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FIGURE 10 in The diversity of a snake community in a karst forest ecosystem in the central Truong Son, Vietnam, with an identification key

FIGURE 10. Green bush ratsnake (Gonyosoma prasinum) while passing a forest road in Phong Nha - Ke Bang (ZFMK 86443). Photo: Astrid Heidrich

FIGURE 8 in The diversity of a snake community in a karst forest ecosystem in the central Truong Son, Vietnam, with an identification key

FIGURE 8. Portrait of the preserved male Calamaria thanhi from Phong Nha - Ke Bang (SRC PNKB III '06-1). Photo: Thomas Ziegler

FIGURE 7 in The diversity of a snake community in a karst forest ecosystem in the central Truong Son, Vietnam, with an identification key

FIGURE 7. Thanh's reed snake (Calamaria thanhi), preserved male from Phong Nha - Ke Bang in ventral view (SRC

FIGURE 6 in The diversity of a snake community in a karst forest ecosystem in the central Truong Son, Vietnam, with an identification key

FIGURE 6. Thanh's reed snake (Calamaria thanhi), preserved male from Phong Nha - Ke Bang in dorsal view (SRC PNKB III '06-1). Photo: Thomas Ziegler

FIGURE 17 in The diversity of a snake community in a karst forest ecosystem in the central Truong Son, Vietnam, with an identification key

FIGURE 17. Snake families and species recorded for Phong Nha - Ke Bang, after Ziegler et al. (2006a) and new data (this paper).

FIGURE 9 in The diversity of a snake community in a karst forest ecosystem in the central Truong Son, Vietnam, with an identification key

FIGURE 9. Ventral view of the head of the preserved male Calamaria thanhi from Phong Nha - Ke Bang (SRC PNKB III '06-1). Photo: Thomas Ziegler

FIGURE 14 in The diversity of a snake community in a karst forest ecosystem in the central Truong Son, Vietnam, with an identification key

FIGURE 14. Hampton's slug snake (Pareas hamptoni) from Phong Nha - Ke Bang (VNUH 30.7.'06-1). Photo: Ralf Hendrix

FIGURE 1 in The diversity of a snake community in a karst forest ecosystem in the central Truong Son, Vietnam, with an identification key

FIGURE 1. The karst forest of Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park, Quang Binh Province, Central Truong Son, Vietnam. Photo: Thomas Ziegler

FIGURE 11 in The diversity of a snake community in a karst forest ecosystem in the central Truong Son, Vietnam, with an identification key

FIGURE 11. Roadkill of Günther's stripe-necked snake (Liopeltis frenatus) from Phong Nha - Ke Bang (VNUH 9.7.'06- 1). Photo: Astrid Heidrich

FIGURE 3 in The diversity of a snake community in a karst forest ecosystem in the central Truong Son, Vietnam, with an identification key

FIGURE 3. White lipped bamboo snake (Cryptelytrops albolabris) from Phong Nha - Ke Bang (ZFMK 86454). Photo: Ralf Hendrix

FIGURE 16 in The diversity of a snake community in a karst forest ecosystem in the central Truong Son, Vietnam, with an identification key

FIGURE 16. Big-eyed mountain keelback (Pseudoxenodon macrops) in its habitat in Phong Nha - Ke Bang. Photo: Bernhard Forster

opencc-zeroOct 2023View details →

Initial litter quality drives the consistent negative effects of fauna exclusion on litter decomposition in diverse ecosystems: A global meta-analysis

Aim: Despite the extensive research done on the consequences of faunal impacts on litter decomposition in different experimental contexts, a thorough assessment of their impacts and causes in various habitats around the world is still missing. Here, we aimed to explore general patterns and key drivers (e.g., climate, environment, litter quality) of faunal effects on litter decomposition in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Location: Global. Time period: 1980-2022. Major taxa studied: Plant litter and fauna. Methods: We investigate the effects of fauna exclusion on litter decomposition in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems through a meta-analysis of 819 pairs of observations from 110 studies on terrestrial litter decomposition and 402 pairs of observations from 60 studies on aquatic litter decomposition. Results: Fauna exclusion reduced litter decomposition rates in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems by 34% and 46% on average, respectively. In terrestrial ecosystems, the faunal effects differed among climate zone, precipitation level, and decomposition duration. Faunal effects were larger in warmer and moister climates, and decreased with the extension of decomposition time. However, in aquatic ecosystems, these moderating variables did not affect the negative effects of fauna exclusion. We also found that the faunal effects on litter decomposition were mainly associated with the initial litter quality and climate in terrestrial ecosystems, and with the initial litter quality in aquatic ecosystems. Main conclusions: Fauna exclusion had consistent negative effects on litter decay in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and initial litter quality was the main factor that determined the extent of faunal effects on litter decomposition. Our findings highlight the significance of fauna diversity conservation worldwide, and underscore the need to incorporate fauna effects into dynamic models of litter decomposition in order to examine the effects and processes of land-water-atmosphere carbon fluxes.

opencc-zeroMar 2020View details →

Supplementary material 3 from: Osawa T, Ueno Y, Nishida T, Nishihiro J (2020) Do both habitat and species diversity provide cultural ecosystem services? A trial using geo-tagged photos. Nature Conservation 38: 61-77. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.38.36166

: Explanation note: Table S1. All plants and main habitats in the study area. Table S2. All birds and main habitats in the study area. Table S3. All butterflies and main habitats in the study area. Table S4. All dragonflies and main habitats in the study area. Table S5. List of threatened plants in the study area. Table S6. Picture objects list which took in area with threatened species from spring to autumn.

opencc-zeroJan 2022View details →

Regime shifts in a shallow lake: Consequences for taxonomic and functional diversity, and ecosystem multifunctionality

<ol> <li>Under increasing nutrient loading, shallow lakes may shift from a state of clear water dominated by submerged macrophytes to a turbid state dominated by phytoplankton or a shaded state dominated by floating macrophytes. How such regime shifts mediate the relationship between taxonomic and functional diversity and lake multifunctionality is poorly understood.</li> <li>We employed a detailed database describing a shallow lake over a 12-year period during which the lake has displayed all the three states (clear, turbid, and shaded) to investigate how species richness, functional diversity of fish and zooplankton, ecosystem multifunctionality, and five individual ecosystem functions (nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, standing fish biomass, algae production, and light availability) differ among states. We also evaluated how the relationship between biodiversity (species richness and functional diversity) and multifunctionality is affected by regime shifts.</li> <li>We showed that species richness and the functional diversity of fish and zooplankton were highest during the clear state. The clear state also maintained the highest values of multifunctionality as well as standing fish biomass production, algae production, and light availability, whereas the turbid and shaded states had higher nutrient concentrations. Functional diversity was the best predictor of multifunctionality. The relationship between functional diversity and multifunctionality was strongly positive during the clear state, but such relationship became flatter after the shift to the turbid or shaded state.</li> <li>Our findings illustrate that focusing on functional traits may provide a more mechanistic understanding of how regime shifts affect biodiversity and the consequences for ecosystem functioning. Regime shifts towards a turbid or shaded state negatively affect the taxonomic and functional diversity of fish and zooplankton, which in turn impairs the multifunctionality of shallow lakes.</li> </ol>

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2022View details →

Crossing Ecosystems: An Exploration of Analogical Packages Across Diverse Package Ecosystems

Abstract With an increase in the diversity in technology stacks and third-party library usages, developers may inevitably will face the need to switch programming language and their subsequent libraries specific to that language. In this scenario, developers face the issue of finding similar libraries that can provide comparable features to the libraries that they are already familiar with. One alternative is to have an analogical library package that can span across these different language technology stacks. Hence, we introduce a cross-ecosystem package, which is a package that span across different library ecosystems. To understand this phenomena, we perform an empirical case study of four diverse library ecosystems (i.e., CRAN that serves R, Maven for Java, PyPI for Python, and RubyGems for Ruby). We mined and collected 291,272 packages to uncover 238 cross-ecosystem packages, later exploring the roles and functionalities of these packages. Results show that cross-ecosystem packages play a key role in their respective ecosystems, as evident by the statistical significance in both social (i.e., GitHub watchers, forks, star counts), and dependency among the dependencies (i.e., dependencies and dependents). As part of our qualitative analysis, we present a taxonomy (i.e., utilities, web toolkits, analytic platforms, databases, API service, Algorithm/Optimizer, Interpreter, Testing, Machine Learning and others) of cross-ecosystem packages with analysis to suggest that cross-ecosystem packages characterize different features of each respective programming language (e.g., PyPI with machine learning and Maven for utilities). The study uncovers these cross-ecosystem packages as a viable option for library replacement with implications for both developers and researchers.

opencc-zeroFeb 2022View details →

Data from: Partitioning the effects of plant diversity on ecosystem functions at different trophic levels

Biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning can be partitioned into complementarity effects, driven by many species, and selection effects, driven by few. Selection effects occur through interspecific abundance shifts (dominance) and intraspecific shifts in functioning. Complementarity and selection effects are often calculated for biomass, but very rarely for secondary productivity, i.e. energy transfer to higher trophic levels. We calculated diversity effects for three functions: aboveground biomass, insect herbivory and pathogen infection, the latter two as proxies for energy transfer to higher trophic levels, in a grassland experiment (PaNDiv) manipulating species richness, functional composition, nitrogen enrichment and fungicide treatment. Complementarity effects were on average positive and selection effects negative for biomass production and pathogen infection and multiple species contributed to diversity effects in mixtures. Diversity effects were on average less pronounced for herbivory. Diversity effects for the three functions were not correlated, because different species drove the different diversity effects. Benefits (and costs) from growing in diverse communities, be it reduced herbivore or pathogen damage or increased productivity either due to abundance increases or increased productivity per area were distributed across different plant species, leading to highly variable contributions of single species to diversity effects on different functions. These results show that different underlying ecological mechanisms can result in similar overall diversity effects across functions.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Multitrophic diversity and biotic associations influence subalpine forest ecosystem multifunctionality

Biodiversity across multiple trophic levels is required to maintain multiple ecosystem functions. Yet, it remains unclear how multitrophic diversity and species interactions regulate ecosystem multifunctionality. Here, combining data from nine different trophic groups (including trees, shrubs, herbs, leaf mites, small mammals, bacteria, pathogenic fungi, saprophytic fungi and symbiotic fungi) and 13 ecosystem functions related to supporting, provisioning and regulating services, we used a multitrophic perspective to evaluate the effects of elevation, diversity and network complexity on scale-dependent subalpine forest multifunctionality. Our results demonstrate that elevation and soil pH significantly modified species composition and richness across multitrophic groups and influenced multiple functions simultaneously. We provide evidence that species richness across multiple trophic groups had stronger effects on multifunctionality than species richness at any single trophic level. Moreover, biotic associations, indicating the complexity of trophic networks, were positively associated with multifunctionality. The relative effects of diversity on multifunctionality increased at the scale of the larger community compared to a scale accounting for neighbouring interactions. Our results highlight the paramount importance of scale- and context- dependent multitrophic diversity and interactions for a better understanding of mountain ecosystem multifunctionality in a changing world.

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

Data from: Tree diversity across multiple scales and environmental heterogeneity promote ecosystem multifunctionality in a large temperate forest region

Aim: Biodiversity across different scales provides multidimensional insurance for ecosystem functioning. Although the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem multifunctionality are well recorded in local communities, they remain poorly understood across scales (from local to larger spatial scales). This study evaluates how multiple attributes of biodiversity maintain ecosystem multifunctionality from local to regional scales, across diverse environmental gradients. Location: North-eastern China. Time period: 2017. Major taxa studied: Woody plants. Methods: We define multifunctionality using both averaged and modified multiple threshold approaches. Multiple dimensions of biodiversity across varying spatial scales were measured within the framework of Hill‒Chao numbers. Using variance decomposition, linear mixed models, and structural equation modeling, we explored how multiple attributes of tree diversity at varying spatial scales affect multifunctionality, and how these relationships are modulated by environmental drivers. Results: We found that both α- and β-diversity are critical for regional community multifunctionality, while the relationships between species, functional, and phylogenetic diversity and multifunctionality decoupled across spatial scales and thresholds of ecosystem functioning. Phylogenetic β-diversity and species α-diversity are respectively more important for promoting high and moderate threshold multifunctionality (e.g., EMFT90 and EMFT50) in regional communities. Environmental drivers typically have stronger effects than biodiversity on multifunctionality. Soil and climatic conditions had either direct effects on multifunctionality, or indirect ones mediated by species α-diversity. Environmental heterogeneity is important for high threshold multifunctionality, exerting directly and indirectly through phylogenetic β-diversity. Latitude not only directly influences multifunctionality but also modulates it through species α-diversity and phylogenetic β-diversity. Main conclusions: This study underscores the positive effects of biodiversity on multifunctionality across multiple dimensions. Based on our findings, we conclude that any design of a forested landscape that is aimed at maximizing multifunctionality should consider maintaining high local diversity as well as forest community heterogeneity at varying scales.

opennotspecifiedNov 2018View details →

FIGURE 4. Mauritian ecosystems. A in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 4. Mauritian ecosystems. A. Lowland Sapotaceae rainforest, here invaded by the exotic Malagasy traveller's trees Ravenala madagascariensis (Strelitziaceae) ('Vallée d'Osterlog' forest, ~260 m). B. 'Pétrin' locality showing particular habitat with thickets of the endemic Erica brachyphylla (Ericaceae) (~670 m) (photographs by J.-Y. Dubuisson).