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Datasets from: The distribution of covert natural enemies of a globally invasive crop pest, the fall armyworm, in Africa; enemy-release and spillover events
<p>These datasets are for the analyses carried out in paper in Journal of Animal Ecology titled 'The distribution of covert natural enemies of a globally invasive crop pest, the fall armyworm, in Africa; enemy-release and spillover events.' The authors of the paper are Amy J. Withers, Annabel Rice, Jolanda de Boer, Philip Donkersley, Aislinn J. Pearson, Gilson Chipabika, Patrick Karangwa, Bellancile Uzayisenga, Benjamin A. Mensah, Samuel Adjei Mensah, Phillip Obed Yobe Nkunika, Donald Kachigamba, Judith A. Smith, Christopher M. Jones and Kenneth Wilson<span>.</span></p> <p><span><span> </span></span><span>Invasive species pose a significant threat to biodiversity and agriculture worldwide, and here we investigated the prevalence of natural enemies in fall armyworm</span><span> (</span><em>Spodoptera frugiperda</em><span>) </span><span>in Africa</span><span>. </span><span>This study aimed to identify which microbial pathogens are present in invasive fall armyworm, and determine the geographical, meteorological, and temporal variables that influence prevalence. </span><span>Larval samples were screened from Malawi, Rwanda, Kenya, Zambia, Sudan, and Ghana for the presence of four different microbial natural enemies; two nucleopolyhedroviruses, Spodoptera frugiperda NPV (SfMNPV) and Spodoptera exempta NPV (SpexNPV); the fungal pathogen </span><em>Metarhizium rileyi</em><span>;</span><span> and the bacterium </span><em>Wolbachia</em><span>. One dataset (</span>ALL_diseaseprevalence_year_season<span>) includes the results of this screening for all four microbial nartural enemies and sampling information, the other dataset (</span>SfMNPVprevalence_weather_topographic_temporal_variables<span>) includes the results for SfMNPV and sampling information alongside variables relating to temperature, rainfall, elevation, growing season and time since the fall armyworm first arrived in each country. These variables were used to investigate whether SfMNPV prevalence was affected by</span><span> </span><span>geographical, meteorological or temporal variables.</span></p>
Not just for the birds: Spiders as natural enemies of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana, Clem.)
<p>The eastern spruce budworm (<em>Choristoneura fumiferana</em>, Clem.) is a native irruptive forest pest that defoliates spruce-fir forests throughout North America’s boreal zone. Past studies suggest that successful spruce budworm population control requires high natural mortality from a variety of sources, including predators, especially from parasitoids and birds. While well represented in many different ecosystems, the role of generalist predatory spiders in these boreal systems remains largely unstudied. To determine the identity and percentage of spiders that predate on spruce budworm, we hand collected spiders from balsam fir (<em>Abies balsamea</em>) in stands with relatively high spruce budworm densities from forests in insular Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Using a spruce budworm specific TaqMan real time PCR assay we successfully amplified spruce budworm DNA in 32% of collected spiders. After spider molecular barcoding we found the web-builders <em>Grammonota angusta</em> Dondale, <em>Pityohyphantes </em>(aff. <em>subarcticus</em>), <em>Dictyna brevitarsa</em> Emerton, and <em>Estrandia grandaeva</em> (Keyserling) represented 58% of the spiders feeding on spruce budworm, and the wandering hunter <em>Philodromus rufus vibrans</em> Dondale represented 11.8%. Our molecular approach was an effective means with which to identify recently consumed prey and natural enemies in this boreal system.</p>
FIGURE 7 in Discovery of a new species of Caloptilia (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from east and central Africa with its suggested associated host (Gentianales: Rubiaceae) and natural enemies (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
FIGURE 7. Caloptilia mwamba sp. nov., basal part of tegumen and vinculum, holotype, gen. prep. De Prins 3835♂.
FIGURE 21. Male genitalia, paratype RMCA ENT 000002497 in Discovery of a new species of Caloptilia (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from east and central Africa with its suggested associated host (Gentianales: Rubiaceae) and natural enemies (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
FIGURE 21. Male genitalia, paratype RMCA ENT 000002497, gen. prep. De Prins 3838♂ (RMCA 00709), aedoeagus. Scale bar 100 µm.
FIGURES 41–48. Interactions between Mesosemia cippus immatures and their natural enemies. 41–42 in Immature stages of the Rubiaceae-feeding metalmark butterflies (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae), and a new function for the tentacle nectary organs
FIGURES 41–48. Interactions between Mesosemia cippus immatures and their natural enemies. 41–42, Telenomus sp. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) microparasitoid wasps parasitizing (41) and emerging from eggs (42); 43–44, parasitoid cocoon of Hyposoter sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) under fourth instar host remains (43) and adult of Hyposoter sp. (44); 45, adult of Brachymeria sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae); 46, third instar being attacked by a ceratopogonid biting midge (arrow); 47, nymph of a chrysopid (Neuroptera) preying on third instar (arrow); 48, simulated encounter between larva and Camponotus punctulatus ants in the laboratory, note the TNOs everted (arrow).
Data from: Pest control of aphids depends on landscape complexity and natural enemy interactions
Aphids are a major concern in agricultural crops worldwide, and control by natural enemies is an essential component of the ecological intensification of agriculture. Although the complexity of agricultural landscapes is known to influence natural enemies of pests, few studies have measured the degree of pest control by different enemy guilds across gradients in landscape complexity. Here, we use multiple natural-enemy exclosures replicated in 18 fields across a gradient in landscape complexity to investigate (1) the strength of natural pest control across landscapes, measured as the difference between pest pressure in the presence and in the absence of natural enemies; (2) the differential contributions of natural enemy guilds to pest control, and the nature of their interactions across landscapes. We show that natural pest control of aphids increased up to six-fold from simple to complex landscapes. In the absence of pest control, aphid population growth was higher in complex than simple landscapes, but was reduced by natural enemies to similar growth rates across all landscapes. The effects of enemy guilds were landscape-dependent. Particularly in complex landscapes, total pest control was supplied by the combined contribution of flying insects and ground-dwellers. Birds had little overall impact on aphid control. Despite evidence for intraguild predation of flying insects by ground-dwellers and birds, the overall effect of enemy guilds on aphid control was complementary. Understanding pest control services at large spatial scales is critical to increase the success of ecological intensification schemes. Our results suggest that, where aphids are the main pest of concern, interactions between natural enemies are largely complementary and lead to a strongly positive effect of landscape complexity on pest control. Increasing the availability of seminatural habitats in agricultural landscapes may thus benefit not only natural enemies, but also the effectiveness of aphid natural pest control.
FIGURE 1–2. 1 in First Florida records for Anovia circumclusa (Gorham) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Noviini): A natural enemy of Icerya genistae Hempel (Hemiptera: Margarodidae)
FIGURE 1–2. 1, Anovia circumclusa (Gorham). Male genitalia. a. Tegmen, dorsal view. b. Tegmen, lateral view. c. Sipho, lateral view. 2, Anovia virginalis (Wickham). Male genitalia. a. Tegmen, dorsal view. b. Tegmen, lateral view. c. Sipho, lateral view.
Figure 6 in Immature stages of Parrhasius polibetes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): host plants, tending ants, natural enemies and morphology
Figure 6. Scanning electron micrographs of first instar (A–F) and fourth (last) instar (G) larvae of Parrhasius polibetes. (A) Dorsolateral view; (B) head and prothorax in lateral view; (C) abdominal segments 3 to 5 in lateral view; (D) perforated cupola organ; (E) spiracle on A2 segment; (F) proleg in ventral view; (G) proleg in ventral view.
Figure 3 in Immature stages of Parrhasius polibetes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): host plants, tending ants, natural enemies and morphology
Figure 3. Natural enemies of Parrhasius polibetes. (A) Parasitoid wasp (arrow) emerging from an egg; (B) Pseudomyrmex ant preying on eggs (arrow); (C) second instar parasitized by a braconid wasp (arrow); (D) ichneumonid cocoon under third instar host remains; (E) wasp (Conura sp.; Chalcididae) parasitizing a fourth (last) instar; (F) fourth instar being attacked by a ceratopogonid biting midge (arrow); (G) predatory bug (Podisus nigrispinus; Asopinae) sucking a fourth instar larva; (H) remains of a fourth instar larva preyed by an araneid spider. Figures can be viewed in colour online.
Figure 2 in Immature stages of Parrhasius polibetes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): host plants, tending ants, natural enemies and morphology
Figure 2. Larval colour patters of Parrhasius polibetes on different host plants. (A) Third instar on Pyrostegia venusta; (B) third instar "red morph" on Pyrostegia venusta; (C) third instar on Pouteria torta being tended by a worker of Camponotus crassus; (D) fourth (last) instar on Pyrostegia venusta; (E) fourth instar on Styrax ferrugineus being tended by a worker of Camponotus sp.; (F) fourth instar on Banisteriopsis campestris; (G) fourth instar on Eugenia bimarginata being tended by a worker of Camponotus leydigi. Figures can be viewed in colour online.
Figure 1 in Immature stages of Parrhasius polibetes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): host plants, tending ants, natural enemies and morphology
Figure 1. Life stages of Parrhasius polibetes on Schefflera vinosa (A–C, F, G) and on Luehea grandiflora (D, E). (A) Adult female; (B) newly-laid egg (arrow); (C) egg after 24 h; (D) eggs (arrow) laid near an aggregation of Guayaquila xiphias treehoppers tended by Camponotus crassus workers; (E) egg accidentally laid on an ant-tended treehopper nymph of Enchenopa sp.; (F) first instar; (G) third instar being tended by a worker of Cephalotes pusillus; (H) fourth (last) instar being tended by a worker of Camponotus crassus; (I) pupa. Figures can be viewed in colour online.
Figure 5 in Immature stages of Parrhasius polibetes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): host plants, tending ants, natural enemies and morphology
Figure 5. Chaetotaxy of first instar larva of Parrhasius polibetes. (A) Head in frontal view; (B) head in lateral view; (C) body diagram in lateral view. For chaetotaxy abbreviations see Downey and Allyn (1984b), Duarte et al. (2005) and Ballmer and Wright (2008).
Figure 7 in Immature stages of Parrhasius polibetes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): host plants, tending ants, natural enemies and morphology
Figure 7. Scanning electron micrographs of fourth (last) instar (A–F) and pupae (G–I) of Parrhasius polibetes. (A) Head in lateral view; (B) prothoracic shield; (C) detail of the abdominal tegument in dorsal view; (D) spiracle on A2 segment; (E) opening of the dorsal nectar organ with perforated cupola organs (arrow); (F) detail of the perforated cupola organ; (G) spiracle on A5 segment, note the perforated cupola organs (arrow); (H) detail of the abdominal tegument in lateral view; (I) detail of the stridulating area between A5–A6 segments (arrow).
Figure 4 in Immature stages of Parrhasius polibetes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): host plants, tending ants, natural enemies and morphology
Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs of Parrhasius polibetes egg. (A) Anterior and lateral view of two eggs; (B) micropylar area; (C) detail of an aeropyle on a rib intersection.
FIGURE 20. Male genitalia, paratype RMCA ENT 000023118 in Discovery of a new species of Caloptilia (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from east and central Africa with its suggested associated host (Gentianales: Rubiaceae) and natural enemies (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
FIGURE 20. Male genitalia, paratype RMCA ENT 000023118, gen. prep. De Prins 3834♂ (RMCA 00708). Scale bar 200 µm. FIGURE 21. Male genitalia, paratype RMCA ENT 000002497, gen. prep. De Prins 3838♂ (RMCA 00709), aedoeagus. Scale bar 100 µm. FIGURE 22. Female genitalia, paratype RMCA ENT 000023120, gen. prep. De Prins 3842♀ (RMCA 00712), frontal view. Scale bar 500 µm. FIGURE 23. Female genitalia, paratype RMCA ENT 000023121, gen.prep. De Prins 3841♀ (RMCA 00713), segments VII– IX, lateral view. Scale bar 200 µm. FIGURE 24. Female genitalia, paratype RMCA ENT 000023121, gen.prep. De Prins 3841♀ (RMCA 00713), corpus bursae with two curved sickle signa, lateral view. Scale bar 200 µm.
FIGURE 8 in Discovery of a new species of Caloptilia (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from east and central Africa with its suggested associated host (Gentianales: Rubiaceae) and natural enemies (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
FIGURE 8. Descaled head of Caloptilia mwamba sp. nov. Scale bar as indicated. FIGURE 9. Base of antenna. Scale bar as indicated. FIGURE 10. Descaled scape. Scale bar as indicated. FIGURE 11. Basal tubercule. Scale bar as indicated. FIGURE 12. Facet of eye. Scale bar as indicated. FIGURE 13. Anterior tentorial pit. Scale bar as indicated.
Dataset: Effect of flower identity and diversity on reducing aphid populations via natural enemy communities
<p>This dataset contains data from the paper: Zytynska SE, Eicher M, Fahle R, Weisser W. Effect of flower identity and diversity on reducing aphid populations via natural enemy communities. Ecology and Evolution.</p> <p>Floral plantings are often used in agriculture to attract pollinator communities but they also play an important role in recruiting and establishing natural communities for natural pest control. Inconsistent effects of floral plantings for pest control may be a result of an absence of mechanistic insights and a reliance on the idea that simply increasing flower diversity will benefit these services. A more tailored set of flower species may be needed to benefit the natural enemies through provision of nectar and alternative prey. We used an outside pot experiment to investigate the effect of three flower plants (<em>Fagopyrum esculentum, Vicia faba, Trifolium pratense</em>) on reducing aphid pests on four different plant cultivars of barley (<em>Hordeum vulgare</em>), over two years. We grew the four cultivars of barley alone, next to a single flower or next to a mixture of flowers and observed aphid and natural enemy colonisation across the growing season. Aphid populations sizes were reduced on all barley cultivars grown next to a flower with stronger pest suppression when all flowers were present. Each flower species recruited a different community of non-barley aphids that, in turn, varied in their ability to establish the natural enemy populations, and subsequently the ability to reduce barley aphid populations. Overall increased pest suppression in the mixed treatments was a result of numerous weaker interactions between different flower, pest, and natural enemy species, rather than a few dominant interactions. Natural enemy communities could be enhanced by incorporating flower species that vary in their ability to attract and host alternative prey (i.e. non-pest) as well as suitable nectar provisioning. We can use our knowledge of ecological interactions to tailor floral plantings to increase the effectiveness of pest control services.</p>
Compatibility of powdered sulphur and natural enemies for the control of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae): effects on Anthocoris nemoralis (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Trichopria drosophilae (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) activity
<p>Data set form the research "<strong>Compatibility of powdered sulphur and natural enemies for the control of <em>Drosophila suzukii </em>(Diptera: Drosophilidae): effects on <em>Anthocoris nemoralis</em> (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and <em>Trichopria drosophilae</em> (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) activity".</strong></p>
Data from: Foliar damage beyond species distributions is partly explained by distance dependent interactions with natural enemies
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Data from: Natural enemy ecology: comparing the effects of predation risk, infection risk and disease on host behavior
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