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1,131 results for “grasshopper”
Data from: Discordant patterns of genetic and phenotypic differentiation in five grasshopper species co-distributed across a microreserve network
<p>Conservation plans can be greatly improved when information on the evolutionary and demographic consequences of habitat fragmentation is available for several co-distributed species. Here, we study spatial patterns of phenotypic and genetic variation among five grasshopper species that are co-distributed across a network of microreserves but show remarkable differences in dispersal-related morphology (body size and wing length), degree of habitat specialization and extent of fragmentation of their respective habitats in the study region. In particular, we tested the hypothesis that species with preferences for highly fragmented microhabitats show stronger genetic and phenotypic structure than co-distributed generalist taxa inhabiting a continuous matrix of suitable habitat. We also hypothesized a higher resemblance of spatial patterns of genetic and phenotypic variability among species that have experienced a higher degree of habitat fragmentation due to their more similar responses to the parallel large-scale destruction of their natural habitats. In partial agreement with our first hypothesis, we found that genetic structure, but not phenotypic differentiation, was higher in species linked to highly fragmented habitats. We did not find support for congruent patterns of phenotypic and genetic variability among any studied species, indicating that they show idiosyncratic evolutionary trajectories and distinctive demographic responses to habitat fragmentation across a common landscape. This suggests that conservation practices in networks of protected areas require detailed ecological and evolutionary information on target species in order to focus management efforts on those taxa that are more sensitive to the effects of habitat fragmentation.</p>
FIGURE 16 in Tergoceracris, a new genus and six new species of montane grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Ommatolampinae) from Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico
FIGURE 16. Genitalia complex of T. cerropunta. A, B, entire complex (with epiphallus removed) showing lateral and dorsal views. C, D, epiphallus showing dorsal and posterior views.
FIGURE 10 in Tergoceracris, a new genus and six new species of montane grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Ommatolampinae) from Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico
FIGURE 10. Genitalia complex of T. ocampensis. A, B, entire complex (epiphallus removed) showing lateral and dorsal views. C, D, epiphallus showing dorsal and posterior views. Abbreviations: bpf, basal phallic fold; ls, lateralsclerite of basal phallic fold; apc, apodeme of cingulum; ap, anteriorplate of epiphallus; lo, lophi of epiphallus; en, endophallic plate.
FIGURE 12 in Tergoceracris, a new genus and six new species of montane grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Ommatolampinae) from Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico
FIGURE 12. Genitalia complex of T. ebanoverde. A, B, entire complex (with epiphallus removed) showing lateral and dorsal views. C, D, epipallus showing dorsal and rear views.
FIGURE 6 in Tergoceracris, a new genus and six new species of montane grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Ommatolampinae) from Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico
FIGURE 6. Male epiproct of Tergoceracris species. A, T. guajataca; B, T. cayey; C, T. luquillensis; D, T. ocampensis; E, T. ebanoverde; F, T. cerropunta.
FIGURE 3 in Tergoceracris, a new genus and six new species of montane grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Ommatolampinae) from Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico
FIGURE 3. Habitus photographs of males of Tergoceracris species. A, T. ocampensis; B, T. ebanoverde; C, T. guajataca; D, T. cerropunta; E, T. cayey; F, T. luquillensis.
FIGURE 19 in Tergoceracris, a new genus and six new species of montane grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Ommatolampinae) from Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico
FIGURE 19. Genitalia complex of T. cayay. A, B, C, genitalia with epiphallus and basal phallic fold removed (lateral, dorsal, and ventral views). D, E, F, genitalia with cingulum removed.
FIGURE 14 in Tergoceracris, a new genus and six new species of montane grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Ommatolampinae) from Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico
FIGURE 14. Genitalia complex of T. guajataca. A, B, entire complex (with epiphallus removed) showing lateral and dorsal views. C, D, epiphallus showing dorsal and posterior views.
FIGURE 4 A – B in Hedotettix angulatus sp. nov. (Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea: Tetrigidae, Tetriginae) a new pygmy grasshopper species from India
FIGURE 4 A – B. Distribution map of Hedotettix angulatus sp. nov. A, India; B, Chhattisgarh State; the triangle marks denote the distribution of Hedotettix angulatus sp. nov.
Data from: Ontogeny of color development in two green-brown polymorphic grasshopper species
<p class="MsoNormal">Many insects, including several orthopterans, undergo dramatic changes in body coloration during ontogeny. This variation is particularly intriguing in gomphocerine grasshoppers, where the green and brown morphs appear to be genetically determined (Schielzeth & Dieker, 2020; Winter, Varma, & Schielzeth, 2021). A better understanding of how these color morphs develop during ontogeny can provide valuable insights into the evolution and ecology of such a widespread color polymorphism. Here, we focus on the color development of two green-brown polymorphic species, the club-legged grasshopper <em>Gomphocerus sibiricus </em>and the steppe grasshopper <em>Chorthippus</em> <em>dorsatus</em>. By following the color development of individuals from hatching to adulthood, we found that color morph differences begin to develop during the second nymphal stage,<span> are clearly defined by the third nymphal stage,</span> and remain stable throughout the life of an individual. Interestingly, we also observed that <span>shed skins of late nymphal stages are identifiable by color morphs based on their yellowish coloration, rather than the green that marks green body parts. </span>Furthermore, by assessing how these colors are perceived by different visual systems, we found that certain potential predators can chromatically discriminate between morphs, while others may not. These results suggest that the putative genes controlling color morph are active during the early stages of ontogeny, and that green color is likely composed of two components, one present in the cuticle and one not. In addition, the effectiveness of camouflage appears to vary depending on the specific predator involved.</p>
Figures 1-2. Machaerocera mexicana. 1 in First records of the grasshopper Machaerocera mexicana Saussure, 1859 (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from the United States and Sonora, Mexico Robert A. Behrstock 10359 S Thicket Place Hereford, AZ 85615 rbehrstock@cox.net
Figures 1-2. Machaerocera mexicana. 1) Male. 30 October, 2008. Cienega Creek Natural Preserve, Pima County, Arizona. Photo by Robert A. Behrstock/Naturewide Images. 2) Female. 7 October, 2010. Rancho la Brisca, Sonora, Mexico. Photo by Thomas R. Van Devender and Ana Lilia Reina.
Figure 3. Female wing. 30 October, 2008 in First records of the grasshopper Machaerocera mexicana Saussure, 1859 (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from the United States and Sonora, Mexico Robert A. Behrstock 10359 S Thicket Place Hereford, AZ 85615 rbehrstock@cox.net
Figure 3. Female wing. 30 October, 2008. Cienega Creek Natural Preserve, Pima County, Arizona. Photo by Robert A. Behrstock/Naturewide Images.
Figs 1–8 in New taxa of pygmy grasshoppers from Australia with notes on classification of the subfamily Batrachideinae (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae)
Figs 1–8. Batrachideinae, female: 1–3, Vingselina crassa; 4–6, Paraselina multifora; 7, P. trituberculata; 8, P. brunneri. Head and pronotum, lateral (1, 4) and dorsal (2, 5) views; pronotum, lateral view (7, 8); head and dorsal part of pronotum, frontal view (3, 6). [1–3, after photos of Tumbrinck (Cigliano et al., 2018); 4–6, after photos of Rehn (1952); 7, 8, after Sjöstedt (1932)].
Figs 21–23 in New taxa of pygmy grasshoppers from Australia with notes on classification of the subfamily Batrachideinae (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae)
Figs 21–23. Selivinga tribulata sp. nov., male: 21, 22, body, lateral (21) and dorsal (22) views; 23, apex of abdo- men, lateral view.
Figs 9–15 in New taxa of pygmy grasshoppers from Australia with notes on classification of the subfamily Batrachideinae (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae)
Figs 9–15. Anaselina minor: 9–11, female; 12–15, male. Body, lateral (9, 12) and dorsal (10, 13) views; apex of abdomen, ventral (11) and lateral (15) views; head, frontal view (14).
FIGURE 1 in Developing a database of Australian grasshopper occurrences from historic field survey notebooks spanning 54 years (Orthoptera: Acrididae, Morabidae, Pyrgomorphidae, Tetrigidae)
FIGURE 1 First page of field notebook number 156. This trip was conducted from Port Augusta to Norseman, Western Australia, by Ken Key, Murray S Upton and Jim Balderson from 28/9/1963 to 23/10/1963. Plant specimens were identified by Nancy T Burbidge. On 28th of September, they started from Mildura, took Arumpo road at a vehicle odometer 6827 and travelled 6 mi to reach 6833. Site description and general observations for collection at stop 6833: Flat with sparse belah and Callitris robusta to 25 ft on pale brown sandy loam with?Cassia sp. abundant to 8 ft and regrowth. Ground layer of Bassia spp. and Kochia spp. to 6 in. and occasional Kochia?pyramidata to 2 ft barley grass and succulents drying off, considerable bare ground. Return. Grasshoppers collected at this site: Cratilopus sp. 1, Chortoicetes terminifera, Caperrala sp. 1 (j.), Apotropis vittata (j.).
FIGURE 4 in Developing a database of Australian grasshopper occurrences from historic field survey notebooks spanning 54 years (Orthoptera: Acrididae, Morabidae, Pyrgomorphidae, Tetrigidae)
FIGURE 4 Comparison of survey consistency among different surveyors. (a) Between-site distance maintained by different lead surveyors. (b) The total number of grasshoppers recorded per site by different lead surveyors. Numbers in the middle of boxplot show median value. (c) Seasonal variation in the number of species counted per site by different lead surveyors. (d) Proportion of total surveys conducted in each season by different surveyors. Values on pie charts show the number of surveys conducted by each surveyor. Seasons are indicated by colours.
FIGURE 3 in Developing a database of Australian grasshopper occurrences from historic field survey notebooks spanning 54 years (Orthoptera: Acrididae, Morabidae, Pyrgomorphidae, Tetrigidae)
FIGURE 3 Spatial bias in historic grasshopper surveys in Western Australia and Tasmania (inset). (a) Thiessen polygon network drawn based on survey sites as centre of each polygon, showing the intensity of survey activity; the smaller polygons, the more intensive the survey activity because each polygon represents a sampling site. Colours in the background represent bioregions. (b) Bioregions bias: Positive scores indicate positive survey bias (higher survey effort than expected from a random allocation) and vice versa. Bars on right side of vertical dash line represent Tasmania. Bioregions were abbreviated as: AvWh, Avon Wheatbelt; BL, Ben Lomond; Ca, Carnarvon; CeKi, Central Kimberley; CeRa, Central Ranges; Co, Coolgardie; Da, Dampierland; EsPl, Esperance plains; F, Furneaux; Ga, Gascoyne; GeSa, Geraldton Sandplains; GiDe, Gibson Desert; GrSaDe, Great Sandy Desert; GrViDe, Great Victorian Desert; Ha, Hampton; JaFo, Jarrah Forest; K, King; LiSaDe, Little Sandy Desert; Ma, Mallee; Mu, Murchison; NoKi, Northern Kimberley; Nu, Nullarbor; OrViPl, Ord Victoria Plain; Pi, Pilbara; SwCoPl, Southwest Coastal Plain; Ta, Tanami; TCH, Tasmanian Central Highlands; TNM, Tasmanian Northern Midlands; TNS, Tasmanian Northern Slopes; TSE, Tasmanian South East; TSR, Tasmanian Southern Ranges; TW, Tasmanian West; ViBo, Victorian Bonaparte; Wa, Warren; Ya, Yalgoo.
FIGURE 2 in Developing a database of Australian grasshopper occurrences from historic field survey notebooks spanning 54 years (Orthoptera: Acrididae, Morabidae, Pyrgomorphidae, Tetrigidae)
FIGURE 2 Grasshopper species count and survey effort in Western Australia and Tasmania (inset) per 50-km grid cells. Only records with both genus and species (either confirmed based on formal taxonomy for genus and species or putative taxonomy used for genus or species) names were included in these analyses. (a) Species richness (total number of recorded species per cell); (b) total number of survey sites per cell; (c) for each cell, the average number of species per survey site. No survey was conducted in white cells. Bioregions were abbreviated as: Ca, Carnarvon; CeKi, Central Kimberley; Co, Coolgardie; Da, Dampierland; EsPl, Esperance Plains; Ga, Gascoyne; Ha, Hampton; Nu, Nullarbor; Pi, Pilbara; SwCoPl, Southwest Coastal Plains; ViBo, Victorian Bonaparte.
Data from: Evidence for morph-specific substrate choice in a green-brown polymorphic grasshopper
<p>Orthopteran insects are characterized by high variability in body coloration, in particular featuring a widespread green-brown color polymorphism. The mechanisms that contribute to the maintenance of this apparently balanced polymorphism are not yet understood. To investigate whether morph-dependent microhabitat choice might contribute to the continued coexistence of multiple morphs, we studied substrate choice in the meadow grasshopper <i>Pseudochorthippus parallelus.</i> The meadow grasshopper occurs in multiple discrete, genetically determined color morphs that range from uniform brown to uniform green. We tested whether three common morphs preferentially choose differently colored backgrounds in an experimental arena. We found that a preference for green backgrounds was most pronounced in uniform green morphs. If differential choices improve morph-specific performance in natural habitats via crypsis and/or thermoregulatory benefits, they could help to equalize fitness differences among color morphs and potentially produce frequency-dependent microhabitat competition, though difference appear too small to serve as the only explanation. We also measured the reflectance of the grasshoppers and backgrounds and used visual modelling to quantify the detectability of the different morphs to a range of potential predators. Multiple potential predators, including birds and spiders, are predicted to distinguish between morphs chromatically, while other species, possibly including grasshoppers themselves, will perceive only differences in brightness. Our study provides the first evidence that morph-specific microhabitat choice might be relevant to the maintenance of the green-brown polymorphisms in grasshoppers and shows that visual distinctness of color morphs varies between perceivers.</p>
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