov. during excavation. B) Map showing the original positions of the specimens. The grid is composed of 10 x 10 cm quadrats.
FIGURE 8 in Barrosasaurus casamiquelai gen. et sp. nov., a new titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Anacleto Formation (Late Cretaceous: early Campanian) of Sierra Barrosa (Neuquén, Argentina)
FIGURE 8. Comparison among posterior dorsal vertebrae of some selected titanosaurs. A, B, Barrosasaurus casamiquelai gen. et. sp. nov. (holotype, MCF-PVPH-447/2), ninth or tenth dorsal in posterior (A) and right lateral (B) views. C, D, Neuquensaurus australis (MCS-5), dorsal 9? in posterior (C) and right lateral (D) views. E, F, Argyrosaurus superbus (PVL 4628, MACN-CH 217), dorsal 10? in anterior (E) and right lateral (F) views. G, Trigonosaurus pricei (holotype, MCT-1488-R), dorsals 9 and 10 in left lateral view. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
FIGURE 7 in Barrosasaurus casamiquelai gen. et sp. nov., a new titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Anacleto Formation (Late Cretaceous: early Campanian) of Sierra Barrosa (Neuquén, Argentina)
FIGURE 7. Comparison of anterior dorsal vertebrae of some selected titanosaurs, in anterior view. A, Barrosasaurus casamiquelai gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, MCF-PVPH-447/3). B, Argentinosaurus huinculensis (holotype, MCF-PVPH- 1). C, Mendozasaurus neguyelap (paratype, IANIGLA-PV 066). Scale bar equals 10 cm.
FIGURE 3 in Barrosasaurus casamiquelai gen. et sp. nov., a new titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Anacleto Formation (Late Cretaceous: early Campanian) of Sierra Barrosa (Neuquén, Argentina)
FIGURE 3. Barrosasaurus casamiquelai gen. et sp. nov., holotype (MCF-PVPH-447/3). Anterior dorsal vertebra in anterior (A) and left lateral (B) views. Abbreviations: acpl, anterior centroparapophyseal lamina; al, accesory lamina; apcdl, accesory posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; d, diapophysis; nc, neural canal; p, pleurocoel; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pcpl, posterior centroparapophyseal lamina; pp, parapophysis; ppdl, paradiapophyseal lamina; prsl, prespinal lamina; prz, prezygapophysis; sf, small fossa; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; tprl, intraprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
FIGURE 4 in Barrosasaurus casamiquelai gen. et sp. nov., a new titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Anacleto Formation (Late Cretaceous: early Campanian) of Sierra Barrosa (Neuquén, Argentina)
FIGURE 4. Barrosasaurus casamiquelai gen. et sp. nov., holotype (MCF-PVPH-447/1). Posterior dorsal (seventh or eighth) vertebra in anterior (A), right lateral (B) and posterior (C) views. Abbreviations: acpl, anterior centroparapophyseal lamina; alp, aliform process; apcdl, accessory posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; aspdl, anterior spinodiapophyseal lamina; d, diapophysis; nc, neural canal; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pcpl, posterior centroparapophyseal lamina; posl, postspinal lamina; pp, parapophysis; ppdl, paradiapophyseal lamina; prsl, prespinal lamina; prz, prezygapophysis; spol, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; tprl, intraprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
Figure 26 in Phylogenetic reassessment of Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis, a basal Macronaria (Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal
Figure 26. Bifurcated ventral tip in (A) 10th dorsal vertebrae of Camarasaurus supremus (Osborn & Mook, 1921: pl. LXX) and (B) DV6 of Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis (without scale). Traced line: broken borders; fill in traced pinstripes: broken or eroded areas. C, Camararasaurus vertebrae with a box indicating the corresponding region in Lourinhasaurus vertebrae.
Figure 24 in Phylogenetic reassessment of Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis, a basal Macronaria (Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal
Figure 24. Right pedal (?) phalange II of L. alenquerensis (MG30386) in dorsal (A), lateral (B), and proximal (C) views.
Figure 23 in Phylogenetic reassessment of Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis, a basal Macronaria (Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal
Figure 23. Left astragalus of L. alenquerensis (MG30375) in medial (A), lateral (B), ventral (C), and dorsal (D) views.
Figure 6 in Phylogenetic reassessment of Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis, a basal Macronaria (Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal
Figure 6. Caudal dorsal vertebrae DV10 (MG4956) of L. alenquerensis in caudal (A) and cranial (B) views and its schematic figuration (C) showing the circular depression on the cranial articular surface. Ventral surface of the cranial dorsal vertebra DV3 (MG4956) bearing its ventral concavity (D), an autapomorphy of L. alenquerensis. Traced line: broken borders.
Figure 3 in Phylogenetic reassessment of Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis, a basal Macronaria (Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal
Figure 3. Cervical vertebrae of L. alenquerensis. Cranialto-middle cervical centrum (MG30377) in right view (A) and its schematic interpretation (B); middle-to caudal cervical centrum (MG30373) in left (C) and ventral (D) view. Traced line: broken borders; fill in traced pinstripes: broken or eroded areas.
Figure 15 in Phylogenetic reassessment of Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis, a basal Macronaria (Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal
Figure 15. Forelimb of L. alenquerensis. Left humerus (MG2) in caudal (A), cranial (B), lateral (C), medial (D), and proximal (E) views. The traced line indicates lost bone.
Figure 7 in Phylogenetic reassessment of Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis, a basal Macronaria (Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal
Figure 7. Change in the pneumaticity along the dorsal series of L. alenquerensis. Lateral view of the dorsal series (A) and the cross-section of DV2, DV8, and DV12 (B, without scale). The traced line indicates lost bone.
Figure 14 in Phylogenetic reassessment of Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis, a basal Macronaria (Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal
Figure 14. Sternal plates of L. alenquerensis. Right (MG30382) (A) and left (MG30383) (B) sternal plates in ventral view and the cross-section of the right one (C). The traced line indicates lost bone.
Figure 18 in Phylogenetic reassessment of Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis, a basal Macronaria (Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal
Figure 18. Left ilium of L. alenquerensis (MG5781) in medial view (A). The base of postacetabular process (poap) in ventral view (left) noted in a schematic figuration of the ilium (right) (B). Traced line: broken borders or superimposing bone.
Figure 20 in Phylogenetic reassessment of Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis, a basal Macronaria (Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal
Figure 20. Ischia of L. alenquerensis (MG4957). Left ischium in distal (B), lateral (C) and cranial (D) views, and right ischium in medial (A) and lateral (E) views.
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