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Figure 10. Achaearanea tepidariorum. A–C, male palp. A, ventral. B in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)

Figure 10. Achaearanea tepidariorum. A–C, male palp. A, ventral. B, retrolateral; note split in the embolus (94-1). C, dorsal, the BCH (23-1) is a putative synapomorphy of Achaearanea. D, E, dorsal portion of male prosoma, showing stridulatory ridges (128-1) near the pedicel (PE). F, male abdomen, showing SPR (150-1) and nubbins (SN, 149-1) around the pedicel, the additional stridulatory picks (ASP) are found in Achaearanea and some other theridiines (162-1). Scale bars: A–D, F, 100 mm; E, 10 mm.

Figure 7. Euryopis gertschi. A–C, male palp. A. mesial. B in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)

Figure 7. Euryopis gertschi. A–C, male palp. A. mesial. B, ventral; note absence of a conductor (62-1). C, ectal, the apparent sclerite basal to the tegulum is a membrane (m). D, male genital furrow, epiandrous gland spigots absent (168-1). E, epigynum. F, male spinnerets; note presence of functional AG (219-1). G, female left spinning field. Scale bars: A–E, 100 mm; F, 50 mm; G, 20 mm.

Figure 12. Achaearanea wau. A–C, male palp. A, ventral. B, ectal. C in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)

Figure 12. Achaearanea wau. A–C, male palp. A, ventral. B, ectal. C, dorsal; note cymbial modification (arrow, 23-1). D, female spinnerets. E, epigynum. F, fourth tarsal claws and comb. G, palpal claw. Scale bars: A–C, 100 mm; D, E, 50 mm; F, G, 20 mm.

Figure 22. Anelosimus rupununi. A–D, male palp. A in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)

Figure 22. Anelosimus rupununi. A–D, male palp. A, mesial; note bifurcated MA (75-1). B, ventral. C, ectal. D, distal tip. E, cheliceral promarginal teeth. F, epiandrous gland spigots. G, epigynum; note acute upper wall of bursa (arrow, 6-1). Scale bars: A–D, 100 Mm; G, 50 Mm; E, F, 20 Mm.

Figure 39. Chrysso nigriceps, male. A–E, palp. A in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)

Figure 39. Chrysso nigriceps, male. A–E, palp. A, mesial; note bifurcated MA (76-1). B, ventral. C, ectal. D, ventral closeup. E, interactions of T, E, and C; note presence of a pit in the tegulum (Tp, 49-1), in which the E base fits (50-0), and the SC (70-1) out of which the C rises. F, ALS. G, PMS and PLS, arrows indicate scars of the nonfunctional AG (219-0). Scale bars: A–C, 100 Mm; D, E, 20 Mm; F, G, 10 Mm.

Figure 4. Dipoena nigra, male. A–D, palp. A, mesial. B, ventral. C, ectal. D in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)

Figure 4. Dipoena nigra, male. A–D, palp. A, mesial. B, ventral. C, ectal. D, ventral close; the scaly texture of the tegulum is unique to this species among the taxa explored here. E, apical view of tibia and base of palpus; note broad tibial tip (14-1), compared to the extremely narrow base which connects to the much broader patella (arrow). F, area above pedicel on abdomen. G, epiandrous gland spigots. Scale bars: A–F, 50 Mm; G, 20 Mm.

Figure 2. Nesticus reclusus. A–C, male palp. A in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)

Figure 2. Nesticus reclusus. A–C, male palp. A, ventral; note huge PC (30–5). B, ectal. C, ectal side from below; note tegular apophysis (paramedian apophysis sensu Huber, 1993), which is here hypothesized to be homologous to the conductor (62-0). It is positioned caudally on the tegulum near where E originates. D, female tarsal claw. E, epigynum. Scale bars: A–C, E, 100 Mm; D, 20 Mm.

Figure 24. Anelosimus studiosus. A–C, male palp. A, ventral. B, dorsal. C in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)

Figure 24. Anelosimus studiosus. A–C, male palp. A, ventral. B, dorsal. C, tibia; note three trichobothria (arrows, 18-1, 19-1). D, male abdominal stridulatory picks. E, details. F, epiandrous gland spigots. G, epigynum. Scale bars: A–C, 100 Mm; D, G, 50 Mm; F, 20 Mm; E, 10 Mm.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2023View details →

Architecture, morphology and strength of the quadriceps muscle in male and female soccer players at the national level: a cross-sectional study

This is the dataset for the corresponding publication. The dataset includes the "raw" data as well as the analysis script used for the calculation of the group differences and correlations.

opencc-zeroJan 2021View details →

Interspecific introgression reveals a role of male genital morphology during the evolution of reproductive isolation in Drosophila

Rapid divergence in genital structures among nascent species has been posited to be an early-evolving cause of reproductive isolation, although evidence supporting this idea as a widespread phenomenon remains mixed. Using a collection of interspecific introgression lines between two Drosophila species that diverged ~240,000 years ago, we tested the hypothesis that even modest divergence in genital morphology can result in substantial fitness losses. We studied the reproductive consequences of variation in the male epandrial posterior lobes between Drosophila mauritiana and D. sechellia and found that divergence in posterior lobe morphology has significant fitness costs on several pre-fertilization and post-copulatory reproductive measures. Males with divergent posterior lobe morphology also significantly reduced the life span of their mates. Interestingly, one of the consequences of genital divergence was decreased oviposition and fertilization, which suggests that a sensory bias for posterior lobe morphology could exist in females, and thus posterior lobe morphology may be the target of cryptic female choice in these species. Our results provide evidence that divergence in genitalia can in fact give rise to substantial reproductive isolation early during species divergence, and they also reveal novel reproductive functions of the external male genitalia in Drosophila.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2023View details →

Fig. 14 in Viuria Grishin, 2019 (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae): taxonomy, description of two new species, and remarks on the morphology of secondary sexual organs of males

Fig. 14. Geographical distribution of species of Viuria Grishin, 2019.

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Rapid divergent evolution of internal female genitalia and the coevolution of male genital morphology revealed by micro-computed tomography

Animal genitalia are thought to evolve rapidly and divergently in response to sexual selection. Studies of genital evolution have focused largely on male genitalia, with our understanding of female genital evolution relatively limited. The paucity of work on female genital morphology is likely due to problems faced in quantifying shape variation, due to their composition and accessibility. Here we use a combination of micro-computed tomography, landmark-free shape quantification, and phylogenetic analysis to quantify the rate of female genital shape evolution among 29 species of Antichiropus millipedes, and the coevolution of male genitalia. We found significant variation in female and male genital shape among species. While male genital shape showed significant phylogenetic signal, female genital shape did not. Male genital shape was found to be evolving 1.2 times faster than female genital shape. Female and male genital shapes exhibited strongly correlated evolution, indicating that genital shape changes in one sex are associated with corresponding changes in the genital shape of the other sex. This study adds novel insight into our growing understanding of how female genitalia can evolve rapidly and divergently and highlights the advantages of three-dimensional techniques and multivariate analyses in studies of female genital evolution.

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

Male genital lobe morphology affects the chance to copulate in Drosophila pachea

Abstract Introduction Male genitalia are thought to ensure transfer of sperm through direct physical contact with female during copulation. However, little attention has been given to their pre-copulatory role with respect to sexual selection and sexual conflict. Males of the fruitfly Drosophila pachea have a pair of asymmetric external genital lobes, which are primary sexual structures and stabilize the copulatory complex of female and male genitalia. We wondered if genital lobes in D. pachea may have a role before or at the onset of copulation, before genitalia contacts are made. Results We tested this hypothesis with a D. pachea stock where males have variable lobe lengths. In 92 mate competition trials with a single female and two males, females preferentially engaged into a first copulation with males that had a longer left lobe and that displayed increased courtship vigor. In 53 additional trials with both males having partially amputated left lobes of different lengths, we observed a weaker and non-significant effect of left lobe length on copulation success. Courtship durations significantly increased with female age and when two males courted the female simultaneously, compared to trials with only one courting male. In addition, lobe length did not affect sperm transfer once copulation was established. Conclusion Left lobe length affects the chance of a male to engage into copulation. The morphology of this primary sexual trait may affect reproductive success by mediating courtship signals or by facilitating the establishment of genital contacts at the onset of copulation.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Measurement of male and female morphologies in Mercurialis annua

We provide a dataset documenting the changes in male and female morphological traits after evolution at low- and high-density during three generations in the dioecious plant species Mercurialis annua. Our dataset corresponds to results from an experimental evolution protocol in which we have measured male and female traits after the evolution of ten experimental independent populations at the two contrasting densities. Seeds were initially collected in various populations of the species range and grown for three generations in a common garden, which aim was to build a seed bank with large genetic variance for experimental evolution. The seeds resulting from this initial generation (G0) have than been grown to build ten experimental populations (POP in the dataset) that were affected either to low or high density (TREAT in the dataset). Each population was grown separately from the other populations and its assigned density was applied during the last four weeks of growth. After three generations of evolution at their assigned density, seeds resulting from the third generation of evolution were grown in a common garden with two spatial blocks (BLOCK in the dataset) in which we recorded the spatial position of each plants (x and y in the dataset) measured vegetative and reproductive traits in male and female plants.

Figs 12–14 in Functional morphology of the male genitalia of the family Autostichidae (Lepidoptera) with description of a new genus and a new species from the Russian Far East

Figs 12–14. Autosticha modicella, functional morphology of the male genitalia. 12 –

Fig. 11 in Functional morphology of the male genitalia of the family Autostichidae (Lepidoptera) with description of a new genus and a new species from the Russian Far East

Fig. 11. Laszlogozmanya eclecticus sp. n., functional morphology of the male genitalia,

Figs 8–10 in Functional morphology of the male genitalia of the family Autostichidae (Lepidoptera) with description of a new genus and a new species from the Russian Far East

Figs 8–10. Laszlogozmanya eclecticus sp. n., functional morphology of the male geni-

Figs 4–7 in Functional morphology of the male genitalia of the family Autostichidae (Lepidoptera) with description of a new genus and a new species from the Russian Far East

Figs 4–7. Laszlogozmanya eclecticus sp. n., genitalia. 4 – male genitalia without aedeagus,

Figs 1–3 in Functional morphology of the male genitalia of the family Autostichidae (Lepidoptera) with description of a new genus and a new species from the Russian Far East

Figs 1–3. Laszlogozmanya eclecticus sp. n., male 1 – adult, holotype; 2 – wing venation;