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207 results for “insect galls”
Figure 4 in A unique seasonal cycle in a leaf gall-inducing insect: the formation of stem galls for dormancy
Figure 4. Rollinia laurifolia lenticel ontogenesis. (A) Young stem with epidermis covered by cuticle and adjacent cortical parenchyma. (B) Phellogen differentiation from the external cortical parenchyma layer. (C) Young lenticel with first divisions of phellogen and suber deposition. (D) Mature lenticel with complementary cells (white arrow) and closing layer (black arrow). Cortical parenchyma (cp), epidermis (ep), phellogen (pg). Scale bar: 25 mm (A– C), 100 mm (D).
Figure 2 in A unique seasonal cycle in a leaf gall-inducing insect: the formation of stem galls for dormancy
Figure 2. Pseudotectococcus rolliniae scanning electron micrographs (A–C, E) and photomicrographs (D,F). (A) Stem nymphs (5first instar5''stationary crawlers'') located into dormancy galls. (B) Detail of a stem nymph under dormancy, showing body wax exudation covering. (C,D) Leaf nymphs (5second-instar) collected from surfaces of young leaves. (E) Crawler, still inside leaf gall. (F) Exuviae, found in dormancy stem gall. Scale bars: 500 mm (A), 50 mm (B), 100 mm (C,D), 50 mm (E,F).
Figure 1 in A unique seasonal cycle in a leaf gall-inducing insect: the formation of stem galls for dormancy
Figure 1. Schematic representation of Pseudotectococcus rollinae annual life cycle on Rollinia laurifolia plants. Numbers from two to four represent nymphal instars.
FIGS 11, 12 in First-instar morphology and sexual dimorphism in the gall-inducing scale insect Apiomorpha RuÈbsaamen (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae)
FIGS 11, 12. Pegs on antennal segment III of crawlers of Apiomorpha munita tereticornuta. (11) Male. (12) Female.
FIGS 1 in First-instar morphology and sexual dimorphism in the gall-inducing scale insect Apiomorpha RuÈbsaamen (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae)
FIGS 1±8. (1) Female crawler of Apiomorpha munita tereticornuta. (2) Winged marginal setae of a crawler of A. sp. nov. 1. (3) Simple pore on the dorsum of a male crawler of A. spinifer. (4) Minute pore on the dorsum of a male crawler of A. spinifer. (5) Oval structure lateral to the hind coxa on the venter of a crawler of A. helmsii. (6) The trilobed frontal tubercle of a crawler of A. strombylosa: there is some short curled wax adjacent to the tubercle. (7) Arrow head indicates the position of a small pore near the base of a long peg on the antenna of a male crawler of A. spinifer. (8) Thread-like wax covering the lateral and inner margins of the anal-ring setae of A. sp. nov. 1.
Variation in community structure of gall-inducing insects associated with a tropical plant supports the hypothesis of competition in stressful habitats
Environmental factors act as drivers of species coexistence or competition. Mesic environments favor the action of parasites and predators on gall communities, while the factors that determine the structure of gall communities in xeric environments remain unknown. We evaluated the structure of gall communities along an environmental gradient defined by intrinsic plant characteristics, soil fertility and aridity, and investigated the role of competition as a structuring force of gall communities in xeric environments. We created null models to compare observed and simulated patterns of co-occurrence of galls and used the C-score index to assess community aggregation or segregation. We used the NES C-score (standardized C-score) to compare patterns of co-occurrence with parameters of environmental quality. Xeric environments had poorer and more arid soils and more-sclerophyllous plants than mesic environments, which was reflected in the distribution patterns of gall communities. Values of the C-score index revealed a segregated distribution of gall morphospecies in xeric environments, but a random distribution in mesic environments. The low availability of resources for oviposition and the high density of gallers in xeric environments reinforce interspecific competition as an important structuring force for gall communities in these environments.
Data from: Water-repellent plant surface structure induced by gall-forming insects for waste management
Many animals and plants have evolved elaborate water-repellent microstructures on their surface, which often play important roles in their ecological adaptation. Here we report a unique type of water-repellent structure on plant surface, which develops as an insect-induced plant morphology in a social context. Some social aphids form galls on their host plant, in which they produce large amount of hydrophobic wax. Excreted honeydew is coated by the powdery wax to form "honeydew balls", which are actively disposed by soldier nymphs through an opening on their gall. These activities are enabled by a highly water-repellent inner gall surface, and we discovered that this surface is covered with dense trichomes that are not found on normal plant surface. The trichomes are coated by fine particles of the insect-produced wax, thereby realizing a high water repellency with a cooperative interaction between aphids and plants. The plant leaves on which the gall is formed often exhibit patchy areas with dense trichomes, representing an ectopic expression of the insect-induced plant morphology. In the pouch-shaped closed galls of a related social aphid species, by contrast, the inner surface was not covered with trichomes. Our findings provide a convincing example of how the extended phenotype of an animal, expressed in a plant, plays a pivotal role in maintaining sociality.
FIGURE 1 in Entedoninae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) associated with gall-inducing insects (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Panama
FIGURE 1. Ametallon carinatum sp. n., female: a) antenna lateral, b) forewing, c) thorax lateral.
FIGURE 5 in Entedoninae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) associated with gall-inducing insects (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Panama
FIGURE 5. Chrysonotomyia unimaculata sp. n.: a) male antenna, b) female antenna, c) male digitus.
FIGURE 7 in Entedoninae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) associated with gall-inducing insects (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Panama
FIGURE 7. Chrysonotomyia claviger sp. n.: a) female habitus, b) female gaster.
FIGURE 6 in Entedoninae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) associated with gall-inducing insects (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Panama
FIGURE 6. Chrysonotomyia claviger sp. n.: a) antenna lateral, b) forewing.
FIGURE 3 in Descriptions of two new Species of Goniozus Förster, 1856 (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) associated with insect induced plant galls from India
FIGURE 3. Gall inhabitants of Memecylon umbellatum A) Crotonothrips sp. B) Carpelimus sp.
FIGURE 5. A & B in Descriptions of two new Species of Goniozus Förster, 1856 (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) associated with insect induced plant galls from India
FIGURE 5. A & B) Goniozus kuriani Santhosh sp. nov. on leaf gall of Syzygium cumini.
Figure 10 from: Gómez JF, Nieves MH, Gayubo SF, Nieves-Aldrey JL (2017) Terminal-instar larval systematics and biology of west European species of Ormyridae associated with insect galls (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). ZooKeys 644: 51-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.644.10035
Figure 10 - Anterior views of mouthparts of Ormyrus terminal-instar larvae. A Ormyrus pomaceus ex Plagiotrochus razeti (Cynipidae) B Ormyrus rufimanus C Ormyrus wachtli.
Figure 11 from: Gómez JF, Nieves MH, Gayubo SF, Nieves-Aldrey JL (2017) Terminal-instar larval systematics and biology of west European species of Ormyridae associated with insect galls (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). ZooKeys 644: 51-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.644.10035
Figure 11 - Anterior views of the right/left mandibles of Ormyrus terminal-instar larvae. A Ormyrus capsalis B Ormyrus diffinis C Ormyrus gratiosus D Ormyrus nitidulus E Ormyrus papaveris F Ormyrus pomaceus ex Trigonaspis mendesi (Cynipidae) G Ormyrus rufimanus.
Figure 12 from: Gómez JF, Nieves MH, Gayubo SF, Nieves-Aldrey JL (2017) Terminal-instar larval systematics and biology of west European species of Ormyridae associated with insect galls (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). ZooKeys 644: 51-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.644.10035
Figure 12 - A Galls of Aylax minor on Papaver spp. B detail of cells of Aylax minor on Papaver spp. C larvae of Ormyrus capsalis on of non-parasitized larvae of Aylax minor D Detail of solitarious larvae of Ormyrus capsalis inside gall cell of Aylax minor E galls of Eurytoma gallephedrae on Ephedra nebrodensis F galls of Eurytoma flaveola on Ephedra nebrodensis G larvae of Ormyrus cupreus inside the gall cell H larvae of Ormyrus cupreus inside the gall cell with debris of adult specimen of the same species I gall of Liposthenes kerneri on Nepeta hispanica J ventral view of larvae of Ormyrus diffinis inside the gall cell K lateral view of larvae of Ormyrus diffinis inside the gall cell.
Figure 15 from: Gómez JF, Nieves MH, Gayubo SF, Nieves-Aldrey JL (2017) Terminal-instar larval systematics and biology of west European species of Ormyridae associated with insect galls (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). ZooKeys 644: 51-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.644.10035
Figure 15 - A larvae of Ormyrus pomaceus and Trigonaspis brunneicornis within gall cells B gall of Plagiotrochus razeti (asexual) on Quercus C galls of Plagiotrochus quercusilicis on Quercus D larvae of Ormyrus pomaceus within cells of galls of Plagiotrochus razeti E detail of larva of Ormyrus pomaceus within cell of gall of Plagiotrochus razeti F galls of Xestophanes potentillae on subterranean rhizome of Potentilla reptans G galls of Xestophanes potentillae on air runners of Potentilla reptans H larvae of Ormyrus rufimanus on larvae of Xestophanes potentillae within gall cell I larvae of O rufimanus with debris of dead host within gall cells of Xestophanes potentillae. J galls of Neaylax verbenacus on Salvia verbenaca K larvae of Ormyrus wachtli on larvae of Neaylax verbenacus within gall cell L pupae of Ormyrus wachtli within gall of Neaylax salviae.
Figure 13 from: Gómez JF, Nieves MH, Gayubo SF, Nieves-Aldrey JL (2017) Terminal-instar larval systematics and biology of west European species of Ormyridae associated with insect galls (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). ZooKeys 644: 51-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.644.10035
Figure 13 - Fully (A) and dissected (B) galls of Isocolus scabiosae in achenes of heads of Centaurea scabiosa. C detail of larvae of Ormyrus gratiosus inside cells of Isocolus scabiosae gall D galls of Andricus hispanicus on Quercus pyrenaica E cross-section of gall of Andricus hispanicus with larvae of Ormyrus nitidulus within gall cell F detail of head and thorax in anterior view of larvae of Ormyrus nitidulus within gall cell of Andricus hispanicus G gall of Myopites limbardae on Inula viscosa H cross-section of gall of Myopites limbardae on Inula viscosa I detail of larva of Ormyrus orientalis within gall cell of Tephritidae on Microlonchus salmanticus J galls of Aylax papaveris on poppy heads K cross-section of poppy head shown cells of galls of Aylax papaveris L larvae of Ormyrus papaveris with debris of dead host within gall cells of Aylax papaveris.
Figure 3 from: Gómez JF, Nieves MH, Gayubo SF, Nieves-Aldrey JL (2017) Terminal-instar larval systematics and biology of west European species of Ormyridae associated with insect galls (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). ZooKeys 644: 51-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.644.10035
Figure 3 - Ventral views of Ormyrus terminal-instar larvae. A Ormyrus capsalis B Ormyrus cupreus C Ormyrus diffinis D Ormyrus gratiosus E Ormyrus nitidulus F Ormyrus orientalis.
Figure 2 from: Gómez JF, Nieves MH, Gayubo SF, Nieves-Aldrey JL (2017) Terminal-instar larval systematics and biology of west European species of Ormyridae associated with insect galls (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). ZooKeys 644: 51-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.644.10035
Figure 2 - Ormyrus nitidulus. A Anterior view of head illustrating terminology used for general description (see text). Abbreviations: af, antennal foramina; am, antero-medial setae on the antennal region; an, antenna; anr, antennal area; cl, clypeus; cs, clypeal seate; fr, frons; gn, genal setae; gr, genal region; hr, hypostomal region; hs, hypostomal setae; lb, labrum; lcs, lateral clypeal setae; vam, antero-medial setae of vertex; vr, vertex region B Anterior view of mouthparts. Abbreviations: clypeus (cl); clypeal setae (cs); labrum (lb); lateral flaps of sides of labrum (lfsl); lateral lobe of labrum (lll); lateral clypeal setae (lcs); labral setae (lbs); medial lobe of labrum (mll). The under-lip complex (Mpu) is formed by labium (lbi) and maxillae (mx); maxillary palps (mp); Mpu setae: maxillary setae (ms) and antero-medial labial setae (ul).
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