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199 results for “life-history traits”
Figure 1 in Diversity and life-history traits of wild bees (Insecta: Hymenoptera) in intensive agricultural landscapes in the Rolling Pampa, Argentina
Figure 1. Location of (a) the Argentinean Pampas in South America, (b) the study site (Estancia 'Las Polvaredas', partido de Rojas, provincia de Buenos Aires; black square) in the Rolling Pampa and (c) the 39 sampling points in the study site. The map shows the land use of the year when bee sampling occurred (2010–2011 growing season). Black dots represent points located in the cropped area (n = 28), and white dots represent points located in the semi-natural area (n = 11). On each point, bees were collected with pan traps (one blue, one white and one yellow) during three 48- hour sessions.
Figure 3. A in Diversity and life-history traits of wild bees (Insecta: Hymenoptera) in intensive agricultural landscapes in the Rolling Pampa, Argentina
Figure 3. A representative sampling point in the study site, which shows three pan traps deployed in line near a wire-fence row delimiting two soybean fields (Photo: Violette Le Féon).
Figure 6 in Diversity and life-history traits of wild bees (Insecta: Hymenoptera) in intensive agricultural landscapes in the Rolling Pampa, Argentina
Figure 6. Mean number of (a) bee individuals, (b) non-Lasioglossum (Dialictus) bee individuals and (c) bee taxa per point, in cropped area (n = 28 points) and semi-natural area (n = 11 points). ns indicates a non-significant result. Asterisks indicate that means are significantly different (Wilcoxon rank sum test, *** = P <0.001). Bars show SEs.
Figure 5 in Diversity and life-history traits of wild bees (Insecta: Hymenoptera) in intensive agricultural landscapes in the Rolling Pampa, Argentina
Figure 5. Functional composition of the non-Lasioglossum (Dialictus) bee assemblage: proportion of the taxa for each life-history trait category.
Figure 11. Spheniopsis brasiliensis. A in The organs of prey capture and digestion in the miniature predatory bivalve Spheniopsis brasiliensis (Anomalodesmata: Cuspidarioidea: Spheniopsidae) expose a novel life-history trait
Figure 11. Spheniopsis brasiliensis. A transverse section through the rectum, showing minute fragments of ingested and digested prey items. AM, Amoebocyte; CIC, ciliated cell; FIPI, fragment of ingested prey item.
Figure 6. Spheniopsis brasiliensis. A in The organs of prey capture and digestion in the miniature predatory bivalve Spheniopsis brasiliensis (Anomalodesmata: Cuspidarioidea: Spheniopsidae) expose a novel life-history trait
Figure 6. Spheniopsis brasiliensis. A transverse section through the visceral mass, towards the posterior end of the stomach and illustrating the disposition of the paired gonads. APRM, Anterior septal retractor muscles; DT, digestive tubule; EO, encapsulated oocyte; FIPI, fragment of ingested prey item; GF, gonadial follicle; IPI, ingested prey item; SC, secretory cells.
Figure 2 in The organs of prey capture and digestion in the miniature predatory bivalve Spheniopsis brasiliensis (Anomalodesmata: Cuspidarioidea: Spheniopsidae) expose a novel life-history trait
Figure 2. Spheniopsis brasiliensis. The organs of the mantle cavity and visceral mass, as seen from the right side after removal of the right shell valve and mantle lobe. AAM, anterior adductor muscle; AN, anus; APRM, anterior pedal retractor muscle; ASRM, anterior septal retractor muscle; AU, auricle; CS, crystalline style; CSS, crystalline style sac; DD, digestive diverticulae; EO, encapsulated oocyte; F, foot; G, gonad; HG, hind gut; M, mouth; MG, mid gut; PAM, posterior adductor muscle; PE, pericardium; PEG, pericardial gland; PL, pallial line; PPRM, posterior pedal retractor muscle; PR, prodissoconch; PS, pallial sinus; PSRM, posterior septal retractor muscle; SE, Septum; ST, stomach.
Figure 13 in The organs of prey capture and digestion in the miniature predatory bivalve Spheniopsis brasiliensis (Anomalodesmata: Cuspidarioidea: Spheniopsidae) expose a novel life-history trait
Figure 13. Illustrations of prey capture by (A) Grippina coronata; (B) Spheniopsis brasiliensis; and (C) Cuspidaria rostrata, all drawn to approximately the same scale. (A redrawn partly after Morton et al. (2015, fig. 24 C) and C redrawn partly after Reid and Reid (1974, fig. 1). Possible prey items are also identified. The arrows show how evolution of the rostrum has allowed deeper residence of the sediments presumably for enhanced protection.
Data from: Temporal genetic stability and high effective population size despite fisheries-induced life-history trait evolution in the North Sea sole.
Heavy fishing and other anthropogenic influences can have profound impact on a species' resilience to harvesting. Besides the decrease of the census and effective population size, strong declines in mature adults and recruiting individuals may lead to almost irreversible genetic changes in life-history traits. Here, we investigated the evolution of genetic diversity and effective population size in the heavily exploited sole (Solea solea), through the analysis of historical DNA from a collection of 1379 sole (Solea solea) otoliths dating back from 1957. Despite documented shifts in life-history traits, neutral genetic diversity inferred from 11 microsatellite markers showed a remarkable stability over a period of 50 years of heavy fishing. Using simulations and corrections for fisheries induced demographic variation, both point and temporal estimates of effective population size (Ne) were always higher than 1000, suggesting that despite the severe census size decrease over a 50 year period of harvesting, genetic drift is probably not strong enough to significantly decrease the neutral diversity of this species in the North Sea. However the ratio of effective population size to the census size (Ne/Nc) was very small (10-5), suggesting that overall only few adults contribute to the next generation. The high Ne level together with the low Ne/Nc ratio is most likely caused by a combination of an equalized reproductive output of younger cohorts, a decrease in generation time and a large variance in reproductive success typical for marine species. Because strong evolutionary changes in age and size at first maturation have been observed for sole, changes in adaptive genetic variation should be further monitored to detect the evolutionary consequences of human-induced selection.
Data from: Effects of variation in resource acquisition during different stages of the life cycle on life-history traits and trade-offs in a burying beetle
Individual variation in resource acquisition should have consequences for life-history traits and trade-offs between them because such variation determines how many resources can be allocated to different life-history functions, such as growth, survival and reproduction. Since resource acquisition can vary across an individual's life cycle, the consequences for life-history traits and trade-offs may depend on when during the life cycle resources are limited. We tested for differential and/or interactive effects of variation in resource acquisition in the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides. We designed an experiment in which individuals acquired high or low amounts of resources across three stages of the life cycle: larval development, prior to breeding and the onset of breeding in a fully crossed design. Resource acquisition during larval development and prior to breeding affected egg size and offspring survival, respectively. Meanwhile, resource acquisition at the onset of breeding affected size and number of both eggs and offspring. In addition, there were interactive effects between resource acquisition at different stages on egg size and offspring survival. However, only when females acquired few resources at the onset of breeding was there evidence for a trade-off between offspring size and number. Our results demonstrate that individual variation in resource acquisition during different stages of the life cycle has important consequences for life-history traits but limited effects on trade-offs. This suggests that, in species that acquire a fixed-sized resource at the onset of breeding, the size of this resource has larger effects on life-history trade-offs than resources acquired at earlier stages.
Data from: Hormonal, behavioral, and life-history traits exhibit correlated shifts in relation to population establishment in a novel environment
Climate change, habitat alteration, range expansions, and biological invasions are all predicted to require rapid shifts in multiple traits including behavior and life history, both for initial population establishment and subsequent adaptation. Hormonal mechanisms likely play a key role in facilitating or constraining plastic and genetic responses for suites of traits, but few studies have evaluated their role in shaping contemporary adaptation or diversification. We examined multiple phenotypic adjustments and associated hormonal changes following a recent (early 1980s) colonization event, in which a temperate-breeding songbird, the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis), became established in the Mediterranean climate of San Diego, California. The milder climate has led to an extended breeding season and year-round residency, and we document shifts in multiple sexually selected behaviors and plumage traits. Testosterone titers in San Diego were elevated for longer but with a lower peak value compared to a nearby native-range population, and correlations between testosterone and related traits were similar within and among populations. A common garden study indicated that changes in testosterone likely represent plastic responses to the less seasonal environment of the city, providing the context against which subsequent genetic changes in morphology likely occurred. We argue that correlated shifts in multiple traits, organized by underlying physiology, may be a generally important element of many successful adjustments to changing environments.
Data from: Developmental and genetic effects on behavioral and life-history traits in a field cricket
A fundamental goal of evolutionary ecology is to identify the sources underlying trait variation on which selection can act. Phenotypic variation will be determined by both genetic and environmental factors, and adaptive phenotypic plasticity is expected when organisms can adjust their phenotypes to match environmental cues. Much recent research interest has focused on the relative importance of environmental and genetic factors on the expression of behavioral traits, in particular, and how they compare with morphological and life-history traits. Little research to date examines the effect of development on the expression of heritable variation in behavioral traits, such as boldness and activity. We tested for genotype, environment, and genotype-by-environment differences in body mass, development time, boldness, and activity, using developmental density treatments combined with a quantitative genetic design in the sand field cricket (Gryllus firmus). Similar to results from previous work, animals reared at high densities were generally smaller and took longer to mature, and body mass and development time were moderately heritable. In contrast, neither boldness nor activity responded to density treatments, and they were not heritable. The only trait that showed significant genotype-by-environment differences was development time. It is possible that adaptive behavioral plasticity is not evident in this species because of the highly variable social environments it naturally experiences. Our results illustrate the importance of validating the assumption that behavioral phenotype reflects genetic patterns and suggest questions about the role of environmental instability in trait variation and heritability.
Data from: Antagonistic pleiotropy in species with separate sexes, and the maintenance of genetic variation in life-history traits and fitness
Antagonistic pleiotropy (AP) – where alleles of a gene increase some components of fitness at a cost to others – can generate balancing selection, and contribute to the maintenance of genetic variation in fitness traits, such as survival, fecundity, fertility, and mate competition. Previous theory suggests that AP is unlikely to maintain variation unless antagonistic selection is strong, or AP alleles exhibit pronounced differences in genetic dominance between the affected traits. We show that conditions for balancing selection under AP expand under the likely scenario that the strength of selection on each fitness component differs between the sexes. Our model also predicts that the vast majority of balanced polymorphisms have sexually antagonistic effects on total fitness, despite the absence of sexual antagonism for individual fitness components. We conclude that AP polymorphisms are less difficult to maintain than predicted by prior theory, even under our conservative assumption that selection on components of fitness is universally sexually concordant. We discuss implications for the maintenance of genetic variation, and for inferences of sexual antagonism that are based on sex-specific phenotypic selection estimates – many of which are based on single fitness components.
Data from: Reconstructing the phylogenetic history of long-term effective population size and life-history traits using patterns of amino acid replacement in mitochondrial genomes of mammals and birds
The nearly neutral theory, which proposes that most mutations are deleterious or close to neutral, predicts that the ratio of nonsynonymous over synonymous substitution rates (dN/dS), and potentially also the ratio of radical over conservative amino acid replacement rates (Kr/Kc), are negatively correlated with effective population size. Previous empirical tests, using life-history traits (LHT) such as body-size or generation-time as proxies for population size, have been consistent with these predictions. This suggests that large-scale phylogenetic reconstructions of dN/dS or Kr/Kc might reveal interesting macroevolutionary patterns in the variation in effective population size among lineages. In this work, we further develop an integrative probabilistic framework for phylogenetic covariance analysis introduced previously, so as to estimate the correlation patterns between dN/dS, Kr/Kc, and three LHT, in mitochondrial genomes of birds and mammals. Kr/Kc displays stronger and more stable correlations with LHT than does dN/dS, which we interpret as a greater robustness of Kr/Kc, compared with dN/dS, the latter being confounded by the high saturation of the synonymous substitution rate in mitochondrial genomes. The correlation of Kr/Kc with LHT was robust when controlling for the potentially confounding effects of nucleotide compositional variation between taxa. The positive correlation of the mitochondrial Kr/Kc with LHT is compatible with previous reports, and with a nearly neutral interpretation, although alternative explanations are also possible. The Kr/Kc model was finally used for reconstructing life-history evolution in birds and mammals. This analysis suggests a fairly large-bodied ancestor in both groups. In birds, life-history evolution seems to have occurred mainly through size reduction in Neoavian birds, whereas in placental mammals, body mass evolution shows disparate trends across subclades. Altogether, our work represents a further step toward a more comprehensive phylogenetic reconstruction of the evolution of life-history and of the population-genetics environment.
Data from: Larval density, sex and allocation hierarchy affect life-history trait covariances in a bean beetle
<p class="CxSpFirst">Life-history theory aims to understand how different environments result in differential investment in fitness-related traits. While trade-offs between traits are expected, many studies show positive or no correlation between pairs of costly traits. One hypothesis that may explain the inconsistency of trade-offs in the literature is that trait investment may occur in a dichotomous hierarchy (the <i>tree model</i>), that allows for differential trait investment weighted by the traits' respective positions within the hierarchy. Previous mathematical models predict different covariances between traits depending on their position on the allocation tree. While hierarchical differential investment is often used to discuss findings in life-history theory, the role of an allocation hierarchy on trait covariances has not been directly tested. In turn, this study aims to identify trait covariances between behavioral and morphological phenotypes on different branches of an allocation tree in the bean beetle, <i>Callosobruchus maculatus</i>. While trade-offs between copulatory behaviors and morphology were found for both males and females, only traits at the base and far from each other in the hierarchy negatively covaried. This study empirically shows that trade-offs may be the result of hierarchical investment.</p>
Figure 3 in Accounting for variability in life-history traits for the definition of amphidromous goby fry fisheries closure periods
Figure 3. – Representation of the six to nine month fisheries closure periods ensuring that at least 50% and 75% of abundance and life history trait diversity for Sicyopterus lagocephalus and Cotylopus acutipinnis covered by the discontinuous and continuous alternatives. The months were those selected in the best ranked alternative in the MULTIMOORA analysis.
Figure 2 in Accounting for variability in life-history traits for the definition of amphidromous goby fry fisheries closure periods
Figure 2. – Proportion of the yearly abundance and variability of life-history traits of Sicyopterus lagocephalus (in purple) and Cotylopus acutipinnis (in yellow) covered by the best ranked alternatives (with a duration from five to 10 months) of the MULTIMOORA analysis. The best alternatives of discontinuous fisheries closure periods are displayed in panel A, the best alternatives of continuous periods in panel B.
Figure 1d from: Liversage K, Byrne M (2018) A note on life-history traits and conservation concerns for viviparous Australian seastars (Parvulastra parvivipara and P. vivipara). Research Ideas and Outcomes 4: e29766. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.4.e29766
Figure 1d Photographs from P. parvivipara and P. vivipara habitat, and graph of P. vivipara population trends. - Trends from the largest P. vivipara population at Pitt Water. Each point is the mean of adult densities from numerous sampling events over each 2 year period. During 1976-83 a fixed 1 m2 quadrat was sampled (Prestedge 1998) while a different method was used from 2001-04 involving 25 m transects being sampled across the site (Ecomarine 2014). Other survey types (timed-search) have also found large population declines (see section 2.).
Figure 1b from: Liversage K, Byrne M (2018) A note on life-history traits and conservation concerns for viviparous Australian seastars (Parvulastra parvivipara and P. vivipara). Research Ideas and Outcomes 4: e29766. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.4.e29766
Figure 1b Photographs from P. parvivipara and P. vivipara habitat, and graph of P. vivipara population trends. - Photograph of a boulder underside in P. parvivipara habitat with extensive encrustation of oyster shells that includes invasive Pacific oysters (bar = 5 cm).
Figure 1a from: Liversage K, Byrne M (2018) A note on life-history traits and conservation concerns for viviparous Australian seastars (Parvulastra parvivipara and P. vivipara). Research Ideas and Outcomes 4: e29766. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.4.e29766
Figure 1a Photographs from P. parvivipara and P. vivipara habitat, and graph of P. vivipara population trends. - Photograph taken during surveys of Liversage (2015) showing P. parvivipara giving birth, with the bright orange juvenile emerging from parent's dorsal side (bar = 1 cm).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.