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464 results for “Swimming”
Data from: Cryptic choice of conspecific sperm controlled by the impact of ovarian fluid on sperm swimming behaviour
Despite evidence that variation in male-female reproductive compatibility exists in many fertilization systems, identifying mechanisms of cryptic female choice at the gamete level has been a challenge. Here, under risks of genetic incompatibility through hybridization, we show how salmon and trout eggs promote fertilization by conspecific sperm. Using in vitro fertilization experiments that replicate the gametic micro-environment, we find complete inter-fertility between both species. However, if either species' ova were presented with equivalent numbers of both sperm types, conspecific sperm gained fertilization precedence. Surprisingly, the species' identity of the eggs did not explain this cryptic female choice, which instead was primarily controlled by conspecific ovarian fluid, a semi-viscous, protein-rich solution which bathes the eggs and is released at spawning. Video-analyses revealed that ovarian fluid doubled sperm motile lifespan, and straightened swimming trajectory, behaviours allowing chemoattraction up a concentration gradient. To confirm chemoattraction, cell migration tests through membranes containing pores that approximated to the egg micropyle showed that conspecific ovarian fluid attracted many more spermatozoa though the membrane, compared with heterospecific fluid or water. These combined findings together identify how cryptic female choice can evolve at the gamete level and promote reproductive isolation, mediated by a specific chemoattractive influence of ovarian fluid on sperm swimming behaviour.
Developmental changes in bone mechanics from Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris), obligate swimming mammals
<p>Mammals living in aquatic environments load their axial skeletons differently than their terrestrial counterparts. The structure and mechanical behavior of trabecular bone can be especially indicative of varying habitual forces. Here, we investigate vertebral trabecular bone mechanical properties (yield strength, stiffness, and toughness) throughout development in Florida manatees (<i>Trichechus manatus latirostris</i>), obligate undulatory swimmers. Thoracic, lumbar, and caudal vertebrae were dissected from manatees (N=20) during necropsies. We extracted 6 mm<sup>3</sup> samples from vertebral bodies and tested them in compression in three orientations (rostrocaudal, dorsoventral, and mediolateral) at 2 mm min<sup>-1</sup>. We determined variation in mechanical properties between sexes, and among developmental stages, vertebral regions, and testing orientations. We also investigated the relationships between vertebral process lengths and properties of dorsoventrally and mediolaterally-tested bone. Rostrocaudally-tested bone was the strongest, stiffest, and toughest, suggesting that this is the principle direction of stress. Our results showed that bone from female subadults was stronger and stiffer than their male counterparts; based on these data we hypothesize hormonal shifts at sexual maturity may partially drive these differences . In calves, bone from the posterior region was stronger and tougher than from the anterior region. We hypothesize that since animals grows rapidly throughout early development, bone in the posterior region would be the most ossified to support the rostrocaudal force propagation associated with undulatory swimming .</p>
Data from: Temporal and spatial activity-associated energy partitioning in free-swimming sea snakes
1. Partitioning energy between critical basal functions and activity-associated behaviours is a primary determinant of animal survival. Consequently, habitat selection is likely to be driven by the efficiency with which resources can be acquired from a heterogeneous energy landscape. 2. Determining how energy partitioning is achieved across temporal and spatial scales is particularly challenging in aquatic animals due to the logistical limitations in estimating field metabolic rates (FMR) while simultaneously examining habitat choice. 3. Here, accelerometry telemetry and bimodal respirometry were used to correlate vectorial dynamic body acceleration (<i>VeDBA</i>) with oxygen consumption rates (<i>V̇o<sub>2</sub></i>) of sea snakes (<i>Hydrophis curtus</i> and <i>H. elegans</i>) across an ecologically-relevant temperature range. Subsequently, <i>VeDBA</i> of free-roaming snakes was used to estimate activity-associated FMR within a near-shore environment over diel, seasonal and spatial scales. 4. Diel changes in activity explained short-term patterns in FMR, whereas seasonal changes in water temperature drove long-term patterns. Spatial analyses demonstrated that activity-associated FMR was elevated in productive seagrass and mudflat habitats, indicative of a concentration of foraging efforts. 5. Our findings illustrate for the first time how sea snakes partition activity-associated FMR across time and space, providing an approach by which we can monitor the impacts of, and vulnerabilities to, natural and anthropogenic disturbances like warming and trawl fisheries.
Dual function of epaxial musculature for swimming and suction feeding in largemouth bass
<p>The axial musculature of many fishes generates the power for both swimming and suction feeding. In the case of the epaxial musculature, unilateral activation bends the body laterally for swimming, and bilateral activation bends the body dorsally to elevate the neurocranium for suction feeding. But how does a single muscle group effectively power these two distinct behaviors? Prior electromyographic (EMG) studies have identified fishes' ability to activate dorsal and ventral epaxial regions independently, but no studies have directly compared the intensity and spatial activation patterns between swimming and feeding. We measured EMG activity throughout the epaxial musculature during swimming (turning, sprinting, and fast-starts) and suction feeding (goldfish and pellet strikes) in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). We found that swimming involved obligate activation of ventral epaxial regions whereas suction feeding involved obligate activation of dorsal epaxial regions, suggesting regional specialization of the epaxial musculature. However, during fast-starts and suction feeding on live prey, bass routinely activated the whole epaxial musculature, demonstrating the dual function of this musculature in the highest performance behaviors. Activation intensities in suction feeding were substantially lower than fast-starts which, in conjunction with suboptimal shortening velocities, suggests that bass maximize axial muscle performance during locomotion and underutilize it for suction feeding.</p>
FIGURE 8 in Two new genera of Laophontidae (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) without sexual dimorphism in the endopods of the swimming legs
FIGURE 8. Propephonte duangitensis sp. n. A–B, D (ɗ, COP 1941); C (Ψ, COP 1940). A, P3, anterior; B, P4, posterior; C, P5, anterior; D, P5, anterior.
FIGURE 7 in Two new genera of Laophontidae (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) without sexual dimorphism in the endopods of the swimming legs
FIGURE 7. Propephonte duangitensis sp. n. (Ψ, COP 1940). A, P1, anterior; B, left P2 exp2 and exp3, anterior; C, right P2, anterior; D, left P2 enp, anterior; E, right P3, posterior; F, left P3 enp, posterior; G, left P4, anterior.
FIGURE 2 in Two new genera of Laophontidae (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) without sexual dimorphism in the endopods of the swimming legs
FIGURE 2. Apistophonte wasiniensis sp. n. A–B, E–I (Ψ, COP 4727); C–D, J (ɗ, COP 4728). A, antennule and rostrum, dorsal; B, mandible; C, antennule (armature of segments 3–5 omitted), dorsal; D, antennule (segments 3–5), ventral; E, maxilliped; F, antenna; G, maxillule; H, maxilla; I, P5, anterior; J, P5, anterior.
FIGURE 6 in Two new genera of Laophontidae (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) without sexual dimorphism in the endopods of the swimming legs
FIGURE 6. Propephonte duangitensis sp. n. A–B, E–I (Ψ, COP 1940); C–D (ɗ, COP1941). A, antennule, ventral; B, antenna; C, antennule (armature of segments 3–5 omitted), dorsal; D, antennule (segments 3–5), ventral; E, rostrum; F, mandible; G, maxillule; H, maxilla; I, maxilliped.
FIGURE 4 in Two new genera of Laophontidae (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) without sexual dimorphism in the endopods of the swimming legs
FIGURE 4. Apistophonte wasiniensis sp. n. A (Ψ, COP 4727), urosome (copulatory pore arrowed), ventral. B (ɗ, COP 4728), second to fourth urosomite, ventral. C (Ψ, COP 4727), anal somite and caudal rami, dorsal.
FIGURE 5 in Two new genera of Laophontidae (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) without sexual dimorphism in the endopods of the swimming legs
FIGURE 5. Propephonte duangitensis sp. n. (Ψ, COP 4726). A, habitus, dorsal; B, habitus, lateral. C (ɗ, COP 1942), habitus, dorsal.
FIGURE 3 in Two new genera of Laophontidae (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) without sexual dimorphism in the endopods of the swimming legs
FIGURE 3. Apistophonte wasiniensis sp. n. (Ψ, COP 4727). A, P1, anterior; B, P2, anterior; C, P3, anterior; D, P4, anterior. E (ɗ, COP 4728), P3, anterior.
FIGURE 1 in Two new genera of Laophontidae (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) without sexual dimorphism in the endopods of the swimming legs
FIGURE 1. Apistophonte wasiniensis sp. n. (Ψ, COP 4727). A, habitus, dorsal; B, habitus, lateral. C (ɗ, COP 4728), habitus, dorsal.
FIGURE 5 in Euphilomedes chupacabra (Ostracoda: Myodocopida: Philomedidae), a new demersal marine species from coastal Puerto Rico with male-biased vespertine swimming activity
FIGURE 5. Swimming activity of male Euphilomedes chupacabra. We collected males by dragging an aquarium net through the water adjacent to a lighted pier at approximately 15 minute intervals, averaging over two net passes for each data point (see methods for further details). We fit a Gaussian distribution to the data points to estimate two parameters, maximum density (number of males) and peak activity time (minutes after sunset), for each night we collected A. Data from July 15 and fitted Gaussian model are illustrated as a representative night of collecting. Here, peak activity was estimated to be at 106 minutes after sunset and maximum density was 177 males. B. Estimates of peak activity are plotted for each night of collecting. Shaded gray area represents moon illumination phase. C. Estimates of maximum density are plotted for each night of collecting. Shaded gray area represents moon illumination phase.
FIGURE 4 in Euphilomedes chupacabra (Ostracoda: Myodocopida: Philomedidae), a new demersal marine species from coastal Puerto Rico with male-biased vespertine swimming activity
FIGURE 4. Euphilomedes chupacabra, new species, adult male paratype SBMNH # 83216; A, carapace, right, inner view; B, first antenna, left, m. v., C, second antenna, left endopod, l.v., D, copulatory limb, right, l.v. All scale bars = 0.1 mm except for that in A, which = 1 mm.
FIGURE 2 in Euphilomedes chupacabra (Ostracoda: Myodocopida: Philomedidae), a new demersal marine species from coastal Puerto Rico with male-biased vespertine swimming activity
FIGURE 2. Euphilomedes chupacabra, new species, adult female holotype SBMNH # 83215; A, mandible, right, m.v. B, maxilla, left, l.v.; C, fifth limb, left, p.v. All scale bars = 0.1 mm. Roman numerals indicate endites.
FIGURE 3 in Euphilomedes chupacabra (Ostracoda: Myodocopida: Philomedidae), a new demersal marine species from coastal Puerto Rico with male-biased vespertine swimming activity
FIGURE 3. Euphilomedes chupacabra, new species, adult female holotype SBMNH # 83215; A, sixth limb, left, l.v.; B, seventh limb; C, posterior body showing genitalia, right lamella of furca, and y-sclerite, l.v.; D, medial eye and Bellonci organ. All scale bars = 0.1 mm. Roman numerals indicate endites.
FIGURE 1 in Euphilomedes chupacabra (Ostracoda: Myodocopida: Philomedidae), a new demersal marine species from coastal Puerto Rico with male-biased vespertine swimming activity
FIGURE 1. Euphilomedes chupacabra, new species, adult female holotype SBMNH # 83215; A, carapace, right, inner view; B, first antenna, right, l.v.; C, second antenna, right, m.v. All scale bars = 0.1 mm except for that in A, which = 1 mm. Lower case letters indicate particular setae; circles indicate bases of setae not shown.
FIGURE 5 in A new genus of polystomatid parasitic flatworm (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) without free-swimming life stage from the Malagasy poison frogs
FIGURE 5. Maximum Likelihood tree inferred from an analysis of 331 nucleotides of DNA sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene. Values along branches correspond to bootstrap proportions after 1,000 replicates. Letters [a] to [h] indicate different individuals of the same polystome candidate species.
FIGURE 2. Madapolystoma biritika n. g., n in A new genus of polystomatid parasitic flatworm (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) without free-swimming life stage from the Malagasy poison frogs
FIGURE 2. Madapolystoma biritika n. g., n. sp. Ventral view of holotype (A) and paratypes (B&C). Abbreviations: gc, genito-intestinal canal; gb, genital bulb; ha, hamulus; hp, haptor; ic, intestinal caecum; la, larva; mo, mouth; ov, ovary; ph, pharynx; su, sucker; te, testis distribution; va, vagina; vd, vas deferens. Scale bars: 500 µm.
FIGURE 1. Madapolystoma biritika n. g., n in A new genus of polystomatid parasitic flatworm (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) without free-swimming life stage from the Malagasy poison frogs
FIGURE 1. Madapolystoma biritika n. g., n. sp. A, micrograph of the type specimen. Scale: 500µm; B, Mantella madagascareniensis (specimen from Besariaka); C, M. baroni (specimen from An'Ala); D, M. milotympanum.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.