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FIG. 25. Vombatus ursinus TMM M-2953 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals
FIG. 25. Vombatus ursinus TMM M-2953 (Vombatidae, Diprotodontia), adult caudal cranium, selected coronal segments in rostrocaudal order (data source, table 2). In A–C, large transverse canals meet in midline junction (cf. Phascolarctos, Aplin, 1990: 255). In D–G, note large right and left conduits for caudal branches of transverse canal, traceable bilaterally from caudal branch foramen in endocranial carotid groove to terminus in transverse canal trunk. Key: AS, alisphenoid; BS, basisphenoid; cbs, sulcus for caudal branch, leading into caudal branch foramen; cbtc, canal for caudal branch of transverse canal; cc, carotid canal; cpc, craniopharyngeal canal; cpf, craniopharyngeal foramen; ctbs, caudal portion of transverse basisphenoid sinus; encf, endocranial carotid foramen; encg, endocranial carotid groove; excf, exocranial carotid foramen; hpf,
FIG. 38 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals
FIG. 38. Sipalocyon gracilis AMNH VP-9254 (Hathliacynidae, Sparassodonta), adult specimen, endocast reconstruction showing osteological features associated with pericarotid venous network and related vasculature (data source, table 2; color key, fig. 4). Views: A, ventral; B, same, with transverse basisphenoid sinus superimposed; C, oblique right lateral; D, closeup of endocranial surface of mesocranial region; and E, caudoventral surface, intact caudal cranium showing extracranial continuation of ventral petrosal sinus. In A–C, rostral portion of transverse basicranial sinus lacks identifiable intramural connections with carotid canals or cavernous sinus. Feature 1, identified by Archer (1976) as a possible transverse canal in Sipalocyon, is more likely a channel for nerve of pterygoid canal. Feature 2 is a sulcus of unknown function, unrelated to either nerve of pterygoid canal or typical transverse canal. Feature 3, small channel within basisphenoid sinus tissue, presumably venous, passes between bilateral carotid canals (double-headed arrow in D) caudal to hypophyseal fossa. Arrangement is different from that of CBTC of investigated marsupials. Feature 4, another small canaliculus, either interstitial or remnant of notochord canal, connects feature 3 with rest of sinus. Key: cc, carotid canal; cchc, caudal condylohypoglossal canal; ctbs, caudal portion of
FIG. 29. Thylacinus cynocephalus AMNH M-144316 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals
FIG. 29. Thylacinus cynocephalus AMNH M-144316 (Thylacinidae, Dasyuromorphia), adult specimen, coronally hemisected skull. Views: A, ventral; B, oblique ventrolateral; C, oblique dorsocaudal; and D, coronal section through mesocranium, caudal aspect, closeup of endocranial carotid grooves. Asterisks mark union of carotid and transverse canals in base of carotid grooves (see fig. 31). In this version of hybrid configuration, interpretation is that enlarged caudal branch vein arising from cavernous sinus shares carotid groove with internal carotid neurovascular bundle before separating and departing through transverse canal to join trunk. For this reason,
FIG. 8. A, Caluromys derbianus AMNH M-18910 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals
FIG. 8. A, Caluromys derbianus AMNH M-18910 (Didelphidae, Didelphimorphia), adult caudal cranium in oblique caudoventral view. B, Caluromys sp. AMNH M-184599 (Didelphidae, Didelphimorphia), adult caudal cranium in endocranial view. Although transverse canal foramen is usually scored as completely absent in the short-tailed opossum group, in A a tiny dimple (single asterisk) lateral to exocranial opening of right carotid canal may represent vestige of vein's trackway, assuming it differentiated but did not persist. Equivalent opening is not seen on left side or in B. There is no swelling or eminence for transverse canals on endocranial floor, consistent with rostral branch tubes not being present. Endocranial carotid grooves contain only one aperture, for internal carotid neurovascular bundle, indicating caudal branch of transverse canal vein is also absent in this taxon. Note well marked foramina for craniopharyngeal (feature 1) and notochord (feature 2) canals.
FIG. 23. Distoechurus pennatus AMNH M-105938 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals
FIG. 23. Distoechurus pennatus AMNH M-105938 (Acrobatidae, Diprotodontia), adult caudal cranium in A, ventral, and B, oblique caudoventral views. Two sulci, incompletely separated by a bridge (b) formed by a calcified ligament, converge on a single aperture identified as exocranial carotid foramen. As there is no separate transverse canal foramen, transverse canal vein is thought to share carotid canal with internal carotid neurovascular bundle (Aplin, 1990). Basijugular sulcus not prominent; jugular foramen and extracranial continuation of ventral petrosal sinus are separate, but open into common external aperture. Key: b, bridge (calcified?sphenopetrosal ligament); BO, basioccipital; BS, basisphenoid; cchf, caudal condylohypoglossal foramen; ccs, sulcus leading to carotid canal; cdf, condylar foramen additional to rchf and cchf; eam, external acoustic meatus; evpf, extracranial continuation of ventral petrosal sinus; evpf + jf, common external aperture for jugular foramen and extracranial continuation of ventral petrosal sinus (left side only); excf, exocranial carotid foramen; fm, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale; jf, jugular foramen; pf, piriform fenestra; pglf, postglenoid foramen; rchf, rostral condylohypoglossal foramen; sof, sphenoorbital fissure; tcvs, sulcus for transverse canal vein.
T a b l e 1 in Cryptic Speciation And Characteristics Of The Transition Bias Following An Example Of The Cytb Gene In Palearctic Mammals
T a b l e 1. Average (M), sample deviations (SD) of nucleotide substitution, ts/tv and F indexes of different taxonomical levels within 15 Palearctic mammal families/subfamilies
FIG. 21. Trichosurus vulpecula TMM M-849 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals
FIG. 21. Trichosurus vulpecula TMM M-849 (Phalangeridae, Diprotodontia), adult specimen, endocast reconstruction showing osteological features associated with pericarotid venous network and related vasculature (data source, table 2; color key, fig. 4). Views: A, ventral; B, same, with transverse basisphenoid sinus superimposed; C, oblique right lateral; D, closeup of mesocranial osteological features in T. vulpecula AMNH 48055; and E, oblique caudoventral surface, intact caudal cranium. In B and C, endocast of caudal branch foramen projecting from carotid groove (cf. Dromiciops, fig. 15A, D). In A and D, in addition to caudal branch foramen, note foramina (single asterisk, box) perforating endocranial floor, linking hypophyseal fossa to transverse canals by means of hypophyseal canaliculi (cf. fig. 22C, D). Separate craniopharyngeal foramen not identifiable. In E, note foramen (double asterisks) medial to position of foramen ovale (see text). Key: atcf, accessory transverse canal foramen; atcl (?rbtc), accessory transverse canal (?rostral branch of transverse canal); cbf, caudal branch foramen; cc, carotid canal; cchc, caudal condylohypoglossal canal; cchf, caudal condylohypoglossal canal; ccs, sulcus leading to carotid canal; ctbs, caudal portion of transverse basisphenoid sinus; encf, endocranial carotid canal; encg, endocranial carotid groove; etbs, eminence of transverse basisphenoid sinus; evpf, extracranial continuation of ventral petrosal sinus; fo, foramen ovale; jf, jugular foramen; le, lateral extension of transverse basisphenoid sinus; mdnc, canal for mandibular nerve; mxns, sulcus for maxillary nerve; onvs, sulcus for
Figure 5 in Pliocene marine mammals from the Whalers Bluff Formation of Portland, Victoria, Australia
Figure 5. Miocene to Pliocene Physeteridae tympanics. A-B, Physeteridae gen. et sp. undet. (Lower Pliocene Yorktown Formation, Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina, U.S.A.), right tympanic, USNM 183007. C-D, Orycterocetus crocodilinus (Middle Miocene Calvert Formation, Zone 14, south of Randle Cliff Beach, Calvert County, Maryland, U.S.A.), right tympanic, USNM 22953. A and C in dorsal view. B and D in ventral view. Scale bars equal 10 mm.
Figure 9 in Pliocene marine mammals from the Whalers Bluff Formation of Portland, Victoria, Australia
Figure 9. Delphinidae gen. et sp. undet. A (Pleistocene-Pliocene Red Crag, Henley, England), right periotic, NMV P218481 (AC). A, ventral view. B, cranial view. C, medial view. D, lateral view. Scale bar equals 10 mm.
Plate 1. Crocidura nicobarica Microscopic structure a in Observation on the re-occurrence of Nicobar spiny shrew (Crocidura nicobarica Miller, 1902): A critically endangered mammal of Great Nicobar Island, India
Plate 1. Crocidura nicobarica Microscopic structure a) Fore limb, b) Hind limb, c) Tip of tail, d) Dorsal fur, e) Long black hairs in snout, f) Long white hairs in tail and g) White tooth.
Figure 5 in An updated checklist of Mammals of Uttarakhand, India
Figure 5. Some species of mammals from the study area. (A). Himalayan Gray Langur Semnopithecus schistaceus, (B). Himalayan Tahr Hemitragus jemlahicus, (C). Golden Jackel Canis aureus, (D). Yellow-Throated Marten Martes flavigula, (E). Indian Muntjac Muntiacus muntjak and (F) Indian Crested Porcupine Hystrix indica.
Fig. 3 in Danger under wheels: mammal roadkills in the threaten lowland Atlantic Forest in southeast Brazil
Fig. 3. Roadkill hotspots of mammal species recorded along the RJ-122 highway (from Km 1 to Km 34) between October 2017 and January 2020, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The largest number of roadkills is concentrated in two regions (black location icon), Km 23/24 (N = 22 and N = 24) and Km 28/29 (N = 18 and N = 22).
Fig. 1 in Danger under wheels: mammal roadkills in the threaten lowland Atlantic Forest in southeast Brazil
Fig. 1. Biplot of the five most roadkilled species of mammals (Didelphis aurita, Coendou insidiosus, Cerdocyon thous, Dasypus novemcinctus and Callithrix jacchus) along the RJ-122 highway between October 2017 and January 2020, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Circle: mammal species; Triangle: months of the year.
Fig. 2 in Danger under wheels: mammal roadkills in the threaten lowland Atlantic Forest in southeast Brazil
Fig. 2. Frequency of roadkill mammals over every kilometer along the RJ- 122 highway between October 2017 and January 2020, in state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Highlights are km 23, km 24, km 28 and km 29.
Fig. 2. Species accumulation curves for 45 in Mammal inventories in Seasonal Neotropical Forests: traditional approaches still compensate drawbacks of modern technologies
Fig. 2. Species accumulation curves for 45 sampling days for each method used to sample mammals in Serra do Japi Biological Reserve, JundiaÍ, State of SÃo Paulo, Brazil in July and August 2009 and January and February 2010.
Fig. 1 in Mammal inventories in Seasonal Neotropical Forests: traditional approaches still compensate drawbacks of modern technologies
Fig. 1. Serra do Japi Biological Reserve location (SÃo Paulo, Brazil), and camera trap (white circles) and transect placement within the reserve limits. Thin line: limits of REBIO Serra do Japi. Satellite image from Google Earth®.
Geographic range maps for Mammal Diversity Database v1.3 taxonomy
<p>Update of mammal maps based on the taxonomy of the Mammal diversity database. These maps are different from the original, have been downscaled and are distributed under the R package mdd (github.com/alrobles/mdd).</p>
Managing multiple threats: Evaluating the efficacy of broad-scale introduced predator management in improving native mammal resilience to fire
<p>Preventing further biodiversity loss requires understanding which processes threaten biodiversity and the effectiveness of management actions in mitigating them. Threatening processes can interact in complex and unexpected ways, but different threats are often managed independently. Here, we develop a conceptual model to identify the conditions needed for management of a single threat to achieve a net conservation benefit in systems with multiple interacting threats, and demonstrate its relevance in a replicated case-study experiment. In Australia, introduced red foxes (<em>Vulpes vulpes</em>) and feral cats (<em>Felis catus</em>) may hunt vulnerable native mammals more effectively after fire, due to loss of understory vegetation. However, the efficacy of broad-scale control of introduced predators in improving native mammal resilience to fire has not been quantified. Moreover, many studies assessing the impacts of prescribed fire on species rely on a much smaller number of independent replicates. Using a natural before-after control-impact experiment with 14 prescribed fires, each > 200 ha, we tested whether existing landscape-scale fox baiting programs influenced the immediate effects of prescribed fire on these two introduced predators and five medium-sized native mammals, including the threatened long-nosed potoroo (<em>Potorous tridactylus</em>) and southern brown bandicoot (<em>Isoodon obesulus</em>). Fox occupancy increased across both treatments post-fire, but baiting reduced the magnitude of increase. In contrast, mean feral cat occupancy remained constant in unbaited areas post-fire, but nearly doubled in fox-controlled areas, possibly due to a mesopredator release. Existing landscape-scale fox control programs did not clearly improve the short-term resilience of native mammals to prescribed fire (at least under the current fire and fox management regimes in our study landscapes). These results likely emphasise the need to integrate fire and predator management strategies for threatened faunal conservation iIn the presence of acute disturbances such as fire, threatened native mammals may require more intensive and integrated management of fire and introduced predators, such as (e.g., through more intensive targeted predator controlbaiting around fire events, or intensive protection usingthrough natural or artificial refuges).</p>
Figure 3 in A review of molecular genetic markers and analytical approaches that have been used for delimiting marine mammal subspecies and species
Figure 3. Published values of percent divergence between cetacean subspecies (black bars), species (white bars), and taxa of uncertain taxonomic status (gray bars). Values are based on mtDNA control region sequence data. Not all values represent net sequence divergence. See Table 1 for list of papers corresponding to each value. Since completing this work, Sousa species have been supported ((Mendez et al. 2013) and Inia subspecies changed.
Figure 1 in A review of molecular genetic markers and analytical approaches that have been used for delimiting marine mammal subspecies and species
Figure 1. Sample sizes used in publications of molecular genetic studies of marine mammals at different taxonomic levels. Graphs present the proportion of studies at each taxonomic level that fall into each sample size category. (A) minimum total sample size per focal taxon; (B) maximum sample size per single sampling locality. Papers were categorized as examining taxonomic questions at: species = subspecies/species boundary; subspecies = population/subspecies boundary; uncertain = taxonomic boundary uncertain (see text).
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.