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224 results for “Tradeoff”
Data from: Beyond the competition-colonization tradeoff: linking multiple trait response to disturbance characteristics
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Data from: Tradeoffs, spatial heterogeneity, and the maintenance of microbial diversity
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Data from: Tradeoffs, geography, and limits to thermal adaptation in a tidepool copepod
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Tradeoffs between leaf cooling and hydraulic safety in a dominant arid land riparian tree species
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Resistance-recovery tradeoff of soil microbial communities under altered rain regimes: An experimental test across European agroecosystems
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Performance tradeoffs and resource availability drive variation in reproductive isolation between sympatrically diverging crossbills
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Data from: Is America dematerializing? Trends and tradeoffs in historic demand for one hundred commodities in the United States
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Data from: Contingent tradeoff decisions with feedbacks in cyclical environments: testing alternative theories
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Data from: Environmentally induced development costs underlie fitness tradeoffs
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Data from: Wood warblers copy settlement decisions of poor quality conspecifics: support for the tradeoff between the benefit of social information use and competition avoidance
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Data from: Trait plasticity and tradeoffs shape intraspecific variation in competitive response in a foundation tree species
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Data from: The effects of food limitation on life history tradeoffs in pregnant male Gulf pipefish
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Evolutionary tradeoffs between male secondary sexual traits revealed by a phylogeny of the hyperdiverse tribe Eumaeini (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
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Growth-defense tradeoffs shape the genetic composition of aspen forests
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Joint effects of genes underlying a temperature specialization tradeoff in yeast
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Extended data for Differential privacy in the 2020 US census, what will it do? Quantifying the accuracy/privacy tradeoff
<p>Full table of summary counts, errors, and empirical privacy loss for a range of levels of geographic hierarchy and stratification, varying epsilon (sup_table) or sample size (sub_table_2)</p>
Traits mediate a tradeoff in seedling growth response to light and conspecific density in a diverse subtropical forest
<p>Understanding tree species responses to biotic and abiotic factors is fundamental for stronger predictions of community assembly and dynamics. However, several challenges remain. These include a failure to investigate whether there is evidence for key hypothesized life-history tradeoffs and to link these tradeoffs to functional traits.</p> <p>In this study, we seek to explicitly address the above outstanding challenges by constructing models for individual seedling growth in response to abiotic and biotic factors using three years of seedling census data from a 20-ha subtropical forest dynamics plot in a diverse subtropical forest and correlated these responses with functional traits.</p> <p>We found that light and conspecific neighbours increase and decrease the relative growth rate of tree seedlings, respectively. We also found that the ability of a species to positively respond to canopy openness trades off against susceptibility to CNDD. This tradeoff was evident across seasons and could be predicted on functional trait - stem and leaf dry matter content.</p> <p><i>Synthesis</i>. Our findings indicate species that can grow quickly in high light environments also tend to suffer more conspecific negative density dependence. The results highlight strong evidence of a tradeoff relating to growth and defence widely hypothesized to be of importance in diverse tree communities and that this tradeoff occurs across seasons and can be linked to a commonly measured functional trait.</p>
Predation and competition induce variable organ size tradeoffs in larval anurans
<p>Inducible-defenses allow organisms that live in variable environments to invest energy into defense when necessary. These responses are common in aquatic organisms and are particularly notable in larval anurans, which tend to develop deeper tails under sit-and-wait macroinvertebrate predation threat. Although tradeoffs between defense and growth have been well-studied, tradeoffs with internal organ sizes have rarely been considered. The purpose of our study was to investigate the effects of predation and competition on tradeoffs associated with total length (body + tail), tail size, and internal organ size (gut, pancreas, liver, and fat body) in two larval anurans, red-eyed treefrogs (<i>Agalychnis callidryas</i>) and gray treefrogs (<i>Hyla versicolor</i>). In two separate experiments, we reared larvae in outdoor mesocosms with and without competition in the presence and absence of a caged predator. We subsampled larvae from each mesocosm and measured tail and internal organ sizes. Both competition and predation exerted strong effects on total length and morphology, although each experiment produced unique results. Competition increased gut size in both species, supporting a previously reported tradeoff between gut and tail size. Competition also reduced total length in both experiments: gray treefrogs balanced total length with lipid deposition, and red-eyed treefrogs favored total length at the expense of lipid reserves. Predation threat elicited an increase in tail depth but a reduction in tail muscle size in gray treefrogs, which may have allowed larvae to maintain pancreas size and total length. Conversely, red-eyed treefrogs developed larger tails with more muscle area, allocating resources in a way that sacrificed both liver and pancreas size, as well as total length. Although the specific tail response was different, both species prioritized larger guts over tail modifications when faced with both competition and predation, as large gut sizes were maintained in competitive environments even when predators were present. </p>
Data from: Sexual dimorphism explains residual variance around the survival-reproduction tradeoff in lizards: implications for sexual conflict over life-history evolution
The tradeoff between survival and reproduction is a central feature of life-history variation, but few studies have sought to explain why females of some species exhibit relatively lower survival than expected for a given level of reproductive effort. Intralocus sexual conflict theory proposes that sex differences in selection on survival and reproductive effort may, by virtue of shared genes underlying these components of fitness, prevent females from optimizing this life-history tradeoff. To test this hypothesis, we used a phylogenetically based comparative analysis of published estimates for mean annual survival and reproductive effort from females of 82 lizard species to (1) characterize the tradeoff between survival and reproduction, and (2) test whether variation around this tradeoff is explained by sexual size dimorphism (SSD), a potential proxy for sexual conflict over life-history traits. Across species, we found a strong negative correlation between mean annual survival and reproductive effort, confirming this classic life-history tradeoff. Although residual variance around this tradeoff is unrelated to the absolute magnitude of SSD, it is strongly related to the direction of SSD. Specifically, we found that females have lower survival than expected for a given level of reproductive effort in female-larger species, whereas they have higher survival than expected in male-larger species. Given that female-larger SSD is thought to reflect selection for increased fecundity, our results suggest that intralocus sexual conflict may be particularly likely to constrain female life-history evolution in situations where increased reproductive effort is favored, but the phenotypes that facilitate this increase (e.g., body size) are constrained by antagonistic selection on males.
Data from: Identifying and reducing AFLP genotyping error: an example of tradeoffs when comparing population structure in broadcast spawning versus brooding oysters
Phylogeographic inferences about gene flow are strengthened through comparison of co-distributed taxa, but also depend on adequate genomic sampling. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLP) provide a rapid and inexpensive source of multilocus allele frequency data for making genomically robust inferences. Every AFLP study initially generates markers with a range of locus-specific genotyping error rates and applies criteria to select a subset for analysis. However, there has been very little empirical evaluation of the best tradeoff between culling all but the lowest-error loci to minimize overall genotyping error versus the potential for increasing population genetic signal by retaining more loci. Here, we used AFLPs to compare population structure in co-distributed broadcast spawning (Crassostrea virginica) and brooding (Ostrea equestris) oyster species. Using existing methods for almost entirely automated marker selection and scoring, genotyping error tradeoffs were evaluated by comparing results across a nested series of datasets with mean mismatch errors of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and >4%. Artifactual population structure was diagnosed in high-error datasets and we assessed the low-error point at which expected population substructure signal was lost. In both species we identified substructure patterns deemed to be inaccurate at error rates {less than or equal to}2% and >4%. In the species comparison, the optimum datasets showed higher gene flow for the brooding oyster with more oceanic salinity tolerances. AFLP tradeoffs may differ among studies, but our results suggest that important signal may be lost in the pursuit of 'acceptable' error levels and our procedures provide a general method for empirically exploring these tradeoffs.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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