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FIGURE 83 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull

FIGURE 83. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Right coracoid in lateral view, showing pathological features. Scale =10 cm. Abbreviations in Appendix 1.

FIGURE 84 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull

FIGURE 84. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Possible fragment of furcula in (A) anterior and (B) posterior view. C, Anterior view of thorax with furcula in place; rib shaft orientation shifts in the cervicodorsal transition, forming an "apron" for scapular attachment.

FIGURE 86 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull

FIGURE 86. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Right ulna in (A) anterior, (D) medial, and (C) lateral view. Right radius in (A) medial and (B) lateral view. Scale = 5 cm. Abbreviations in Appendix 1. Photographs by J. Weinstein.

FIGURE 77 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull

FIGURE 77. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Isolated bone possibly representing a rib for the last presacral vertebra (p17). Scale = 5 cm. Photograph by J. Weinstein.

FIGURE 49 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull

FIGURE 49. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Cervical vertebrae (p2 through p9), posterior view. A is axis. Scale =15 cm. See Appendix 1 for abbreviations. Photographs by J. Weinstein.

FIGURE 37 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull

FIGURE 37. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. CT images of the ear. A, Horizontal slice showing features tentatively identified as the fenestra ovalis and fenestra pseudorotunda. B and C, Coronal slice showing what later proved to be the right stapes; C is an expansion of B, as indicated by the box. Abbreviations in Appendix 1.

FIGURE 26 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull

FIGURE 26. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Right ectopterygoid recess as seen in a coronal slice through the skull. See Appendix 1 for abbreviations.

FIGURE 56 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull

FIGURE 56. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Presacral vertebrae (p14 through p23), right lateral view. Scale =15 cm. See Appendix 1 for abbreviations. Photographs by J. Weinstein.

FIGURE 55 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull

FIGURE 55. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Presacral vertebrae (p14 through p23), left lateral view. Scale =15 cm. See Appendix 1 for abbreviations. Photographs by J. Weinstein.

FIGURE 35 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull

FIGURE 35. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Horizontal slices through braincase showing supraoccipital recess. Slices are 4.5 cm apart, with A ventral to B. Communication between the supraoccipital and exoccipital recesses can be seen on the left-hand side in A. Abbreviations in Appendix 1.

FIGURE 41 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull

FIGURE 41. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Right dentary in medial view with the supradentary ossification removed, showing interdental plates. Scale = 10 cm. Abbreviations in Appendix 1. Photograph by J. Weinstein.

FIGURE 63 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull

FIGURE 63. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Proximal ends of cervical ribs, medial view. Second (axial, A) through seventh (p7, F) and ninth (p9, G). All right elements except F, which has been reversed to preserve symmetry. Scale = 5 cm, abbreviations in Appendix 1. Photographs by J. Weinstein.

FIGURE 107 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull

FIGURE 107. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Phalanges of right pes in lateral view. Scale = 10 cm. Photographs by J. Weinstein.

FIGURE 89 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull

FIGURE 89. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Articulated right manus, dorsal view. Scale = 5 cm. Photograph by J. Weinstein.

Fig. 4. Cellular features associated with T in Soft-Tissue Vessels and Cellular Preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex

Fig. 4. Cellular features associated with T. rex and ostrich tissues. (A) Fragment of demin eralized cortical bone from T. rex, showing parallel-oriented fibers and cell-like microstruc tures among the fibers. The inset is a higher magnification of one of the microstructures seen embedded in the fibrous material. (B) Demin eralized and stained (3) ostrich cortical bone, showing fibrillar, parallel- oriented collagen matrix with osteocytes embed ded among the fibers. The inset shows a high er magnification of one of the osteocytes. Both inset views show elon gate bodies with multi ple projections arising from the external sur face consistent with filipodia. (C) Isolated microstructure from T. rex after fixation. In addition to the multiple filipodial-like projections, internal contents can be seen. The inset shows a second structure with long filipodia and an internal transparent nucleus-like structure. (D) Fixed ostrich osteocyte; inset, ostrich osteocyte fixed and stained for better visualization. Internal contents are discernible, and filipodia can be seen extending in multiple planes from the cell surface. (E and F) SEM images of aldehyde-fixed (3) microstructures isolated from T. rex cortical bone tissues. Scale bars in (A) and (B), 50 um; in (C) and (D), 20 um; in (E), 10 um; in (F), 1 um.

Fig. 3 in Soft-Tissue Vessels and Cellular Preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex

Fig. 3. SEM images of aldehyde-fixed vessels. (A) Isolated vessel from T. rex. (B) Vessel isolated from extant ostrich after demineralization and collagenase digestion (3). (C) Vessel from T. rex, showing internal contents and hollow character. (D) Exploded T. rex vessel showing small round microstructures partially embedded in internal vessel walls. (E) Higher magnification of a portion of T. rex vessel wall, showing hypothesized endothelial nuclei (EN). (F) Similar structures visible on fixed ostrich vessel. Striations are seen in both (E) and (F) that may represent endothelial cell junctions or alternatively may be artifacts of the fixation/dehydration process. Scale bars in (A) and (B), 40 um; in (C) and (D), 10 um; in (E) and (F), 1 um.

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Fig. 3 in Analyses of Soft Tissue from Tyrannosaurus rex Suggest the Presence of Protein

Fig. 3. TOF-SIMS spectra of demineralized MOR 1125 medullary bone (A to C) and entombing sedimentary matrix (D to F). The imonium ions for Gly (m/z = 30), Ala (m/z = 44), and Pro (m/z = 70) can be unambiguously identified for MOR 1125; no signal was observed in sediment controls that corresponded to these amino acids. See text for discussion.

Fig. 3 in Gender-Specific Reproductive Tissue in Ratites and Tyrannosaurus rex

Fig. 3. Dinosaur and ratite MB. (A) MOR 1125, (B) emu, and (C) ostrich demineralized (14) MB. The coloration in (B) and (C) results from infiltration of tissues with blood sinuses. (D) MOR 1125, partially demineralized, showing enlarged, randomly arranged vascular openings surrounded by circumferential matrix fibers. Partially demineralized (E) emu and (F) ostrich medullary tissues show extensive vascular penetration, with randomly spaced and varyingly sized vessel openings. (G) Plane view of undemineralized dinosaur tissues shows fibrous matrix and an unusual pattern of vascular doublets or triplets within osteonlike structures (arrows). The inset shows variation in depth and diameter of vascular sinuses. (H) Undemineralized emu MB shows similar doublet pattern (arrows) and fibrous matrix. The greater depth of field makes focusing difficult. (I) Ostrich MB is denser closer to the cortex (inset), where the doublet/triplet pattern of vessels (arrows) is evident, but this becomes obscured by the increasing development of bony tubes and spicules as bone extends further into the medullary cavity. (J) Plane view of MOR 1125 shows the partially eroded, fibrous MB distributed across the cortex in a mazelike fashion. (K) Emu MB shows white (chloroform-altered) and cream-colored MB in the same mazelike pattern. (L) Thicker, randomly oriented tubular spicules of ostrich MB, showing deep penetration and intimate association of blood-containing sinuses.

(G) Higher magnification of dinosaur femur fragment in oblique view shows dense CB lined with newly described bone tissue, also seen in oblique view of emu (H) and ostrich (I) tibia. Ostrich MB is apparently unique in forming longitudinal tubules. in Gender-Specific Reproductive Tissue in Ratites and Tyrannosaurus rex

(G) Higher magnification of dinosaur femur fragment in oblique view shows dense CB lined with newly described bone tissue, also seen in oblique view of emu (H) and ostrich (I) tibia. Ostrich MB is apparently unique in forming longitudinal tubules.