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Figure 1 from: Sandberger-Loua L, Müller H, Rödel M-O (2017) A review of the reproductive biology of the only known matrotrophic viviparous anuran, the West African Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10489

Figure 1 - The Nimba mountains. Left: elevation map of the Nimba mountains, with an inset map showing the position of the Nimba mountains within West Africa. Right: a large part of the Nimba mountains showing the steep slopes, the high altitude grasslands, the forests in the lowlands and the ravines.

Figure 5 from: Sandberger-Loua L, Müller H, Rödel M-O (2017) A review of the reproductive biology of the only known matrotrophic viviparous anuran, the West African Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10489

Figure 5 - Foetal labial papillae. Labial papillae are forming during stage Ia (left) and are well developed at stage Ib (right). See foetal development for more information on developmental stages. Redrawn after Lamotte and Xavier (1972b).

Figure 10 from: Sandberger-Loua L, Müller H, Rödel M-O (2017) A review of the reproductive biology of the only known matrotrophic viviparous anuran, the West African Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10489

Figure 10 - Experiments on female ovary, oviduct and uterus removal. Shown are the positions of eggs in the uteri after unilateral ovariectomy (A), after unilateral ovariectomy and the connection between oviduct and uteri bound at the side with the still present ovary (B), unilateral ovariectomy and the oviduct and uterus at the side of the still present ovary removed (C) and the unilateral removal of the oviduct and the uterus without ovariectomy (D). The red cross indicates the ovary removed, the red lines indicate positions where either oviduct (B) or the uterus (C and D) were bound. The two-headed arrow with the two red lines indicates that eggs apparently do not wander from one uterus to the other passing the common tube. Redrawn after Xavier (1971).

Figure 11 from: Sandberger-Loua L, Müller H, Rödel M-O (2017) A review of the reproductive biology of the only known matrotrophic viviparous anuran, the West African Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10489

Figure 11 - Male during the mating season, showing pronounced nuptial pads on the thumbs. © Joseph Doumbia

Figure 3 from: Sandberger-Loua L, Müller H, Rödel M-O (2017) A review of the reproductive biology of the only known matrotrophic viviparous anuran, the West African Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10489

Figure 3 - Nimba toad females. Left: a young female towards the end of the rainy season. Right: a large gestating female in June, shortly before parturition.

Figure 8 from: Sandberger-Loua L, Müller H, Rödel M-O (2017) A review of the reproductive biology of the only known matrotrophic viviparous anuran, the West African Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10489

Figure 8 - Embryonic development. Shown are the eight stages as found in the literature. Redrawn after Lamotte and Xavier (1972b).

Figure 1d from: Liversage K, Byrne M (2018) A note on life-history traits and conservation concerns for viviparous Australian seastars (Parvulastra parvivipara and P. vivipara). Research Ideas and Outcomes 4: e29766. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.4.e29766

Figure 1d Photographs from P. parvivipara and P. vivipara habitat, and graph of P. vivipara population trends. - Trends from the largest P. vivipara population at Pitt Water. Each point is the mean of adult densities from numerous sampling events over each 2 year period. During 1976-83 a fixed 1 m2 quadrat was sampled (Prestedge 1998) while a different method was used from 2001-04 involving 25 m transects being sampled across the site (Ecomarine 2014). Other survey types (timed-search) have also found large population declines (see section 2.).

Figure 1b from: Liversage K, Byrne M (2018) A note on life-history traits and conservation concerns for viviparous Australian seastars (Parvulastra parvivipara and P. vivipara). Research Ideas and Outcomes 4: e29766. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.4.e29766

Figure 1b Photographs from P. parvivipara and P. vivipara habitat, and graph of P. vivipara population trends. - Photograph of a boulder underside in P. parvivipara habitat with extensive encrustation of oyster shells that includes invasive Pacific oysters (bar = 5 cm).

Figure 1a from: Liversage K, Byrne M (2018) A note on life-history traits and conservation concerns for viviparous Australian seastars (Parvulastra parvivipara and P. vivipara). Research Ideas and Outcomes 4: e29766. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.4.e29766

Figure 1a Photographs from P. parvivipara and P. vivipara habitat, and graph of P. vivipara population trends. - Photograph taken during surveys of Liversage (2015) showing P. parvivipara giving birth, with the bright orange juvenile emerging from parent's dorsal side (bar = 1 cm).

Figure 1c from: Liversage K, Byrne M (2018) A note on life-history traits and conservation concerns for viviparous Australian seastars (Parvulastra parvivipara and P. vivipara). Research Ideas and Outcomes 4: e29766. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.4.e29766

Figure 1c Photographs from P. parvivipara and P. vivipara habitat, and graph of P. vivipara population trends. - Photograph of P. vivipara during 1992 at Pit Water. Populations have become reduced in subsequent years which may be associated with increased siltation and overgrowth from encrusting species (bar = 5 cm).

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

dryad28/100

Data from: Ancestral state reconstruction, rate heterogeneity, and the evolution of reptile viviparity

Virtually all models for reconstructing ancestral states for discrete characters make the crucial assumption that the trait of interest evolves at a uniform rate across the entire tree. Although methods for identifying evolutionary rate shifts in continuous characters have attracted recent attention (e.g. Eastman et al., 2011, Stack et al., 2011), such methods for discrete characters have only very recently been developed (Beaulieu et al., 2013, Beaulieu and O'Meara 2014) and have yet to be widely used. However, ancestral state reconstructions of discrete characters are being performed on increasingly large phylogenies, where it is likely that evolutionary rates will vary greatly between different clades (Beaulieu and O'Meara 2014). Here, we show how failure to account for such variable evolutionary rates can cause highly anomalous (and likely incorrect) results, while three methods that accommodate rate variability yield the opposite, more plausible, and more robust reconstructions. The random local clock method, implemented in BEAST, estimates the position and magnitude of rate changes on the tree, split BiSSE estimates separate rate parameters for pre-specified clades, and the hidden rates model partitions each character state into a number of rate categories. The importance of accounting for rate heterogeneity in ancestral state reconstruction is highlighted empirically with a new analysis of the evolution of viviparity in squamate reptiles. Additionally, simulations show the inadequacy of traditional models when characters evolve with both asymmetry (different rates of change between states within a character) and heterotachy (different rates of character evolution across different clades).

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2012View details →

Fig. 6 in Nomorhamphus Rex, A New Species Of Viviparous Halfbeak (Atherinomorpha: Beloniformes: Zenarchopteridae) Endemic To Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia

Fig. 6. Map of Sulawesi with highlighted sampling locations. Star, sampling location at a tributary of Wewu River near the village of Laroeha; Solid square, sampling location at Toletole River at village Toletole; Solid dot, sampling location close by the village Tilanga in Tana Toraja. (Map by: Thomas von Rintelen, modified).

Figures 64-67 from: Gabriš R, Kundrata R, Trnka F (2016) Review of Dolichostyrax Aurivillius (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae) in Borneo, with descriptions of three new genera and the first case of (ovo)viviparity in the long-horned beetles. ZooKeys 587: 49-75. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.587.7961

Figures 64-67 - Borneostyrax cristatus sp. n., larvae from one of the paratype females: 64 Separated and partially opened female abdomen with three larvae, dorsal view 65 Larva, dorsal habitus 66 Larval head capsule, dorsal view 67 Larval head capsule, ventral view. Not to scale.

Figures 27-39 from: Gabriš R, Kundrata R, Trnka F (2016) Review of Dolichostyrax Aurivillius (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae) in Borneo, with descriptions of three new genera and the first case of (ovo)viviparity in the long-horned beetles. ZooKeys 587: 49-75. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.587.7961

Figures 27-39 - 27–33 Microdolichostyrax hefferni sp. n., holotype female: 27 Dorsal habitus 28 Lateral habitus 29 Ventral habitus 30 Head,frontal view 31 Antenna 32 Reproductive system 33 Spermatheca 34–39 Microdolichostyrax minutus sp. n., holotype female: 34 Dorsal habitus 35 Lateral habitus 36 Head, frontal view 37 Antenna 38 Reproductive system 39 Spermatheca. Not to scale.

Figures 13-26 from: Gabriš R, Kundrata R, Trnka F (2016) Review of Dolichostyrax Aurivillius (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae) in Borneo, with descriptions of three new genera and the first case of (ovo)viviparity in the long-horned beetles. ZooKeys 587: 49-75. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.587.7961

Figures 13-26 - 13–20 Dolichostyrax longipes Aurivillius, holotype male: 13 Dorsal habitus 14 Lateral habitus 15 Head, frontal view 16 Antenna 17 Penis, ventral view 18 Penis, lateral view 19 Tegmen, ventral view 20 Tegmen, lateral view 21–26 Dolichostyrax longipes Aurivillius, female: 21 Dorsal habitus 22 Lateral habitus 23 Head, frontal view 24 Antenna 25 Reproductive system 26 Spermatheca. Not to scale.

Figures 1-12 from: Gabriš R, Kundrata R, Trnka F (2016) Review of Dolichostyrax Aurivillius (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae) in Borneo, with descriptions of three new genera and the first case of (ovo)viviparity in the long-horned beetles. ZooKeys 587: 49-75. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.587.7961

Figures 1-12 - Dolichostyrax moultoni Aurivillius, holotype male: 1 Dorsal habitus 2 Lateral habitus 3 Ventral habitus 4 Head, frontal view 5 Antenna 6 Mandible apex 7 Apical maxillary palpomeres 8 Apex of protibia with protarsus 9 Penis, ventral view 10 Penis, lateral view 11 Tegmen, ventral view 12 Tegmen, lateral view. Not to scale.

Figures 40-46 from: Gabriš R, Kundrata R, Trnka F (2016) Review of Dolichostyrax Aurivillius (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae) in Borneo, with descriptions of three new genera and the first case of (ovo)viviparity in the long-horned beetles. ZooKeys 587: 49-75. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.587.7961

Figures 40-46 - Eurystyrax nemethi sp. n., holotype female: 40 Dorsal habitus 41 Lateral habitus 42 Ventral habitus 43 Head, frontal view 44 Antenna 45 Reproductive system 46 Spermatheca. Not to scale.

Figures 47-63 from: Gabriš R, Kundrata R, Trnka F (2016) Review of Dolichostyrax Aurivillius (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae) in Borneo, with descriptions of three new genera and the first case of (ovo)viviparity in the long-horned beetles. ZooKeys 587: 49-75. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.587.7961

Figures 47-63 - 47–58 Borneostyrax cristatus sp. n., holotype male: 47 Dorsal habitus 48 Lateral habitus 49 Ventral habitus 50 Head, frontal view 51 Antenna 52 Mandible apex 53 Apical maxillary palpomeres 54 Apex of protibia with protarsus 55 Penis, ventral view 56 Penis, lateral view 57 Tegmen, ventral view 58 Tegmen, lateral view 59–63 Borneostyrax cristatus sp. n., paratype female: 59 Dorsal habitus 60 Lateral habitus 61 Head, frontal view 62 Antenna 63 Reproductive system. Not to scale.