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1,047 results for “constraint”

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zenodo40/100

The effect of shear displacement and wear on fault stability: laboratory constraints

This is the ReadMe file corresponding to the study entitled: "The effect of shear displacement and wear on fault stability: laboratory constraints" By Noël C., Giorgetti c., Scuderi M.M., Collettini C. and Marone C. This study has been submited in JGR: Solid Earth  This Read-Me file has been last edited in December 2022 This readme file describes the data repository and supplementary files accompanying the above publication.   For any further queries please contact corentin.noel@uniroma1.it

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2022View details →

dryad40/100

Evolution of static allometry and constraint on evolutionary allometry in a fossil stickleback

Allometric scaling describes the relationship of trait size to body size within and among taxa. The slope of the population-level regression of trait size against body size (i.e., static allometry) is typically invariant among closely related populations and species. Such invariance is commonly interpreted to reflect a combination of developmental and selective constraints that delimit a phenotypic space into which evolution could proceed most easily. Thus, understanding how allometric relationships do eventually evolve is important to understanding phenotypic diversification. In a lineage of fossil Threespine Stickleback (Gasterosteus doryssus), we investigated the evolvability of static allometric slopes for nine traits (five armor, and four non-armor) that evolved significant trait differences across 10 samples over 8,500 years. The armor traits showed weak static allometric relationships and a mismatch between those slopes and observed evolution. This suggests that observed evolution in these traits was not constrained by relationships with body size, perhaps because prior, repeated adaptation to freshwater habitats by Threespine Stickleback had generated strong selection to break constraint. In contrast, for non-armor traits, we found stronger allometric relationships. Those allometric slopes did evolve on short time scales. However, those changes were small and fluctuating and the slopes remained strong predictors of the evolutionary trajectory of trait means over time (i.e., evolutionary allometry), supporting the hypothesis of allometry as a constraint.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

dryad40/100

Size-associated energetic constraints on the seasonal onset of reproduction in a species with indeterminate growth

The seasonal onset of reproduction is constrained in many systems by a need to first accumulate energetic reserves. Consequently, the observation that larger individuals reproduce earlier may be due to a negative relationship between size and mass-specific basal metabolic rate that is shared across diverse taxa. However, an untested prediction of this hypothesis is that individuals should be metabolically efficient enough to escape energetic constraints above a certain size threshold. Seasonally reproducing species, such as temperate fishes, that must recover winter energy losses before reproduction and exhibit indeterminate growth are ideal models to test this prediction. We harness decade-long behavioral data on parental male smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu, to investigate contributions of energetic allometry to differences in reproductive timing. At the population level, peak seasonal reproductive timing (i.e., the median date on which eggs were found in nests each year) was negatively related to degree days–a measure of thermal energy experienced–before reproduction. At the individual level, degree days accumulated by males before reproduction was related to male size and condition in every year, but the impact of temperature on reproductive timing by the largest males was relaxed in most years. Additionally, we used our data to replicate the analyses of two previous studies of M. dolomieu populations and found virtually identical negative associations between male body size and degree days accumulated before reproduction. Our results suggest that in smallmouth bass the onset of seasonal reproduction is constrained by basal metabolic rate–as indicated by total length–and that large individuals can escape size-associated energetic constraints. We reveal a more complicated relationship between size and reproductive timing than earlier studies, which may be relevant for many species. Knowledge of this relationship is critical to understanding how a changing climate will influence population dynamics of economically, ecologically, and recreationally important species like M. dolomieu.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

zenodo40/100

Supplementary material for Metabolic constraints on the body size scaling of extreme population densities

Data for the analysis of the paper entitled Metabolic constraints on the body size scaling of extreme population densities. Ecology letters. <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/a60c335d-e6ca-4bd9-a17f-fc98ca9703e2/air_sea_outputs_L4_nsw.txt?versionId=1416dceb-47d0-45b1-99a8-baa833df8f76">air_sea_outputs_L4_nsw.txt </a> This data set contains 8693 rows and 13 variables From colum 1 to 13 the following names apply: Julian- Day of the year (1rst January =1) day- Day number month- Month number year- Year number lat- Latitude lon- Longitude wind_speed_m_s- 1m wind speed in meters per second  presure_mB- Air pressure in milibars Temp_°C- Air temperature in degrees Celsius  Temp_algo- Other temperature Cloud_cover%- Percentage of cloud cover SST_°C- sea surface temperature in degree Celsius SW_Radiation_W_m2- Short wave radiation in Watts per square meter. <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/a60c335d-e6ca-4bd9-a17f-fc98ca9703e2/SurfaceTemperature_L4_Merged.csv?versionId=9738e9d6-53ed-49c4-ab0d-136b74ddb16e">SurfaceTemperature_L4_Merged.csv </a> This data set has 1064 rows and two columns Fechas_tempAll is the date of measurement formated as (Year-Month-Day Hour) e.g. 2013-05-20 09:00:00 TEMP_EC- Surface water Temperature in degree Celsius <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/7374166/files/Nutrients.csv?download=1">Nutrients.csv</a> The data set sas 445 rows and 8 Variables Sample.Date- Date when surface water sample was taken. NITRITE.µM, - Nitrite (NO2) concentration in micromolar NITRATE.NITRITE.µM"- Nitrate (NO3) concentration in micromolar AMMONIA.µM, - Ammonia (NH4) concentration in micromolar SILICATE.µM, - Silica (Si) concentration in micromolar PHOSPHATE.µM- - Posphate (PO4) concentration in micromolar FLAG- Quality flag (TRUE/FALSE).

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2023View details →

zenodo40/100

Modest Digital Humanities as a Default Constraint on Philosophical Interpretation

Talk at the <a href="https://www.digital-philosophy.org/">Philosophy [in:of:for:and] Digital Knowledge Infrastructures</a> online workshop (08/09/2022).

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2022View details →

dryad40/100

Data from: How important are functional and developmental constraints on phenotypic evolution? An empirical test with the stomatal anatomy of flowering plants

Quantifying the relative contribution of functional and developmental constraints on phenotypic variation is a longstanding goal of macroevolution, but it is often difficult to distinguish different types of constraints. Alternatively, selection can limit phenotypic (co)variation if some trait combinations are generally maladaptive. The anatomy of leaves with stomata on both surfaces (amphistomatous) presents a unique opportunity to test the importance of functional and developmental constraints on phenotypyic evolution. The key insight is that stomata on each leaf surface encounter the same functional and developmental constraints, but potentially different selective pressures because of leaf asymmetry in light capture, gas exchange, and other features. Independent evolution of stomatal traits on each surface implies that functional and developmental constraints alone likely do not explain trait covariance. Packing limits on how many stomata can fit into a finite epidermis and cell-size-mediated developmental integration are hypothesized to constrain variation in stomatal anatomy. The simple geometry of the planar leaf surface and knowledge of stomatal development makes it possible to derive equations for phenotypic (co)variance caused by these constraints and compare them with data. We analyzed evolutionary covariance between stomatal density and length in amphistomatous leaves from 236 phylogenetically independent contrasts using a robust Bayesian model. Stomatal anatomy on each surface diverges partially independently, meaning that packing limits and developmental integration are not sufficient to explain phenotypic (co)variation. Hence, (co)variation in ecologically important traits like stomata arises in part because there is a limited range of evolutionary optima. We show how it is possible to evaluate the contribution of different constraints by deriving expected patterns of (co)variance and testing them using similar but separate tissues, organs, or sexes.

opencc-zeroApr 2023View details →

dryad40/100

Spatial variation in the evolutionary potential and constraints of basal metabolic rate and body mass in a wild bird

Organismal energy budget is strongly related to resource consumption, performance, and fitness. Hence, understanding the evolution of key energetic traits, such as basal metabolic rate (BMR), in natural populations is central for understanding life-history evolution and ecological processes. Here we used quantitative genetic analyses to study evolutionary potential of BMR in two insular populations of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus). We obtained measurements of BMR and body mass (Mb) from 911 house sparrows on the islands of Leka and Vega along the coast of Norway. These two populations were the source populations for translocations to create an additional third, admixed "common garden" population in 2012. With the use of a novel genetic group animal model concomitant with a genetically determined pedigree, we differentiate genetic and environmental sources of variation, thereby providing insight into the effects of spatial population structure on evolutionary potential. We found that the evolutionary potential of BMR was similar in the two source populations, whereas the Vega population had a somewhat higher evolutionary potential of Mb than the Leka population. BMR was genetically correlated with Mb in both populations, and the conditional evolutionary potential of BMR (independent of body mass) was 41% (Leka) and 53% (Vega) lower than unconditional estimates. Overall, our results show that there is potential for BMR to evolve independently of Mb, but that selection on BMR and/or Mb may have different evolutionary consequences in different populations of the same species.

opencc-zeroApr 2023View details →

dryad40/100

Data from: Understanding constraints to adaptation using a community-centered toolkit

These data are part of a data portal that accompanies the special issue 'Climate change adaptation needs a science of culture,' published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B in 2023. To access the data portal, please visit <a href="https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.bnzs7h4h4">10.5061/dryad.bnzs7h4h4</a>. We worked with community leaders and local researchers in Andavadoaka, Madagascar, to develop the two focus group discussion guides and the survey that form this toolkit. Each is rooted in the central question, "What do you wish that conservationists and scientists asked you before suggesting changes for your community as you confront climate change and biodiversity loss?". This toolkit is designed to guide interviewers through assessing either 1) a community-produced project idea or 2) an external-generated prospective project idea or ongoing project (to assess if and how community and collaborator goals for this project could align). In our case, community leaders involved with the development of this toolkit used it to solicit problems and solutions from the community and explore a novel, community-selected project idea, rather than to collect feedback on an ongoing intervention. We then piloted the toolkit implementation process and present here the results alongside suggestions for the future use of these materials. The Agency Toolkit module is designed to be self-contained and assist the collaborator through each step of the process within a two-week period. We detail a suggested schedule in Supplementary Materials 5. Before the project, authors met with community leaders to introduce the project and ask for their input in creating a tool to guide conversations on conservation and climate change adaptation initiatives. We explained both our desire for and ability to incorporate their feedback directly into the tool itself, as well as the desire to pilot the tool in the community. After gaining initial feedback and approval, we introduced these same study aims to all members of the focus group, who acted to disseminate this information to the broader community. Tools were translated into the local Vezo dialect of Malagasy, and back-translated to ensure correct meanings and cultural relevance of all questions. For focus groups, G.M. and R.S. extended invitations to men and women in the community by visiting every household in Andavadoaka. Upon invitation, we informed participants that attendance was fully voluntary and that declining engagement in the study would not affect their relationship with the Morombe Archaeological Project or any of its affiliates. Every person who was willing to participate was selected for the focus groups. At the start of each focus group, we obtained informed oral consent and communicated to participants that they could withdraw at any point during the study, leave a discussion or interview early, or skip any questions they did not feel comfortable answering without affecting the compensation for their time or their relationship with the researchers. We received consent to audio-record focus groups. Members were provided with refreshments and compensation equivalent to USD 7 (based on a local average wage of 30,000 Ariary per day, yielding approximately $1 per hour of engagement with this project). Similarly, we documented oral consent for all participants who agreed to individual interviews. Participants did not receive compensation for participating in individual interviews. To ensure the survey respondents' anonymity, we removed names and identifying information from data made accessible for open-source access. The Columbia University Internal Review Board reviewed and deemed this research exempt from approval (Columbia IRB #AAAU3639; PSU IRB #00021067). We conducted this research with the requisite permits and approval from the Centre de Documentation et de Recherche sur l'Art et les Traditions Orales à Madagascar and l'Université de Toliara.

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

dryad40/100