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510 results for “Ungulates”
Hierarchy of fear: experimentally testing ungulate reactions to lion, African wild dog and cheetah
<p>Experiments have begun demonstrating that the fear (antipredator responses) large carnivores inspire in ungulates can shape ecosystem structure and function. Most such experiments have focused on the impacts of either just one large carnivore, or all as a whole, rather than the different impacts different large carnivores may have in intact multi-predator-prey systems. Experimentally testing the relative fearfulness ungulates demonstrate toward different large carnivores is a necessary first step in addressing these likely differing impacts. We tested the fearfulness ungulates demonstrated to audio playbacks of lions (<em>Panthera leo</em>), African wild dogs (<em>Lycaon pictus</em>), cheetahs (<em>Acinonyx jubatus</em>) or non-predator controls (birds), in Greater Kruger National Park, South Africa. Ungulates ran more to lions than wild dogs and more to wild dogs than cheetahs, demonstrating a very clear hierarchy of fear. Those that did not run were vigilant (looked toward the sound) more upon hearing large carnivores than controls, being most vigilant to lions. Notably, predator prey preferences did not predict the patterns observed. Our results demonstrate that different large carnivores inspire different levels of fear in their ungulate prey, pointing to differing community-level impacts, which we discuss in relation to the ongoing worldwide decline and loss of large carnivores.</p>
Data for: Industrial energy development decouples ungulate migration from the green wave
<p>The ability to freely move across the landscape to track the emergence of nutritious spring green-up (termed "green-wave surfing"), is key to the foraging strategy of migratory ungulates. Across the vast landscapes traversed by many migratory herds, habitats are being altered by development with unknown consequences for surfing. Using a unique long-term tracking dataset, we found that when energy development occurs within mule deer (<em>Odocoileus hemionus</em>) migration corridors, migrating animals become decoupled from the green wave. During the early phases of a coalbed natural gas development, deer synchronized their movements with peak green-up. But faced with increasing disturbance as development expanded, deer altered their movements by holding up at the edge of the gas field and letting the green wave pass them by. Development often modified only a small portion of the migration corridor but had far-reaching effects on behavior before and after migrating deer encountered it, thus reducing surfing along the entire route by 38.65% over the 14-year study period. Our study suggests that industrial development within migratory corridors can change the behavior of migrating ungulates and diminish the benefits of migration. Such disruptions to migratory behavior present a common mechanism whereby corridors become unprofitable and could ultimately be lost on highly developed landscapes.</p>
Model outputs for wild ungulates occurrence and hunting yield abundance at European scale
<p>These are the outputs of a model for the occurrence and hunting yield (HY) density of wild ungulates not only for widely distributed species in Europe, but also for those ones which have a constrained distribution and ii) to compare the output of occurrence with observed HY. Random Forest function was used for modelling occurrence of species. We used occurrence data available from the past 30 years, and HY data (period 2015-2020) from records collected by <em>ENETWILD</em>. Like previous models based on HY, the response variable was the maximum number of wild ruminants annually hunted in 2015-2020 hunting seasons divided by the area (km<sup>2</sup>) of the corresponding administrative unit (HY density). Models based on HY were statistically downscaled to make predictions to 10x10km squares. Occurrence data models indicated a good predictive performance for most species, showing that the model framework proposed have improved results in comparison to previous models. The transferability of models into new regions was limited by the exposure of species to environmental conditions. As for HY models, the calibration plots showed a good and linear predictive performance for widely distributed species, as well as constrained distributed species. Overall, our results were consistent with the expected abundance distribution of widely distributed species.</p>
Sexual selection and species recognition promote complex male courtship displays in ungulates
<p>Identifying the evolutionary drivers of sexual signal complexity is a key challenge in the study of animal communication. Among mammals, male bovids and cervids often perform elaborate gestural displays during courtship, consisting of ritualized movements of various parts of the body but the causes underlying interspecific variation in complexity of such displays remain poorly understood. Here we apply the comparative method to investigate which factors may have either promoted or constrained gestural repertoire size. </p> <p>We found that sexual selection was a strong predictor of gestural display complexity in male bovids and cervids. Repertoire size was positively correlated with breeding group size, an indicator of the intensity of sexual selection on males. Moreover, repertoires were larger in species adopting non-territorial and lek breeding mating systems than in species adopting resource-defence territoriality, a finding that can be explained by more emphasis on direct benefits than indirect benefits in resource-defence systems, where male mating success may also be less skewed due to difficulty in monopolising mates.</p> <p>The results also indicate that gestural repertoire size was positively correlated with the number of closely-related species occurring in sympatry. This is consistent with display complexity being selected to facilitate species recognition during courtship and thereby avoid interspecific hybridization. At the same time, repertoire size was negatively associated with male body mass, possibly due to the energetic and mechanical constraints imposed on movements in very large species. By contrast, we found no evidence that the habitat drives selection for complex gestural courtship displays.</p>
Fig. 9 in Pleistocene South American native ungulates (Notoungulata and Litopterna) of the historical Roth collections in Switzerland, from the Pampean Region of Argentina
Fig. 9 (See legend on previous page.)
Coyotes take advantage of ungulate carrion subsidies as wolves recolonize Washington
<p>Apex predators exert suppressive effects on mesocarnivores; however, they also provide important carrion subsidies. Optimal foraging theory predicts that individuals respond to resource competition by using high value resources, while competition theory predicts that individuals respond by partitioning resources. This study investigated how the return of wolves (Canis lupus Linneas, 1758) to Washington state impacted the diet of a subordinate carnivore - the coyote (Canis latrans Say, 1823). We collected coyote scats from two areas of northern Washington with differing wolf densities and used traditional analysis of undigested remains to infer diet. We tested for differences in the volumes of prey categories, the proportion of ungulate prey that was scavenged, and diet diversity between seasons, study sites, and inside and outside of wolf pack territories. Coyote scats contained more adult ungulate remains inside of wolf pack territories (27%) compared to outside (14%), while seeds and berries were more commonly consumed outside of wolf pack territories (23%) than inside of wolf pack territories (4%). These findings suggest that coyotes are taking advantage of wolf kills to increase ungulate carrion consumption, as predicted by optimal foraging theory, which may substantially affect plant and wildlife communities as wolves continue to recover and coyote diets shift in response.</p>
Enamel African ungulates
<p>Reference FTIR spectra of tooth enamel from African ungulate species for the assessment of carbonate hydroxyapatite crystallinity. Samples were analysed in transmission mode using a Thermo Scientific Nicolet iS5 infrared spectrometer equipped with an iD1 transmission module and a deuterated triglycine sulphate (DTGS) detector. Spectra were collected in the 4000-400 cm<sup>-1</sup> spectral region at 4 cm<sup>-1</sup> resolution and in 32 scans, and processed using OMNIC v. 9.13. Spectra are available in .spa and .csv formats. This library is part of the following publication:</p> <p>Toffolo, M. B., Richard, M., 2024. Infrared spectral library of tooth enamel from African ungulates for accurate electron spin resonance dating. Scientific Data 11, 890.<br>DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-03725-y</p>
Ungulate herbivores promote beta diversity and drive stochastic plant community assembly by selective defoliation and trampling: From a four-year simulation experiment
<p>Ungulate herbivores shape grassland plant communities at multiple scales, ultimately affecting ecosystem function. However, ungulates have complex effects on grasslands, including defoliation, trampling, excreta return, and their interactions. Moreover, the effects of ungulate density on grasslands are regulated by these three mechanisms. Nevertheless, how these three mechanisms affect biodiversity at multiple scales and community assembly remains poorly understood.</p> <p>Here, we conducted a 4-year novel field experiment to disentangle the effects of defoliation, trampling, and excreta return by ungulates on plant community assembly in a temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia, China. This experiment set two different scenarios: moderate ungulate density (Moderate, characterised by selective defoliation and moderate trampling) and high ungulate density (Intense, characterised by non-selective defoliation and heavy trampling), including different combinations of defoliation, trampling, and excreta return in each scenario.</p> <p>We found that defoliation and trampling increased stochasticity in community assembly and promoted alpha and beta diversity under both scenarios. Specifically, defoliation promoted the coexistence of species with multiple resource acquisition strategies (higher functional trait diversity) by reducing interspecific competition; trampling tended to facilitate random species colonisation. Conversely, excreta return favoured grasses, promoting deterministic assembly and impacting species coexistence. Notably, selective defoliation in the moderate scenario led to a dominance of stochastic processes during community assembly, whereas non-selective defoliation still did not change the dominance of deterministic processes. Further, communities subject to selective defoliation were insensitive to changes in soil properties caused by trampling and excreta return, maintaining a high-level beta diversity and the stochastic of community assembly.</p> <p><em>Synthesis:</em></p> <p>Our study provides important insights into the mechanisms by which ungulate herbivores influence plant community assembly, suggesting that defoliation and trampling have the potential to drive stochastic processes, while excreta return plays the opposite role. Our study also suggests that selective foraging by ungulates acts as stronger stochastic forces during community assembly compared to non-selective defoliation. These results imply that considering ungulate feeding preferences and foraging behaviour in grassland management will help prevent biodiversity loss and biotic homogenisation.</p>
Data from: Climate drives body mass changes in a mountain ungulate: Shorter winters lead to heavier Alpine ibex
<p>Climate affects seasonality and plant phenology, which can influence seasonal body mass dynamics of herbivores in temperate environments. We investigated long-term trends of seasonal body mass changes in male Alpine ibex (<em>Capra ibex</em>). We used SEM to test direct and indirect relationships between body mass, mass changes and environmental and climatic variables. Individually recognizable Alpine ibex were weighed repeatedly between 2000 and 2022 in Gran Paradiso National Park (Italy). Autumn mass increased substantially over these two decades, up to 15% in some age classes. Over the same time frame, both summer mass gain and winter mass loss decreased, suggesting that heavier autumn body mass was due to the cumulative effects of reduced mass loss over several winters. The environmental factor with the strongest effects on winter mass changes was the starting date of vegetation green-up at low altitude, where ibex gather after winter to feed on new growth vegetation. Early springs led to lower winter mass loss, likely because ibex relied on stored fat for a shorter period and had greater access to forage. High population density also increased winter mass loss. Environmental conditions and resource availability, possibly also influenced by density in winter and early spring seem therefore to directly affect the body mass dynamics of male Alpine ibex, while the effect of summer conditions appears less relevant. By affecting seasonal body mass dynamics, climate change may have consequences for life history and population dynamics of mountain herbivores, for example via earlier access of young males to reproduction.</p>
Fig. 8 in Pleistocene South American native ungulates (Notoungulata and Litopterna) of the historical Roth collections in Switzerland, from the Pampean Region of Argentina
Fig. 8 (See legend on previous page.)
Fig. 2 in Generalists at the interface: Nematode transmission between wild and domestic ungulates
Fig. 2. Histogram of liability index, L, for domestic and wild species with degree greater than 10.
Temperature-Dependent Development and Freezing Survival of Protostrongylid Nematodes of Arctic Ungulates: Implications for Transmission
<p>Data used to derive the conclusion of the work. Spreadsheets contain raw data.</p>
Data from Uerpmann 1987, The Ancient Distribution of Ungulate Mammals in the Middle East, TAVO A27
<p>Data from Uerpmann’s (1987), <em><a href="https://reichert-verlag.de/en/author/u/uerpmann_hans_peter/9783882263954_the_ancient_distribution_of_ungulate_mammals_in_the_middle_east-detail">The Ancient Distribution of Ungulate Mammals in the Middle East</a></em>, volume 27 of the Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients (TAVO), Series A.</p> <p>Uerpmann catalogued the occurrence of ungulate taxa in animal bone assemblages from 196 sites across the Middle East, from the Lower Palaeolithic to the historic period. Though no longer up-to-date, it remains one of the most comprehensive resources on quaternary biogeography in Southwest Asia. Here, the catalogue included in the volume has been transcribed into a structured format suitable for modern computerised data analysis.</p> <p>See README.md for further information and usage notes.</p>
Supporting Information and Data from: A new dentition-based phylogeny of Litopterna (Mammalia: Placentalia) and 'archaic' South American ungulates
<p>This is the Supporting Information and Data from: H. P. Püschel, S. L. Shelley, T. E. Williamson, F. A. Perini, J. R. Wible, S. L. Brusatte. 2024. A new dentition-based phylogeny of Litopterna (Mammalia: Placentalia) and ‘archaic’ South American ungulates. It contains the following files:</p> <p>Table S1: OCCURENCES OF LITOPTERNS BY SALMAS</p> <p>Supplementary Information File S1: OTHER EARLY UNGULATES OF INTEREST</p> <p>Supplementary Information File S2: TAXON SAMPLING AND TAXONOMIC COMMENTS</p> <p>Supplementary Information File S3: CHARACTER LIST</p> <p>Supplementary Information File S4: NEXUS FILE WITH H1 MATRIX AND SCRIPTS FOR REPLICATING THE ANALYSES IN MRBAYES</p> <p>Supplementary Information File S5: NEXUS FILE WITH H2 MATRIX AND SCRIPTS FOR REPLICATING THE ANALYSES IN MRBAYES</p> <p>Supplementary Information File S6: SALMAS’/STAGES’ LOWER AND UPPER LIMITS IN MA </p> <p>Supplementary Information File S7: LIST OF SYNAPOMORPHIES AND AUTAPOMORPHIES</p> <p>Supplementary Information File S8: ADDITIONAL TIP-DATED BAYESIAN PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES RESULTS</p>
Table 1 in New Eocene South American native ungulates from the Quebrada de los Colorados Formation at Los Cardones National Park, Argentina
<p>Table 1. Measurements (in mm) of the dental specimens. Abbreviations: *, approximate measurements due to the brakeage of the specimen; LLL, labio-lingual length; MDL, mesio-distal length.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Taxon</th><th>Specimen</th><th>Locus</th><th>MDL</th><th>LLL</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><i>Astrapotheria</i> indet.</th><td>IBIGEO-P 66</td><td>M1 M2 M3</td><td>>22.62>30.22>35.35</td><td>>30.00>35.42 –</td></tr><tr><th><i>Colbertia lumbrerense</i></th><td>IBIGEO-P 45</td><td>P4 M3</td><td>>4.58 5.62</td><td>>4.44 7.24</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>IBIGEO-P 56</td><td>M1 or M2</td><td>5.43*</td><td>5.17*</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>IBIGEO-P 58a</td><td>M2 M3</td><td>7.28* 7.52*</td><td>– –</td></tr><tr><th><i>Colbertia</i> sp.</th><td>IBIGEO-P 58b</td><td>P4 M1 M2 M3</td><td>5.25* 5.43* 5.45* 6.00*</td><td>7.95 8.40 8.32* 8.00*</td></tr><tr><th>? <i>Homalostylops</i> sp.</th><td>IBIGEO-P 57a</td><td>m1?</td><td>5.85</td><td>4.15</td></tr><tr><th><i>Homalostylops</i> sp.</th><td>IBIGEO-P 57b</td><td>m2?</td><td>7.15</td><td>4.43</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>IBIGEO-P 62</td><td>m1</td><td>>5.77</td><td>4.39*</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pampahippus secundus</i></th><td>IBIGEO-P 63</td><td>p3 or p4</td><td>>7.70</td><td>5.44*</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>IBIGEO-P 64</td><td>m1</td><td>>7.90</td><td>5.00</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>IBIGEO-P 55</td><td>p3 p4</td><td>4.70 5.38</td><td>3.91 4.38</td></tr><tr><th><i>Colbertia falui</i></th><td>IBIGEO-P 59 IBIGEO-P 61</td><td>m2 m3 m2 m3</td><td>6.85 7.83 7.73 9.70</td><td>5.00* 4.53 5.40 4.78</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>IBIGEO-P 67</td><td>m2 m3</td><td>>5.48 7.91</td><td>4.57* 4.30</td></tr></tbody></table>
The mark of captivity: plastic responses in the ankle bone of a wild ungulate (Sus scrofa)
Deciphering the plastic (non-heritable) changes induced by human control over wild animals in the archaeological record is challenging. We hypothesized that changes in locomotor behaviour in a wild ungulate due to mobility control could be quantified in the bone anatomy. To test this, we experimented the effect of mobility reduction on the skeleton of wild boar (Sus scrofa), using the calcaneus shape as a possible phenotypic marker. We first assessed differences in shape variation and covariation in captive reared and wild caught wild boars, taking into account differences in sex, body mass, available space for movement, and muscle force. This plastic signal was then con-trasted with the phenotypic changes induced by selective breeding in domestic pigs. We found that mobility reduction induces a plastic response beyond the shape variation of wild boars in their natural habitat, associated with a reduction in the range of locomotor behaviors and muscle loads. This plastic signal of captivity in the calcaneus shape differ from the main changes induced by selective breeding for larger muscle and earlier development that impacted the pigs' calcaneus shape in a much greater extent than the mobility reduction during the domestication process of their wild ancestors.
Spatiotemporal analyses reveal infectious disease-driven selection in a free-ranging ungulate
<p>Infectious diseases play an important role in wildlife population dynamics by altering individual fitness, but detecting disease-driven natural selection in free-ranging populations is difficult due to complex disease-host relationships. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal infectious prion disease in cervids for which mutations in a single gene have been mechanistically linked to disease outcomes, providing a rare opportunity to study disease-driven selection in wildlife. In Wyoming, USA, CWD has gradually spread across mule deer (<i>Odocoileus hemionus</i>) populations, producing natural variation in disease history to evaluate selection pressure. We used spatial variation and a novel temporal comparison to investigate the relationship between CWD and a mutation at codon 225 of the mule deer prion protein gene that slows disease progression. We found that individuals with the "slow" 225F allele were less likely to test positive for CWD, and the 225F allele was more common in herds exposed to CWD longer. We also found that in the past two decades, the 225F allele frequency increased more in herds with higher CWD prevalence. This study expanded on previous research by analyzing spatiotemporal patterns of individual- and herd-based disease data to present multiple lines of evidence for disease-driven selection in free-ranging wildlife.</p>
Naivety dies with the calf: Learning effects in a heavily harvested ungulate
<p>In animals, habitat selection and movement strategies may affect survival and this may be key agents in selection affection the evolution of a species. To test for learning capabilities of previous experience of hunting in a long-lived, solitary and heavily harvested ungulate, we combined longitudinal GPS-data from 84 female moose (Alces alces) with data on calf and adult survival. We tested the prediction that long-lived moose individuals would adapt their behavior over time due to experience from hunting in the absence of natural predators. We found that female moose may learn from having their calf harvested and alters their behavior the following hunting season in response to previous experience. We also found that females were more likely to be harvested when selecting more for open habitats. As a consequence, surviving females increased their use of cover in the following hunting season after losing a calf to harvest. Use of habitat with cover furthermore increases as female moose aged, indicating that learning effects are reinforced over time. Our study highlights that losing an offspring imposes a strong learning effect in a solitary ungulate and those learning effects may influence future harvest success and tools available within ungulate management.</p>
Integrating socio-ecological suitability with human-wildlife conflict risk: Case study for translocation of a large ungulate
<p>1. Translocations are essential for reestablishing wildlife populations. As they sometimes fail, it is critical to assess factors that influence their success pre-translocation.</p> <p>2. Socio-ecological suitability models (SESMs) integrate social acceptance and ecological suitability to enable identification of areas where wildlife populations will expand, which makes it likely that SESMs will also be useful for predicting translocation success.</p> <p>3. To inform site-selection for potential elk (Cervus canadensis) reintroduction to northeastern Minnesota, USA, we developed broad-scale maps of social acceptance from surveys of local residents and landowners, animal use equivalence (AUE) from forage measured in the field, and empirical conflict risk from geospatial data. Resulting SESMs integrated social acceptance favorability scores, AUE, and conflict risk, and weighted SESMs showed the relative influences of acceptance and conflict.</p> <p>4. Social acceptance was positive for local residents and landowners (mean ≥ 5.4; scale of 1 to 7). AUE (scaled to an elk home range) ranged between 1 and 9 elk/16 km2 during winter, and from 14 to 83 elk/16 km2 during summer. Human-elk conflict risk was low (mean ≤ 0.10; scaled 0 to 1), increasing from north to south. Geographical distributions differed for social acceptance, AUE, and conflict risk, and weighted SESMs revealed unsuitable areas that were otherwise obscured.</p> <p>5. <em>Synthesis and applications</em>. Integrating human-wildlife conflict risk into SESMs shows where social acceptance of translocated species is likely to erode, even where viewed favorably pre-translocation, to inform translocation planning by highlighting interactions between key factors. Such integrated models supplement existing reintroduction biology frameworks by supporting decision-making and knowledge development. In northeastern Minnesota, natural resource managers who are considering elk reintroductions are using SESMs reported here to identify where human-elk conflict is likely to result in an isolated elk population and where addressing concerns for area residents about conflict risk is essential.</p>
Dental microwear data for the ungulates from the Lazaret Cave
<p>Raw data from the low-magnification analysis (x35) of dental microwear of the ungulates (Equus caballus, Cervus elaphus, Capreolus capreolus, Bos primigenius, Bison priscus, Capra ibex) from the Lazaret Cave</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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