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opencc-zeroAug 2020View details →

Data from: Cold and hungry: combined effects of low temperature and resource scarcity on an edge-of-range temperate primate, the golden snub-nose monkey

Both biotic and abiotic factors play important roles in influencing ecological distributions and niche limits. Where biotic and abiotic stressors co-occur in space and time, homeostatic systems face a different category of challenge in which stressors compound to impose a challenge that is greater than the sum of the separate factors. We studied the homeostatic strategies of the golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana), a species living in temperate deciduous forests at the edge of the global distribution range for folivorous primates, to cope with the co-occurrence of cold temperatures and resource scarcity during winter. We discovered that in winter the monkeys experience a dietary energy deficit of 101 kJ/mbm·day-1 compared with calculated needs, despite increased feeding. This is partly offset by behavioral changes (reduced locomotion and increased resting) and reducing skin temperature by an average of 3.2 oC through a cutaneous vasoconstriction to decrease heat loss. However, their major strategy is ingesting surplus energy and accumulating fat reserves when food was not limiting during summer and autumn. Their 14% of body mass lost over the winter represented an energy yield of 102 kJ/mbm·day-1, which closely matched the calculated winter energy deficit of 101 kJ/mbm·day-1. However, the latter value assumes that all the 75.41kJ/mbm·day-1 of protein ingested in winter was available for energy metabolism. This is almost certainly an over-estimate, suggesting that the study population was in negative energy balance over the study period. Our study therefore suggests that despite its suit of integrated homeostatic responses, the confluence of low temperatures and resource limitation during winter places this edge-of-range primate close the threshold of what is energetically viable. It also provides a framework for quantitative models predicting the vulnerability of temperate primates to global change.

opencc-zeroNov 2020View details →

The geometry of resource constraint: an empirical study of the golden snub-nosed monkey

1. Apposite conceptualization and measurement of resource variation is critical for understanding many issues in ecology, including ecological niches, persistence and distribution of populations, the structure of communities, and population resilience to perturbations. 2. We apply the nutritional geometry framework to conceptualise and quantify the responses of a temperate-living primate, the golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) to variation in resource quality and quantity and in nutrient requirements associated with seasonal environments. 3. We present a geometric model distinguishing qualitative constraint, quantitative constraint, and "pseudo-constraint" whereby nutrient intakes resemble response to qualitative resource constraint but are in fact driven by variation in nutrient requirements. The model is applied to analyse nutrient intakes recorded in 164 full day observations of monkeys from two populations, one wild and the other captive, across seasons. Additionally, we recorded the diet of a single animal over 32 consecutive days in the wild. 4. Despite considerable differences in available resources, the captive and wild populations showed marked similarities in nutrient intakes, including indistinguishable amounts and ratios of ingested macronutrients during summer and autumn and strong year-round maintenance of protein compared to seasonally variable fat and carbohydrate intakes. These similarities suggest homeostatically regulated nutritional targets and provide reference points to identify factors driving population differences in macronutrient intake in winter and spring. 5. Our framework enabled us to distinguish examples of quantitative, qualitative, and "pseudo-constraint". We suggest that this approach can increase the resolution at which resource constraint is conceptualised and measured in ecological studies.

FIGURE 9 in Wide-nosed pygmy grasshoppers (Cladonotinae: Cladonotini, Xerophyllini) of India and Sri Lanka: catalogue with an identification key and description of a new species of the genus Tettilobus

FIGURE 9. Tettilobus pelops (Walker, 1871): A–C male holotype of Cladonotus pelops Walker, 1871 deposited in BMNH; D–G female holotype of Tettilobus spinifrons Hancock (junior synonym of T. pelops) deposited in UMO. A, D—dorsal view; C, E—right lateral view; B, F—labels; G—head in frontal view. (Photo J. Tumbrinck). Scale bar 1 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Wide-nosed pygmy grasshoppers (Cladonotinae: Cladonotini, Xerophyllini) of India and Sri Lanka: catalogue with an identification key and description of a new species of the genus Tettilobus

FIGURE 3. Habitat of Tettilobus trishula sp. n. Mountainous forests of Eravikulam NP at 2200 m elevation. The species inhabits wet, humid habitat with trees fully covered in moss. (Photo Dhaneesh Bhaskar).

FIGURE 8. Potua sabulosa Hancock, 1915 in Wide-nosed pygmy grasshoppers (Cladonotinae: Cladonotini, Xerophyllini) of India and Sri Lanka: catalogue with an identification key and description of a new species of the genus Tettilobus

FIGURE 8. Potua sabulosa Hancock, 1915, holotype male deposited in ANSP. A—left lateral view; B—dorsal view; C—labels; D—head in frontal view. (Photo Jason Weintraub). Scale bar visible as millimetre paper.

FIGURE 11 in Wide-nosed pygmy grasshoppers (Cladonotinae: Cladonotini, Xerophyllini) of India and Sri Lanka: catalogue with an identification key and description of a new species of the genus Tettilobus

FIGURE 11. Distribution map of the three known species of the genus Tettilobus, including newly described T. trishula sp. n.

FIGURE 1 in Wide-nosed pygmy grasshoppers (Cladonotinae: Cladonotini, Xerophyllini) of India and Sri Lanka: catalogue with an identification key and description of a new species of the genus Tettilobus

FIGURE 1. Tettilobus trishula sp. n. Female holotype deposited in MNCN. A—left lateral view; B—dorsal view; C—dorsal view on the head; D—head in frontal view. (Photo Mercedes París). Scale bar 1 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Wide-nosed pygmy grasshoppers (Cladonotinae: Cladonotini, Xerophyllini) of India and Sri Lanka: catalogue with an identification key and description of a new species of the genus Tettilobus

FIGURE 7. Hancockella portentosa (Kirby, 1914). A–D female syntypes deposited in BMNH, E–H male syntype. A, F—dorsal view; B, E—left lateral view; C, G—syntype labels; D, H—head in frontal view. (Photo Josef Tumbrinck). Scale bar visible as millimetre paper in A–B, E–F, while 1mm in D and H.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Immune responses in hibernating little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) with white-nose syndrome

White-nose syndrome (WNS) is a fungal disease responsible for decimating many bat populations in North America. Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd), the psychrophilic fungus responsible for WNS, prospers in the winter habitat of many hibernating bat species. The immune response that Pd elicits in bats is not yet fully understood; antibodies are produced in response to infection by Pd, but they may not be protective and indeed may be harmful. To understand how bats respond to infection during hibernation, we studied the effect of Pd inoculation on the survival and gene expression of captive hibernating Myotis lucifugus with varying pre-hibernation antifungal antibody titres. We investigated gene expression through the transcription of selected cytokine genes (Il6, Il17a, Il1b, Il4 and Ifng) associated with inflammatory, Th1, Th2 and Th17 immune responses in wing tissue and lymph nodes. We found no difference in survival between bats with low and high anti-Pd titres, although anti-Pd antibody production during hibernation differed significantly between infected and uninfected bats. Transcription of Il6 and Il17a was higher in the lymph nodes of infected bats compared with uninfected bats. Increased transcription of these cytokines in the lymph node suggests that a pro-inflammatory immune response to WNS is not restricted to infected tissues and occurs during hibernation. The resulting Th17 response may be protective in euthermic bats, but because it may disrupt torpor, it could be detrimental during hibernation.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Prelude to a panzootic: gene flow and immunogenetic variation in northern little brown myotis vulnerable to bat white-nose syndrome

The fungus that causes bat white-nose syndrome (WNS) recently leaped from eastern North America to the Pacific Coast. The pathogen's spread is associated with the genetic population structure of a host (Myotis lucifugus). To understand the fine-scale neutral and immunogenetic variation among northern populations of M. lucifugus, we sampled 1142 individuals across the species' northern range. We used genotypes at 11 microsatellite loci to reveal the genetic structure of, and directional gene flow among, populations to predict the likely future spread of the pathogen in the northwest and to estimate effective population size (Ne). We also pyrosequenced the DRB1-like exon 2 of the class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in 160 individuals to explore immunogenetic selection by WNS. We identified three major neutral genetic clusters: Eastern, Montane Cordillera (and adjacent sampling areas), and Haida Gwaii, with admixture at intermediate areas and significant substructure west of the prairies. Estimates of Ne were unexpectedly low (289–16 000). Haida Gwaii may provide temporary refuge from WNS, but the western mountain ranges are not barriers to its dispersal in M. lucifugus and are unlikely to slow its spread. Our major histocompatibility complex (MHC) data suggest potential selection by WNS on the MHC, but gene duplication limited the immunogenetic analyses.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Using sounds for making decisions: greater tube-nosed bats prefer antagonistic calls over non-communicative sounds when feeding

Bats vocalize extensively within different social contexts. The type and extent of information conveyed via their vocalizations and their perceptual significance, however, remains controversial and difficult to assess. Greater tube-nosed bats, Murina leucogaster, emit calls consisting of long rectangular broadband noise burst (rBNBl) syllables during aggression between males. To experimentally test the behavioral impact of these sounds for feeding, we deployed an approach and place-preference paradigm. Two food trays were placed on opposite sides and within different acoustic microenvironments, created by sound playback, within a specially constructed tent. Specifically, we tested whether the presence of rBNBl sounds at a food source effectively deters the approach of male bats in comparison to echolocation sounds and white noise. In each case, contrary to our expectation, males preferred to feed at a location where rBNBl sounds were present. We propose that the species-specific rBNBl provides contextual information, not present within non-communicative sounds, to facilitate approach towards a food source.

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: Sex and hibernaculum temperature predict survivorship in white-nose syndrome affected little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus)

White-nose syndrome (WNS), an emerging infectious disease caused by the novel fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans, has devastated North American bat populations since its discovery in 2006. The little brown myotis, Myotis lucifugus, has been especially affected. The goal of this 2-year captive study was to determine the impact of hibernacula temperature and sex on WNS survivorship in little brown myotis that displayed visible fungal infection when collected from affected hibernacula. In study 1, we found that WNS-affected male bats had increased survival over females and that bats housed at a colder temperature survived longer than those housed at warmer temperatures. In study 2, we found that WNS-affected bats housed at a colder temperature fared worse than unaffected bats. Our results demonstrate that WNS mortality varies among individuals, and that colder hibernacula are more favourable for survival. They also suggest that female bats may be more negatively affected by WNS than male bats, which has important implications for the long-term survival of the little brown myotis in eastern North America.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

Data from: Conservation implications of ameliorating survival of little brown bats with White-Nose Syndrome

Management of wildlife populations impacted by novel threats is often challenged by a lack of data on temporal changes in demographic response. Populations may suffer rapid declines from the introduction of new stressors, but how demography changes over time is critical to determining long-term outcomes for populations. White-nose syndrome (WNS), an infectious disease of hibernating bats, has caused massive and rapid population declines in several hibernating species of bats in North America since the disease was first observed on the continent in 2006. Estimating annual survival rates and demographic trends among remnant colonies of hibernating bats that experienced mass mortality from WNS is needed to determine long-term population viability of species impacted by this disease. Using mark–recapture data on infected little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus), we estimated the first apparent annual survival rates for four years following WNS detection at a site. We found strong support for an increasing trend in annual survival, which improved from 0.68 (95% CI = 0.44–0.85) to 0.75 (95% CI = 0.51–0.89) for males and 0.65 (95% CI = 0.44–0.81) to 0.70 (95% CI = 0.50–0.84) for females. These results suggest that stabilization at remnant colonies after mass mortality from WNS may be due to improved survival and not from immigration from other areas. Despite ameliorating survival, our stochastic matrix projection model predicts continued declines for little brown bat populations (λ = 0.95), raising concern for the regional persistence of this species. We conducted a vital rate sensitivity analysis and determined that adult and juvenile survival, as opposed to fecundity, are the demographic parameters most important to target to maximize recovery potential of little brown bat populations in areas impacted by WNS.

opencc-zeroJul 2019View details →

Data from: Multi-scale model of regional population decline in little brown bats due to white-nose syndrome

The introduced fungal pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans is causing decline of several species of bats in North America, with some even at risk of extinction or extirpation. The severity of the epidemic of white-nose syndrome caused by P. destructans has prompted investigation of the transmission and virulence of infection at multiple scales, but linking these scales is necessary to quantify the mechanisms of transmission and assess population-scale declines. We build a model connecting within-cave disease dynamics of little brown bats to regional scale dispersal, reproduction, and disease spread, including multiple plausible mechanisms of transmission. We parameterize the model using the approach of plausible parameter sets, by comparing stochastic simulation results to statistical probes from empirical data on within-cave prevalence and survival, as well as between-cave spread across a region. Our results are consistent with frequency-dependent transmission between bats, support an important role of environmental transmission, and show very little effect of dispersal among colonies on metapopulation survival. The model also offers a generalizable method to assess hypotheses about cave-to-cave transmission and to identify gaps in knowledge about key processes, and could be expanded to include additional mechanisms or bat species as research on this detrimental fungus progresses.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

Data from: Efficacy of visual surveys for white-nose syndrome at bat hibernacula

White-Nose Syndrome (WNS) is an epizootic disease in hibernating bats caused by the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans. Surveillance for P. destructans at bat hibernacula consists primarily of visual surveys of bats, collection of potentially infected bats, and submission of these bats for laboratory testing. Cryptic infections (bats that are infected but display no visual signs of fungus) could lead to the mischaracterization of the infection status of a site and the inadvertent spread of P. destructans. We determined the efficacy of visual detection of P. destructans by examining visual signs and molecular detection of P. destructans on 928 bats of six species at 27 sites during surveys conducted from January through March in 2012–2014 in the southeastern USA on the leading edge of the disease invasion. Cryptic infections were widespread with 77% of bats that tested positive by qPCR showing no visible signs of infection. The probability of exhibiting visual signs of infection increased with sampling date and pathogen load, the latter of which was substantially higher in three species (Myotis lucifugus, M. septentrionalis, and Perimyotis subflavus). In addition, M. lucifugus was more likely to show visual signs of infection than other species given the same pathogen load. Nearly all infections were cryptic in three species (Eptesicus fuscus, M. grisescens, and M. sodalis), which had much lower fungal loads. The presence of M. lucifugus or M. septentrionalis at a site increased the probability that P. destructans was visually detected on bats. Our results suggest that cryptic infections of P. destructans are common in all bat species, and visible infections rarely occur in some species. However, due to very high infection prevalence and loads in some species, we estimate that visual surveys examining at least 17 individuals of M. lucifugus and M. septentrionalis, or 29 individuals of P. subflavus are still effective to determine whether a site has bats infected with P. destructans. In addition, because the probability of visually detecting the fungus was higher later in winter, surveys should be done as close to the end of the hibernation period as possible.

opencc-by-nc-1.0May 2020View details →

XCB-105-3615 Nose ring, Adamagan, Alaska

Nose ring, Adamagan, Western Alaska Peninsula, Alaska CAT#XCB-105-3615 Adamagan Phase 400-100 BCE XCB-105 Adamagan (Aleut for place of walrus hunters) is at the head of Morzhovoi Bay, on the lands of the Izembek National Wildlife Refuge. It is a massive village with multiple occupations. When it was occupied 400-100 BCE, it was the largest village in the arctic with an estimated 1000 people. The Western Alaska Peninsula artifacts are presented as a result of the research conducted under grants NSF 9630072, NSF 9814086, NSF 9996372, NSF 9996415, NSF 1139266, NSF 1321411. H. Maschner, Principal Investigator. Original digitizing work done at the IVL at Id. St. Univ. Subsequent processing completed at Global Digital Heritage. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab

opencc-by-nc-1.0May 2020View details →

HHJ4 Seal Motif Nose Pin, Hot Springs Village AK

Seal Motif, bone nose pin or cloak pin. Hot Springs Village, Port Moller, Alaska. Okada Excavations. HHJ. CAT # HHJ4-02. 600-800 CE The Hot Springs site is a massive village on the shore of Port Moller, on the Alaska Peninsula side of the southern Bering Sea. It was excavated by several different teams over the last 100 years. The main occupations are from 2000 BCE-1000 BCE, and from 100 CE to 800 CE. The Hot Springs artifacts are presented as a result of the research conducted under grants NSF 0137756, NSF 1204020, NSF 1139266, and NSF 1321411. H. Maschner, Principal Investigator. Original digitizing work done at the IVL at Id. St. Univ. Subsequent processing completed at Global Digital Heritage. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab

opennotspecifiedDec 2007View details →

FIGURE 3 in A new species of ' spike-nosed' frog from northern New Guinea (Anura: Hylidae: Litoria)

FIGURE 3. Dermal fringes on tarsus of A. Litoria chrisdahli sp. nov. holotype (SAMA R62510) and B. Litoria prora (SAMA R62520) showing difference in extent of dermal crenulation. Scale bar = 5 mm.

opennotspecifiedDec 2007View details →

FIGURE 1 in A new species of ' spike-nosed' frog from northern New Guinea (Anura: Hylidae: Litoria)

FIGURE 1. Head of Litoria chrisdahli sp. nov. holotype (SAMA R62510) in A. Dorsal, B. ventral and C. lateral aspects. Scale bar = 5 mm.