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opennotspecifiedDec 2016View details →

FIGURE 1 in Rumen ciliates in Brazilian sheep (Ovis aries), with new records and redescription of Entodinium contractum (Entodiniomorphida: Ophryoscolecidae)

FIGURE 1. Average relative abundance of three families (Isotrichidae, Ophryoscolecidae and Parentodiniidae) of rumen ciliates in Brazilian sheep fed diets containing different concentrate levels (20, 40, 60 and 80%).

opennotspecifiedDec 2017View details →

FIGURE 1 in Description of Diploplastron dehorityi sp. nov. (Entodiniomorphida, Ophryoscolecidae), a new rumen ciliate from Brazilian sheep (Ovis aries)

FIGURE 1. Diploplastron ciliates recorded in Brazilian domestic sheep (Ovis aries L.). a–f. Diploplastron dehorityi sp. nov. a. Schematic drawing based on specimen stained with Lugol's solution. b. Schematic drawing of the oral infraciliary bands pattern. c–d. Schematic drawing of variations in the morphology of skeletal plates. e. Specimen stained with Lugol's solution. f. Specimen impregnated with silver carbonate. g–j. Diploplastron affine (Dogiel and Fedorowa, 1925). g. Schematic drawing based on specimen stained with Lugol's solution. h. Schematic drawing of the oral infraciliary bands pattern. i. Specimen stained with Lugol's solution. j. Specimen impregnated with silver carbonate. e–j. ACZ: adoral ciliary zone; AP: adoral polybrachykinety; CV: contractile vacuole; DCZ: dorsal ciliary zone; DP: dorsal polybrachykinety; Ma: macronucleus; Mi: micronucleus; Sk: skeletal plate; VP: vestibular polybrachykinety. Bars (e, f, i, j): 20 µm.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2017View details →

Supplemental Data to: Variation in recombination rate and its genetic determinism in sheep populations

Supplemental Data to reproduce the analysis of Variation in recombination rate and its genetic determinism  in sheep (Ovis Aries) populations from combining multiple genome-wide datasets. Morgane Petit*, Jean-Michel Astruc✝, Julien Sarry*, Laurence Drouilhet*,  Stéphane Fabre*,  Carole Moreno*, Bertrand Servin* *INRA, Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France ✝Institut de l’Elevage, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France Abstract Recombination is a complex biological process that results from a cascade of multiple events during meiosis. Understanding the genetic determinism of recombination can help to understand if and how these events are interacting. To tackle this question, we studied the patterns of recombination in sheep, using multiple approaches and datasets. We constructed male recombination maps in a dairy breed from the south of France (the Lacaune breed) at a fine scale by combining meiotic recombination rates from a large pedigree genotyped with a 50K SNP array and historical recombination rates from a sample of unrelated individuals genotyped with a 600K SNP array. This analysis revealed recombination patterns in sheep similar to other mammals but also genome regions that have likely been affected by directional and diversifying selection. We estimated the average recombination rate of Lacaune sheep at 1.5 cM/Mb, identified about 50,000 crossover hotspots on the genome and found a high correlation between historical and meiotic recombination rate estimates. A genome-wide association study revealed two major loci affecting inter-individual variation in recombination rate in Lacaune, including the RNF212 and HEI10 genes and possibly 2 other loci of smaller effects including  the KCNJ15  and FSHR genes. Finally, we compared our results to those obtained previously in a distantly related population of domestic sheep, the Soay. This comparison revealed that Soay and Lacaune males have a very similar distribution of recombination along the genome and that the two datasets can be combined to create more precise male meiotic recombination maps in sheep. Despite their similar recombination maps, we show that Soay and Lacaune males exhibit different heritabilities and QTL effects for inter-individual variation in genome-wide recombination rates.

FIGURES 13–16 in Rumen Ciliate Fauna of Domestic Sheep (Ovis aries) in İzmir, Turkey and Scanning Electron Microscopic Observations

FIGURES 13–16. SEM images of (13) Enoploplastron triloricatum, (14)–(16) Dasytricha ruminantium. AL: Adoral Lip, CR: Ciliary Rows, DL: Dorsal Lip, O: Operculum, P: Pore of contractile vacuole. Small numerous holes (arrowheads).

FIGURES 1–4 in Rumen Ciliate Fauna of Domestic Sheep (Ovis aries) in İzmir, Turkey and Scanning Electron Microscopic Observations

FIGURES 1–4. SEM images of (1) Entodinium longinucleatum, (2) E. bursa, (3) E. rectangulatum m. rectangulatum, (4) E. semahatae. AL: Adoral Lip, CL: Caudal Lobe, CS: Caudal Spine, P: Pore of contractile vacuole.

FIGURES 17–20 in Rumen Ciliate Fauna of Domestic Sheep (Ovis aries) in İzmir, Turkey and Scanning Electron Microscopic Observations

FIGURES 17–20. SEM images of (17)–(18) Ophryoscolex caudatus m. tricoronatus, (19) Epidinium ecaudatum m. parvicaudatum, (20) Polyplastron multivesiculatum. ACZ: Adoral Ciliary Zone, CP: Cytoproct, CS: Caudal Spine, DCZ: Dorsal Ciliary Zone, O: Operculum, P: Pore of contractile vacuole.

FIGURES 5–8 in Rumen Ciliate Fauna of Domestic Sheep (Ovis aries) in İzmir, Turkey and Scanning Electron Microscopic Observations

FIGURES 5–8. SEM images of (5) Entodinium exiguum, (6) E. minimum, (7) E. simulans m. caudatum, (8) E. dilobum. ACZ: Adoral Ciliary Zone, AL: Adoral Lip, CL: Caudal Lobe, CP: Cytoproct, CS: Caudal Spine, P: Pore of contractile vacuole.

Fig. 4 in Seasonal Occurrence (Phenology) of Coprophilous Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae and Hydrophilidae) from Cattle and Sheep Farms in Southeastern Michigan, USA

Fig. 4. Phenology of dung beetle species with a split temporal distribution pattern in spring/summer and late autumn. Symbols indicate the presence of a species in each sample. Sampling started 26 March 2012 (before the first A on the date of collection axis) and ended 16 May 2013 (after the last M on the same axis). Circles show the presence of a beetle species on the sheep farm on the respective collection date, while squares show the presence of a beetle species on the cattle farm on the respective collection date. Presence of a species at the sheep farm is indicated below the labeled presence of the species at the cattle farm.

Fig. 2 in Seasonal Occurrence (Phenology) of Coprophilous Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae and Hydrophilidae) from Cattle and Sheep Farms in Southeastern Michigan, USA

Fig. 2. Phenology of dung beetle species that occurred only in spring and early summer. Symbols indicate the presence of a species in each sample. Sampling started 26 March 2012 (before the first A on the date of collection axis) and ended 16 May 2013 (after the last M on the same axis). Circles show the presence of a beetle species on the sheep farm on the respective collection date, while squares show the presence of a beetle species on the cattle farm on the respective collection date. Presence of a species at the sheep farm is indicated below the labeled presence of the species at the cattle farm.

Fig. 3 in Seasonal Occurrence (Phenology) of Coprophilous Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae and Hydrophilidae) from Cattle and Sheep Farms in Southeastern Michigan, USA

Fig. 3. Phenology of dung beetle species that occurred from summer until late autumn. Symbols indicate the presence of a species in each sample. Sampling started 26 March 2012 (before the first A on the date of collection axis) and ended 16 May 2013 (after the last M on the same axis). Circles show the presence of a beetle species on the sheep farm on the respective collection date, while squares show the presence of a beetle species on the cattle farm on the respective collection date. Presence of a species at the sheep farm is indicated below the labeled presence of the species at the cattle farm.

Fig. 1 in Seasonal Occurrence (Phenology) of Coprophilous Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae and Hydrophilidae) from Cattle and Sheep Farms in Southeastern Michigan, USA

Fig. 1. Mean temperature (with maximum and minimum bars) and accumulated precipitation between sampling dates for Adrian, MI from March 2012 to June 2013 and number of beetles (N) sampled on those dates.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2024View details →

Iranian Sheep Genotypes

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opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

The Turone Sheep Seasonal Brain Dataset

<h1>Abstract</h1> To cope with seasonal modifications of the environmental resources, brain anticipates and changes both its structural organisation and functioning. However, the tempo and mode of these central changes have been poorly investigated in mammalians. Here we describe a longitudinal morphometric neuroimaging study in a well know animal model to study seasonality: sheep. Using new magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) resources comprising a high-resolution brain template, its associated tissue priors (500-µm isotropic resolution) and a corresponding sheep brain atlas (202 regions of interest) we investigate the impact of seasonal transitions between winter and summer season on brain microstructure using voxel-based morphometry. We observed significant modifications of grey matter concentration (GMC) in pivotal brain areas involved in circadian rhythms (pineal, hypothalamus) and light processing (suprageniculate nucleus) but also within regions related to sensory processing, learning, memory, behavior control, and social cognition. These findings provide new insights into mammalian brain functioning revealing its flexibility and its adaptability to cope to environmental changes. <h1>Material and methods</h1> <h2> Animals</h2> Seventeen adult, sexually mature multiparous ewes (Ovis aries) of 3.4 ± 0.3 years old (weight = 64.5 ± 5.5 kg) have been included in this protocol and have been scanned at the PIXANIM platform (INRAE, French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food & Environment, Nouzilly, France). Females were ovariectomized and implanted with an oestradiol silastic implant (2 cm) at the end of october, two months before the first scan session. The ewes were kept permanently indoors and fed ad libitum with dehydrated lucerne, maize, straw, and a supplement of vitamins and minerals, and had free access to water. All the procedures were conducted in accordance with the European directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes and the experimental protocol was approved by the local ethical committee (comité d’éthique en expérimentation animale Val-de-Loire) under reference number 00510.02.   <h2>Surgical procedure</h2> First, ewes were fasted 24 h before surgery. Day of surgery, an i.v. injection of thiopental (14 mg/kg body weight, BW; Nesdonal, Merial, Villeurbanne, France) was done to induce analgesia, then animals were intubated and maintained under anesthesia by a mixture of 3 to 4% isoflurane (Vetflurane, Virbac, Carros, France) vaporized in 100% oxygen. Ovariectomy were conducted under sterile surgical conditions. Local anaesthesia with lidocaine (4%, Lurocaïne, Vétoquinol, Luré, France) was given prior laparotomy. Ovaries were surgically extracted, and the tissues were sutured. The entire procedure was performed within 20 min. Postoperative ventilation with oxygen was maintained until the first signs of awakening appeared. Animals were then housed individually for 6 h in a padded stall before being put back with congeners. They received an anti-inflammatory drug for 2 days (2 mg/kg, flunixin meglumine, Finadyne®, Intervet, Beaucouzé, France) to relief pain and an antiedema medication: (1 mg/kg BW of furosemide, Dimazon®, Intervet, Beaucouzé, France) at the end of surgery. Animals were treated with a diuretic medication associating 3 mg/kg of hydrochlorothiazide with 0.03 mg/kg dexamethasone (Diurizone®, Vétoquinol, Luré, France) for 2 days.   <h2>Photoperiodic conditions</h2> Two scanning sessions were performed for each animal at opposite moment of the circannual cycle: a first session was performed between mid-January/February (from 13/01/2014 to 17/02/2014), during the sexual season and a second session was performed between mid-June and mid-July (from 16/06/2014 to 22/07/2014) during the season of sexual rest. As 4-5 weeks were necessary to scan the entire group, animals were housed two weeks before and during each scan session (2-3 weeks) in photoperiodic facilities to ensure similar light duration for each subject and to avoid a photoperiodic shift over the scanning sessions (winter scanning session: mean daylight 556.1 min ± 22.26 min; summer scanning session: daylight 943.3 min ± 13.90 min). Therefore, ewes were housed under a 9h light/15h dark photoperiod (light on at 8AM, daylight duration 540 min) during the winter scan session and under a 15h light/9h dark photoperiod (lights on at 6h AM, daylight duration 960 min) during the summer scan session.   <h2>Melatonin response to photoperiodic exposure</h2> To ensure that animals were responsive to the photoperiodic treatment, one week before the start of each MRI scan session, serial blood samplings were performed overnight to measure the pattern of blood melatonin secretion. This was done following previous procedures used in our laboratory (Tricoire et al., 2002). Briefly, animals were housed individually 24h hours and implanted with a catheter into the jugular before blood sampling to limit potential stressful response of the animals. Blood sampling was performed under dim red light once per hour from one hour before the lights turn off until 2 hours after they turn on. Blood samples were then centrifugated and plasma stored at -80°c until assay. Melatonin assay was performed as previously documented in our laboratory (Tricoire et al., 2002).   <h2>In vivo MRI acquisitions</h2> Animal preparation for MRI data acquisitions were performed as previously described (Ella et al., 2015, 2017). Briefly, animals were anesthetized with an intramuscular injection of ketamine just before the scan, intubated, maintained during the scan on 3% isoflurane vaporized in oxygen and continuously monitored by a MR-compatible Aestiva®/5 systems (Madison, USA). Three MR acquisitions were performed (see Ella et al., 2015 for the details of each acquisition) on each animal secured in a prone position in 3 Tesla VERIO Siemens systems (Erlangen, Germany), front legs apart and bent towards the abdomen, using a flexible coil (Siemens FLEX Large 4 elements) tied around the head. The sequences have been optimized to be perform in time compatible with anaesthesia (≤1h), to reduce artefact (folding, truncation, etc.) and to optimize SNR. For each acquisition parameters have been set as previously describe in Ella and Keller (2015): - Three dimensional SPC-IR acquired in the sagittal plane (Echo Time/Repetition Time = 413 ms/4000 ms, Flip Angle = 120°, Inversion Time = 380 ms, Number of Excitation = 10, Partial Fourier = 1, Slice Thickness = 0.35 mm, Slice Number = 208, Field of View = 179.2x179.2 mm, matrix = 512x512, final resolution 0.35 mm3). - Three dimensional T1 MPRAGE acquired in the sagittal plane (Echo Time/Repetition Time = 3.18 ms/2500 ms, Flip Angle = 12°, Inversion Time = 900 ms, Number of Excitation = 8, Partial Fourier = 1, Slice Thickness = 0.5 mm, Slice Number = 288, Field of View = 192x192 mm, matrix = 384x384, final resolution 0.5mm3). - Three dimensional T2 MEDIC acquired in the sagittal plane (Echo Time/Repetition Time = 2.1 ms/38 ms, Flip Angle = 8°, Number of Excitation = 6, Partial Fourier = 0.75, Slice Thickness = 0.4 mm, Slice Number = 256, Field of View = 179.2x179.2 mm, matrix = 448x448, final resolution 0.4 mm3).   <h2>Additional feature: Computed Tomography (CT) sheep template.</h2> Tomographic data of nine ewes’ skulls have been acquired on our CT-scan (Siemens Somatom Definition AS, Siemens Corp., Germany). The X-ray source was set at 100 kV and 120 mA/s. A total of 800 slices were acquired using the following parameters: Thickness = 0.4 mm, Slice Number = 800, Field of View = 204,8x 204,8 mm, matrix = 512x512, final resolution 0.4 mm3) reconstructed using a filter Safire I26. DICOM data were converted to NIFTI format and organized as a standardized data sets that accordingly to the Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS) using BIDScoin and are downloadable on Zenodo.

dryad32/100

Daily abundance of Dall's sheep peaks during late summer in a seasonal habitat of high-management interest

Informing conservation and management decisions for habitats frequented by species of high management interest often face the challenge of limited resources for conducting wildlife surveys. When surveys are focused on local areas or sparsely distributed species, it may also be difficult to obtain counts sufficient for implementing abundance models that account for imperfect detection. With replicated aerial surveys collected within a 70.25 km2 portion of the Eastern Alaska Range, Alaska, USA during the summers of 2013–2015, we estimated daily abundance of Dall's sheep using two different estimation methods: Bayesian N-mixture models and Poisson regression models. We then compared estimates of relative abundance from both model types while paying special attention to the assumption of closure within individual survey units. With abundance estimates obtained from individual survey days, we then estimated the average number of Dall's sheep within the survey area for the period 1 July–1 October. Daily ewe abundance followed a quadratic pattern, with 10–20 ewes being within our survey area in early July and late September, and approximately 90 ewes within the survey area in mid-August. Lamb to ewe ratios averaged 0.2 from July–September, while ram to ewe ratios averaged 0.4 from July until mid-August before increasing to about 1.0 by the end of September. These results indicate that our survey area is an important habitat to local Dall's sheep populations when lambs are vulnerable to predators. Accordingly, human recreation and military training within the survey area should be minimized 1.5–3.0 months after parturition to minimize disturbance. We also found that N-mixture models displayed a pattern of abundance estimates that increased in magnitude as model complexity increased. We thus recommend an a priori approach to N-mixture model construction that balances the risk of overfitting models to modest data against the risk of fitting models that do not explain heterogeneity in abundance and detection probability. Lastly, we suggest simple improvements to replicated, aerial surveys for species like Dall's sheep focused on reducing violations of the closure assumption within individual survey units, which can reduce bias of density estimates obtained with N-mixture models.

opencc-zeroNov 2021View details →

Distribution. Llamas are found at 3800-5000 m above sea level in the Central Andes, from C Peru to W Bolivia and N Argentina. Llama distribution reached its apex during the expansion of the Inca Empire (1470-1532 ap), when pack trains were used to carry supplies for the royal armies to S Colombia and C Chile. Although originally indigenous and endemic to South America, Llamas have now been exported to countries around the world as a companion animal, featured in livestock shows, used for trekking and backpacking, cottage industry and home use ofits wool, and in North America increasingly utilized as a guard animal for protecting sheep and goats from canid predators. in Camelidae

Distribution. Llamas are found at 3800-5000 m above sea level in the Central Andes, from C Peru to W Bolivia and N Argentina. Llama distribution reached its apex during the expansion of the Inca Empire (1470-1532 ap), when pack trains were used to carry supplies for the royal armies to S Colombia and C Chile. Although originally indigenous and endemic to South America, Llamas have now been exported to countries around the world as a companion animal, featured in livestock shows, used for trekking and backpacking, cottage industry and home use ofits wool, and in North America increasingly utilized as a guard animal for protecting sheep and goats from canid predators.

opencc-zeroFeb 2022View details →

dryad32/100

Modeling management strategies for chronic disease in wildlife: predictions for the control of respiratory disease in bighorn sheep

1. Controlling persistent infectious disease in wildlife populations is an on-going challenge for wildlife managers and conservationists worldwide. 2. Here, we develop a dynamic pathogen transmission model capturing key features of M. ovipneumoniae infection, a major cause of population declines in North American bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis). We explore the effects of model assumptions and parameter values on disease dynamics, including density versus frequency dependent transmission, the inclusion of a carrier class versus a longer infectious period, host survival rates, disease-induced mortality and recovery rates, and the epidemic growth rate. 3. We compare the effectiveness of a suite of management actions following an epidemic, including test-and-remove, depopulation-and-reintroduction, range expansion, herd augmentation, and density reduction. 4. Our results suggest that test-and-remove, depopulation-and-reintroduction, and range expansion have the potential to facilitate recovery of persistently infected bighorn sheep herds post-epidemic. By contrast, augmentation could lead to worse outcomes than those expected in the absence of management. Management that improves host survival or reduces disease-induced mortality are also likely to improve population size and persistence of chronically infected herds. 5. Dynamic transmission models like the one employed here offer a structured, logical approach towards exploring hypotheses and can serve as a basis for planning field experiments and adaptive management. Models should be used iteratively with the field empirical approaches to triangulate on better approaches to wildlife management.

On following pages: 199. Kazakhstan Argali (Ovis collium); 200. Marco Polo Argali (Ovis poli); 201. Tibetan Argali (Ovis hodgsoni); 202. Altai Argali (Ovis ammon); 203. Gobi Argali (Ovis darwini); 204. Shansi Argali (Ovis jubata); 205. Snow Sheep (Owvis nivicola); 206. Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis); 207. Dall's Sheep (Ovis dalli). in Bovidae

On following pages: 199. Kazakhstan Argali (Ovis collium); 200. Marco Polo Argali (Ovis poli); 201. Tibetan Argali (Ovis hodgsoni); 202. Altai Argali (Ovis ammon); 203. Gobi Argali (Ovis darwini); 204. Shansi Argali (Ovis jubata); 205. Snow Sheep (Owvis nivicola); 206. Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis); 207. Dall's Sheep (Ovis dalli).

On following pages: 189. Isfahan Sheep (Ovis isphahanica); 190. Laristan Sheep (Ovis laristanica); 191. Ladakh Urial (Ovis vignei); 192. Punjab Urial (Ovis punjabiensis); 193. Bukhara Urial (Ovis bochariensis); 194. Arabian Wild Sheep (Ovis arabica); 195. Afghan Urial (Ovis cycloceros). in Bovidae

On following pages: 189. Isfahan Sheep (Ovis isphahanica); 190. Laristan Sheep (Ovis laristanica); 191. Ladakh Urial (Ovis vignei); 192. Punjab Urial (Ovis punjabiensis); 193. Bukhara Urial (Ovis bochariensis); 194. Arabian Wild Sheep (Ovis arabica); 195. Afghan Urial (Ovis cycloceros).

On following pages: 168. Rocky Mountain Goat (Oreamnos americanus); 169. Mishmi Takin (Budorcas taxicolon; bedford); 173. Aoudad (Ammotragus lervia); 174. Arabian Tahr (Arabitragus jayakari); 175. Himalayan Tahr (Hemitragus 170. Bhutan Takin (Budorcas whitel); 171. Sichuan Takin (Budorcas tibetana); 172. Golden Takin (Budorcas jemlahicus); 176. Greater Blue Sheep (Pseudois nayaun); 177. Dwarf Blue Sheep (Pseudois schaeferi). in Bovidae

On following pages: 168. Rocky Mountain Goat (Oreamnos americanus); 169. Mishmi Takin (Budorcas taxicolon; bedford); 173. Aoudad (Ammotragus lervia); 174. Arabian Tahr (Arabitragus jayakari); 175. Himalayan Tahr (Hemitragus 170. Bhutan Takin (Budorcas whitel); 171. Sichuan Takin (Budorcas tibetana); 172. Golden Takin (Budorcas jemlahicus); 176. Greater Blue Sheep (Pseudois nayaun); 177. Dwarf Blue Sheep (Pseudois schaeferi).