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FIGURE 6 in Redescription and notes on the reproductive biology of the sea anemone Urticina fecunda (Verrill, 1899), comb. nov. (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Actiniidae)

FIGURE 6. Boxplot diagram comparing basitrich lengths between actinopharynx (a) and tentacle (t) tissues among five specimens of Urticina fecunda, comb. nov., named by collection lot number or locality (if not deposited in a museum collection).

FIGURE 3 in Redescription and notes on the reproductive biology of the sea anemone Urticina fecunda (Verrill, 1899), comb. nov. (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Actiniidae)

FIGURE 3. Longitudinal section through column of Urticina fecunda, comb. nov. (USNM 24885, syntype), showing the offspring (arrow) within a pit. Scale bar = 2 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Redescription and notes on the reproductive biology of the sea anemone Urticina fecunda (Verrill, 1899), comb. nov. (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Actiniidae)

FIGURE 4. Scatter plot of basitrich length and width of Urticina fecunda, comb. nov. A. Column. B. Mesenterial filament.

FIGURE 2 in Redescription and notes on the reproductive biology of the sea anemone Urticina fecunda (Verrill, 1899), comb. nov. (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Actiniidae)

FIGURE 2. Histological sections of Urticina fecunda, comb. nov. A. Longitudinal section of body wall through a row of verrucae. B. Transverse section through mesenteries. C. Longitudinal section through marginal sphincter. ec—ectoderm, en—endoderm, m—mesoglea, mf—mesenterial filament, p—parietobasilar muscle, r—retractor muscle, s—marginal sphincter, v—verruca. Scale bars = 2 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Redescription and notes on the reproductive biology of the sea anemone Urticina fecunda (Verrill, 1899), comb. nov. (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Actiniidae)

FIGURE 5. Cnidae of Urticina fecunda, comb. nov. A. Microbasic p-mastigophore of mesenterial filament, large type. B. Spirocyst. C. Largest size basitrich of mesenterial filament. D. Basitrich of actionpharynx. E. Microbasic p-mastigophore of mesenterial filament, small type. F. Basitrich of tentacle. G. Basitrich of column, large type. H. Basitrich of column, small type.

FIGURE 1 in Redescription and notes on the reproductive biology of the sea anemone Urticina fecunda (Verrill, 1899), comb. nov. (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Actiniidae)

FIGURE 1. Live individual of Urticina fecunda, comb. nov. A. Oral disc and tentacles B. Whole individual with adherent debris and externally brooded offspring. C. Non-brooding phase, without pits in column. D. In partial retraction, with brooded offspring. o—offspring, v—verruca. Scale bars = 1 cm.

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FIGURE 3 in New sea anemone (Anthozoa: Actiniaria) from Patagonia: Andvakia manoloi sp. nov.

FIGURE 3. Internal anatomy of Andvakia manoloi sp. nov. a) Longitudinal section through distal column, showing marginal sphincter. b) Cross section through mid column, showing a tenaculum and cuticle. c) Cross section through proximal column. Arrow points to fourth cycle mesentery. d) Detail of parietal muscle. e) Cross section of the column at the actinopharynx; the holotype display the same arrange shown in the image. Abbreviations: A, actinopharynx; C, cuticle, D, directive mesenteries; G, gastrodermis; Me, mesogloea; S, sphincter; T, tenaculum.

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FIGURE 4. Cross section showing the junction between proximal end and a mesentery. Images a and b in New sea anemone (Anthozoa: Actiniaria) from Patagonia: Andvakia manoloi sp. nov.

FIGURE 4. Cross section showing the junction between proximal end and a mesentery. Images a and b, and c and d correspond to the same specimens respectively. M, mesentery.

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FIGURE 5 in New sea anemone (Anthozoa: Actiniaria) from Patagonia: Andvakia manoloi sp. nov.

FIGURE 5. Cnidae of Andvakia manoloi sp. nov. a) Spirocyst. b) Spirocyst. c) Basitrich. d) Microbasic p-mastigophore. e) Spirocyst. f) Basitrich. g) Basitrich. h) Microbasic p-mastigophore. i) Basitrich. j) Basitrich. k) Microbasic p-mastigophore. l) Basitrich. m) Basitrich. n) Microbasic p-mastigophore. o) Microbasic p-mastigophore. p) Basitrich. q) Basitrich. r) Microbasic p-amastigophore.

FIGURE 2 in New records of the deep-sea anemone Phelliactis callicyclus Riemann-Zurneck, 1973 (Cnidaria, Actiniaria, Hormathiidae) from the Gulf of California, Mexico

FIGURE 2. Photographs of Phelliactis callicyclus Riemann-Zurneck, 1973. A) From the MIR submarines dives in the Guaymas Basin (from Sanamyan & Sanamyan 2007). B–F) From the JASON ROV dives at different dive locations, May 2008 cruise; note the two specimens in figure D.

FIGURE 1 in New records of the deep-sea anemone Phelliactis callicyclus Riemann-Zurneck, 1973 (Cnidaria, Actiniaria, Hormathiidae) from the Gulf of California, Mexico

FIGURE 1. Sites (a total of six) in the Gulf of California (red dots) where specimens of Phelliactis callicyclus Riemann- Zurneck, 1973, were captured in video or photographs during the ROV JASON dives in May 2008. Green dots correspond to sites where no specimens were detected. PB = Pescadero Basin; FB = Farallon Bassin; CB = Carmen Basin; WNFS, West Nayarit Fault Scarp.

FIGURE 4 in Metapeachia schlenzae sp. nov. (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Haloclavidae) a new burrowing sea anemone from Brazil, with a discussion of the genus Metapeachia

FIGURE 4. Cnidom of Metapeachia schlenzae sp. nov. (A) Spirocyst (B) Basitrich (C) Basitrich (D) Microbasic p- mastigophore (E) Basitrich (F) Microbasic b-mastigophore (G) Microbasic p-mastigophore.

FIGURE 3 in Metapeachia schlenzae sp. nov. (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Haloclavidae) a new burrowing sea anemone from Brazil, with a discussion of the genus Metapeachia

FIGURE 3. Internal anatomy of Metapeachia schlenzae sp. nov. A) Cross section through the column at the level of the actinopharynx showing the cycles of mesenteries B) Histological cross section through the column at the actinopharynx, showing the siphonoglyph completely separated from the actinopharynx (one pair of mesenteries is missing) C) Detail of the siphonoglyph forming a tube but still attached to the actinopharynx by a small strip of tissue (arrow) D) Detail of one pair of mesenteries with the parietal muscle with a separate pennon. Abbreviations: *, directive mesenteries; Ac, actinopharynx; S, siphonoglyph. Scale bars A) 5 mm, B) 4 mm, C) 0.5 mm D) 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Metapeachia schlenzae sp. nov. (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Haloclavidae) a new burrowing sea anemone from Brazil, with a discussion of the genus Metapeachia

FIGURE 2. Morphology of the conchula A) Branched conchula of Metapeachia schlenzae. sp. nov. B) Five-lobed conchula of M. tropica (Panikkar, 1938) C) Five-lobed conchula of Peachia quinquecapitata McMurrich, 1913. Scale bars A) 2 mm, B) 4 mm, C) 6 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Metapeachia schlenzae sp. nov. (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Haloclavidae) a new burrowing sea anemone from Brazil, with a discussion of the genus Metapeachia

FIGURE 1. External anatomy of Metapeachia schlenzae sp. nov. and Metapeachia tropica (Panikkar, 1938). A) Lateral view of the preserved holotype of Metapeachia schlenzae sp. nov. (MZUSP 001930) B) Oral view of a specimen of Metapeachia schlenzae sp. nov. showing the oral disc with tentacles, actinopharynx and conchula C) Detail of the column of Metapeachia schlenzae sp. nov. in horizontal position, showing cinclides D) Detail of the column in horizontal position showing cinclides of Metapeachia tropica. Scale bars A, B) 20 mm, C) 5 mm, D) 6 mm.

Figure 4 in Two sea anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) from the Southern Ocean with evidence of a deep-sea, polar lineage of burrowing sea anemones

Figure 4. Internal anatomy and microanatomy of Chitinactis marmara. A, micro-CT longitudinal scan through whole specimen showing broad, flattened pedal disc, wide oral disc, short actinopharynx and gastrovascular cavity; note cuticle on both pedal disc and column (stained in white); B, longitudinal section through half of distal column showing body layers and strong cuticle; C, longitudinal histological section through half of distal column showing body wall layers; D, detail of histological cross-section through scapulus showing body layers; note thick mesoglea; E, detail of histological cross-section through scapus showing relatively thinner mesoglea and thicker epidermis compared to scapulus; note cuticle attached to epidermis (indicated by arrow); F, histological longitudinal section through column showing strong, longitudinal, circular endodermal musculature with high muscle processes; G, histological longitudinal section through distal column showing mesogleal marginal sphincter musculature; H, histological cross-section through tentacle showing mesogleal longitudinal musculature (indicated by arrow); I, micro-CT cross-section scan through oral disc showing wide oral disc with tentacles; note six rows of columnar tubercles (indicated by arrows) and an introverted tentacle (indicated by asterisk); J, histological cross-section through mid-column showing columnar tubercle; K, histological cross-section through inverted scapulus and scapus showing one cycle of six perfect pairs of mesenteries (numbers 1–6; directives indicated by arrows); second cycle of mesenteries with one missing mesentery of a pair (numbers 7–12; missing mesentery indicated by asterisk), but noticed complete pair on opposite scapulus; L, cross-section dissection through mid-scapus showing three cycles of mesenteries on half of the column (indicated by numbers); M, cross-section dissection through distal column showing arrangement of mesenteries; note introverted tentacle (indicated by asterisk); N, histological cross-section through mid-column showing arrangement of mesenteries; note the unequal development of mesenteries of some pairs (indicated by asterisks); O, detail of a pair of directive pair of mesenteries on distal column; P, detail of a pair of small pair of fourth cycle of mesenteries; note the strong, circumscribed retractor of mesenteries; Q, detail of parietobasilar musculature on a pair of mesentery of first cycle. Abbreviations: ac, actinopharynx; e, epidermis, g, gastrodermis; m, mesoglea; od, oral disc; sc, scapus; sp, scapulus. Scale bars, A, N, 2.5 mm; B, C, 4 mm; D, E, H, O, Q, 0.2 mm, F, 0.6 mm; G, J, 0.5 mm; I, 3, 2 mm; K, L, P, 1 mm; M, 3 mm.

Figure 7 in Two sea anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) from the Southern Ocean with evidence of a deep-sea, polar lineage of burrowing sea anemones

Figure 7. Internal anatomy and microanatomy of Scytophorus striatus. A, micro-CT scan of longitudinal section through flattened pedal disc; note absence of basilar musculature (arrows); B, cross-section through mid-scapus showing area between furrows; note body layers and bilayered cuticle (indicated by arrow); C, histological longitudinal section through distal column showing strong, circular endodermal musculature; D, detail of distal scapus showing high muscle processes of strong, circular endodermal musculature (indicated by arrow); E, histological longitudinal section through tentacle showing ectodermal longitudinal musculature; F, micro-CT longitudinal scan through a whole specimen showing flattened pedal disc, actinopharynx, tentacles and gastrovascular cavity; note foreign material attached to epidermis of column and pedal disc; G, micro-CT scanning through distal column showing actinopharynx and two indistinct siphonoglyph (indicated by asterisks); H, cross-section through mid-scapus showing 14 macrocnemes (indicated by numbers) arranged in seven pairs; I, histological cross-section through mid-scapus showing arrangement of mesenteries in seven pairs (indicated by numbers); J, micro-CT cross-section scan through scapulus showing 14 mesenteries; K, micro-CT cross-section scan through distal scapus showing actinopharynx and weak siphonoglyphs (indicated by asterisks); note weak parietobasilar musculature of extra mesentery (indicated by arrow); L, micro-CT cross-section scan through proximal column; note all 14 mesenteries with gonads (= macrocnemes); M, detail of retractor of macrocneme with pennon distally (indicated by asterisk); N, detail of strong parietobasilar musculature of macrocneme; O, detail of macrocneme with both oocytes and spermatic cysts. Abbreviations: ac, actinopharynx; d, directive pair; ep, epidermis; ga, gastrodermis; gc, gastrovascular cavity; me, mesoglea; pd, pedal disc; t, tentacles. Scale bars: A, E, M, N, 0.2 mm; O, 0.3 mm; B, F, 4 mm; C, D, 1 mm; G–L, 2 mm.

Figure 2. Phylogenetic reconstruction resulting from maximum likelihood analysis using a in Two sea anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) from the Southern Ocean with evidence of a deep-sea, polar lineage of burrowing sea anemones

Figure 2. Phylogenetic reconstruction resulting from maximum likelihood analysis using a concatenated dataset of three mitochondrial (12S, 16S, COIII) and two nuclear markers (18S, 28S). Coloured boxes indicate actiniarian superfamilies with hypothesized phylogenetic position of Chitinactis marmara and Scytophorus striatus indicated by red stars; clade of burrowing anemones indicated by blue circle. Bootstrap resampling values indicated above branches (ML/MP); only support values> 50% are shown.

Figure 8 in Two sea anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) from the Southern Ocean with evidence of a deep-sea, polar lineage of burrowing sea anemones

Figure 8. Cnidom of Scytophorus striatus. A, B, D, E, G, H, basitrich; C, spirocyst; F, I, p–mastigophore A.

Figure 6 in Two sea anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) from the Southern Ocean with evidence of a deep-sea, polar lineage of burrowing sea anemones

Figure 6. External anatomy of Scytophorus striatus. A, lateral view of live specimen attached to scleractinian coral; B, lateral view of preserved specimen showing elongate shape, columnar cuticle and sand grains attached to column; C, detail of flattened pedal disc; D, oral view of preserved specimen showing short scapulus (indicated by arrow); E, detail of column showing small tenaculi with attached sand grains and yellow cuticle; note longitudinal columnar furrows (indicated by arrows). Scale bars: A, E, 2 mm; B, 5 mm; C, D, 4 mm.