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685 results for “biotic”

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zenodo40/100

FIG. 2. — Souzalopesmyia polleti n in Souzalopesmyia Albuquerque, 1951 (Diptera: Muscidae): new species from South America with an updated phylogeny based on morphological evidence, in Touroult J. (ed.), "Our Planet Reviewed" 2015 large-scale biotic survey in Mitaraka, French Guiana.

FIG. 2. — Souzalopesmyia polleti n. sp.: A-D, ♂: sternite 5, dorsal view (A); epandrium, cercal plate and surstyli, dorsal view (B); epandrium, cercal plate and surstyli, lateral view (C); hypandrium and associated structures, lateral view (D); E-H, ♀: ovipositor, dorsal view (E); ovipositor, ventral view (F); spermatheca (G). Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

dryad40/100

Climate or diet? The importance of biotic interactions in determining species range size

Aim: Species geographical range sizes play a crucial role in determining species vulnerability to extinction. Although several mechanisms affect range sizes, the number of biotic interactions and species climatic tolerance are often thought to play discernible roles, defining two dimensions of the Hutchinsonian niche. Yet, the relative importance of the trophic and the climatic niche for determining species range sizes is largely unknown. Location: Central and Northern Europe Time period: Present Major taxa studied: Gall-inducing sawflies and their parasitoids Methods: We use data documenting the spatial distributions and biotic interactions of 96 herbivore species, and their 125 parasitoids, across Europe and analyse the relationship between species range size and the climatic and trophic dimensions of the niche. We then compare the observed relationships with null expectations based on species occupancy to understand whether the relationships observed are an inevitable consequence of species range size or if they contain information about the importance of each dimension of the niche on species range size. Results: We find that both niche dimensions are positively correlated with species range size, with larger ranges being associated with wider climatic tolerances and larger numbers of interactions. However, diet breadth appears to more strongly limit species range size. Species with larger ranges have more interactions locally and they are also able to interact with a larger diversity of species across sites (i.e. higher beta-diversity), resulting in a larger number of interactions at continental scales. Main conclusions: We show for the first time how different aspects of species diet niche are related to their range size. Our study offers new insight into the importance of biotic interactions in determining species spatial distributions, which is critical for improving understanding and predictions of species vulnerability to extinction under the current rates of global environmental change.

opencc-zeroApr 2023View details →

dryad40/100

Implementation of biotic interactions in niche analyses unravels the patterns underneath community composition in clownfishes

Biotic interactions are key to understanding the ecology of species and communities. As such, integrating biotic interactions into ecological niche modelling methods has been a central topic of research for the last decade. Yet, the role of biotic interactions remains overlooked. Mutualistic systems constitute perfect study cases for analysing the effect of biotic interactions on species niches and communities' composition. Using the clownfish-sea anemone interaction, we integrate mutualistic interactions into a niche quantification framework to analyse the effect of biotic interactions in the estimation of species niches, and competition patterns among clownfish communities. Our results show that ignoring biotic interactions can strongly affect species' ecological niche estimations. More importantly, sea anemones seem to mediate competition among clownfishes, structure communities and allow coexistence in competitive environments. These findings strongly support the importance of biotic interactions in shaping communities. Future studies could use the proposed analytical framework, which could also serve multiple conservation purposes.

opencc-zeroApr 2023View details →

dryad40/100

Host-enemy interactions provide limited biotic resistance for a range-expanding species via reduced apparent competition

Aim: As species' ranges shift poleward in response to anthropogenic change, they may lose antagonistic interactions if they move into less diverse communities, fail to interact with novel populations or species effectively, or if ancestral interacting populations or species fail to shift synchronously. We leveraged a poleward range expansion in a tractable insect host-enemy community to uncover mechanisms by which altered antagonistic interactions between native and recipient communities contributed to "high niche opportunities" (limited biotic resistance) for a range-expanding insect. Location: North America, Pacific Northwest Methods: We created quantitative insect host-enemy interaction networks by sampling oak gall wasps on 400 trees of a dominant oak species in the native and expanded range of a range-expanding gall wasp species. We compared host-enemy network structure between regions. We measured traits (phenology, morphology) of galls and interacting parasitoids, predicting greater trait divergence in the expanded range. We measured function relating to host control and explored if altered interactions and traits contributed to reduced function or biotic resistance. Results: Interaction networks had fewer species in the expanded range and lower complementarity of parasitoid assemblages among host species. While networks were more generalized, interactions with the range-expanding species were more specialized in the expanded range. Specialist enemies effectively tracked the range-expanding host, and there was reduced apparent competition with co-occurring hosts by shared generalist enemies. Phenological divergence of enemy assemblages interacting with the range-expanding and co-occurring hosts was greater in the expanded range, potentially contributing to weak apparent competition. Biotic resistance was lower in the expanded range, where fewer parasitoids emerged from galls of the range-expanding host. Main conclusions: Changes in interactions with generalist enemies created high niche opportunities, and limited biotic resistance, suggesting weak apparent competition may be a mechanism of enemy release for range-expanding insects embedded within generalist enemy networks.

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

zenodo40/100

The interplay between abiotic and biotic factors on dispersal decisions: evidence and implications for metacommunities

Suitable conditions for species to survive and reproduce constitute their ecological niche, which is built by abiotic conditions and interactions with conspecifics and heterospecifics. Organisms should ideally assess and use information about all these environmental dimensions to adjust their dispersal decisions depending on their own internal conditions. Dispersal plasticity is often considered through its dependence to abiotic conditions or conspecifics density, and to a lesser extent with the effects of interactions with heterospecifics, potentially leading to misinterpretation of dispersal drivers. Here, we first review the evidence for effects of, and the potential interplays between abiotic factors, biotic interactions with conspecifics and heterospecifics, and phenotype on dispersal decisions. We then present an experimental test of these potential interplays, testing the effects of density and interactions with conspecifics and heterospecifics on temperature-dependent dispersal in microcosms of Tetrahymena ciliates. We found significant differences in dispersal rates depending on temperature, density, and presence of another strain or species. However, the presence and density of conspecifics and heterospecifics had no effects on the thermal-dependency of dispersal. We discuss the causes and consequences of the (lack of) interplay between the different environmental dimensions and the phenotype for metacommunity assembly and dynamics.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2023View details →

dryad40/100